1241REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Reviews and Notices of Books.Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily Death. By

FREDERIC W. H. MYERS. Two volumes. Vol. i.,pp. 770 ; vol. ii., pp. 669. London : Longmans, Greenand Co. 1903. Price 42s. net.

MR. MYERS’S great posthumous work is not one to be

rapidly valued or, by a short study, even tasted and

enjoyed. Putting the matter at its lowest on a reckoning ofmere bulk, we have two volumes, some 1400 closely printedpages, of argument and of evidence. For facts the book

contains the selected harvest of the whole work of the

Psychical Research Society, guided by Sidgwick, by EdmundGurney, by Dr. Hodgson, and by Myers himself. For

argument and theory we have the deliberate and mature

work of a singularly gifted mind, set forth with the perfectlucidity of rare earnestness, often with the eloquence of apoet. The most various opinions will be formed of the valueof the evidence for certain conclusions, even of the successwith which the chosen tests have been applied. But therecan be no doubt of the possession by the late Frederic Myersof a thoroughly scientific spirit, of a method elaborate but

always sanely elaborated, and of an energy for investigationdirected by a certain open-eyed optimism which is of highvalue for its own sake. So almost certain is Mr. Myers ofthe approach of an experimental knowledge of life beyondthe grave, which shall render religion continuous and part ofone evolutive series with physical science, that he can evenhalf regret the passing of our age of twilight. " I confess,indeed," he writes (vol. ii., p. 280), "that I have often feltas though this present age were even unduly favoured ; asthough no future revelation and calm could equal the joyof this great struggle from doubt into certainty ; from thematerialism or agnosticism which accompany the firstadvance of Science into the deeper scientific convictionthat there is a deathless soul in man. I can imagine noother crisis of such deep delight."To revert from the Epilogue in which these words occur,

or from any one of the closely reasoned chapters, to a pagechosen at hazard in the Pieces justificeatives, is to experiencea shock of disappointment. The disparity of tone is too

striking at first sight, though the relations of fact are oftenof high interest. We must attempt, for the most pro-visional judgment, to set the various matters in an order,an evolutionary order if possible, such as the author wouldalways desire, so that what is weak may appear in line withwhat is strong. The arrangement of the book affords everypossible facility for reference, each short section of the

discussion matching by numbers a corresponding sectionof the appendices in which the records of phenomena arestored. What, then, does Mr. Myers set out to show? It isthe persistence of human personality after what he callsthe shock of bodily death ; and he seeks the proofof this in certain experiences of the living. These

are, first, phantasms of the dead-that is, impressionsupon the senses of sight, hearing, or otherwise, trace-

able, according to a highly elaborate and critical

research, to the continued and present energy of dead

persons. For proof of this continued energy it is not

necessary to believe" that the phantom seen [or heard orfelt], though it be somehow caused by a deceased person, is ’

that deceased person, in any ordinary sense of the word. " The analogy of phantoms of the living is used to show that i

the "ghost" need not be, even must not be, thought of as I a revenant coming back amongst living men " ; it is an t

effect produced in the recipient by the persistent energy of the deceased personality. It is a great thing to have parted e

with the the words " subjective " and " objective " as i

if they Were mutually exclusive in their reference to a given f

fact of experience. The question to be raised is whether a

given state of the percipient subject is connected or not in

some way with a certain existence which is not the subject-namely, a deceased person. Phantasms or sensory auto-matisms-to name them as they are in the recipient person-compose the first class of evidence. The next is found inmotor automatisms-that is, actions induced in the recipientin such a way as to constitute or to suggest a connexion withthe deceased. These include the well-known phenomena ofautomatic writing. with or without planchette, spirit-drawing,table-tilting (for which the physical force is provided bythe recipients "), impulses, whether motor or inhibitory,and various perturbations of the actions of living men which,if the crucial point is to be made, must be traced to a con-nexion of some kind between living and dead. Lastly,there is the state of trance, possession, and ecstacy inwhich the living person is held to become the channel ofdirect expression-for information or for action-of the’’ discarnate " spirit.In order to disentangle from the mass of well-proved

phenomena those which may serve for evidence of discarnateaction Mr. Myers has elaborated, as we have said, a delicatesystem of tests. The time-relation must be ascertained ; theappearance must be truly later than the death or it fallsinto the class of the phantasms of the living. Previous

knowledge of the subject must be excluded if a message isto have veridical value. The possibility of the persistence ofa latent impression planted by a living person but emergingafter his death in the survivor must be measured and allowedfor. We must be content to say that this and much else are

attempted, at least upon an exact system. Of a higher, or,at least, a more general, importance than all this is the

investigation of man’s ordinary mental life which precedesthe special inquiry. Of old, the alleged appearance of aghost met with a choice of three interpretations. It mightbe a "real" ghost; it might be the invention of deceit, volun-tary or involuntary, practised by or upon the narrator ; or itmight be the production of "fancy," under which namecould be included everything from a supposed uncausedhallucination to a misreading of genuine sense impressions.But now it is precisely to the word "hallucination" thatthe name genuine must be attached, instead of the impos-sible word "uncaused." What creates or produces con-

ditions suitable to the occurrence of hallucinations ?

And, again, what is the meaning of abnormal states,for they also have a meaning ; and what is the

meaning of delusions ? 1 In order to approach these ques-tions an immense work of analysis of consciousness hasbeen undertaken and pushed far. And if we may state

briefly our present provisional judgment of Mr. Myers’sbook, it is that it possesses a very high degree of solidvalue precisely as a work of analytical psychology, as

an exploration of that subliminal region of the mind. This

region is below the usual level of consciousness in which,as Mr. Myers conceived and goes far to show, arise

and are received those mental movements which con-

stitute unusual communications in the first place betweeliving persons. The conception which we owe to Mr. Myersof the subliminal consciousness is one which for those who

seek in special phenomena the proof of immortality cuts,in the common phrase, both ways. It renders much more

stringent the requirements of that proof of previous ignorancewhich is necessary to establish a veridical message. An

appearance or a hearing may be totally unexpected by therecipient when we reckon only his conscious expectation.It may nevertheless have risen into his observation fromthat region below the usual threshold of consciousness inwhich he receives and stores informations which have neverawakened his attention. The old simple assertion, I I hadao previous knowledge, no ’expectant attention,’ is out-lanked by the possibility of an unconscious possession of

1242 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

facts or impulses capable of emerging into knowledge orinto movement in such a way as to create the impression ofunforeseen information or externally controlled action. On

the other hand, the subliminal region, which is thus a newdoor for error, also presents itself as opening a new possi-bility of real communications. It is the region in which

telepathic influences, if such there be, would be received.It is impossible to represent even in the barest outline

the course of the extremely interesting inquiry which is thussuggested and which, with its evidence and illustrations, fillsMr. Myers’s first volume. We will only name as of specialvalue the distinction here made between genius, whichenlists the largest possible range of mental life within thesphere of conscious thought and effort, and hysteria whichthrows into the grasp of the subconscious or unconsciouswhat ought to be conscious and voluntary. The greatman is he who rescues most from his unconsciousstore. Here and in a score of other questions Mr. Myersshows himself afresh, in this rare legacy of a strenuous life,to be a thinker of great independence and power. Howeversome may hesitate before the proofs of immortality which he inno unjudicial spirit presents, all psychologists will recognisethe force, and in many respects the complete originality, ofthe investigation which tends to show that behind all thecomplex of faculties which we roughly call the mind thereexists a central coordinating power persistent through thechanges of mental growth, the hidden focus or root of

personality. We have read the book with the deepest interestand recommend it to all our readers whose mental habitslead them to ponder over the great problems of psychology.It does not require subscription to Mr. Myers’s well-knownviews to appreciate the honesty and the brilliant thinking ofMr. Myers’s great work.

Modern School Buildin.q8: elementary and Secondary. ByFELIX CLAY, B.A. With nearly 400 Illustrations, com-prising the plans of 85 schools and numerous figures ofdetails and fittings. London : B. T. Batsford. 1902.Pp. 459. Price 25s.

OUR first impression on examining Mr. Clay’s ’’ ModernSchool Buildings" was that it was hardly a work whichcame within the province of a medical reviewer. A closer

examination, however, convinced us that this volume wasso intimately concerned with matters affecting school andpersonal hygiene and questions with regard to which medicalmen are frequently called upon to express an opinion thatit was as fully entitled to a review in THE LANCET

as to one in a journal confined to architecture. Ofits merits as a systematic work on the architectural

designs of school buildings we are unqualified to expressan opinion ; this side of the question may be left to

those who possess the requisite technical knowledge. We

imagine, however, from the general thoroughness of methodwhich characterises those parts of the volume which comewithin our province that those sections which deal witharchitectural questions will prove of the greatest value,not only to those who have to design the plans of

school buildings but to those also who require authorita-

tive assistance in adjudicating on their merits. The plansof 85 schools are given, 14 of these being in Germanyand eight in America, while 63 represent the best typesof modern English schools, including day- and boarding-schools both for boys and girls, kindergartens, infant schools,training colleges, pupil teachers’ schools, and, in fact, everytype of educational institution for the training of the young.

.

A distinguishing feature of Mr. Clay’s book is that

throughout the entire work practical considerations of

efficient administration, economy, hygiene, and comfort forthe scholars appear to weigh equally with the aesthetics andtraditions of architecture pure and simple, a method of

handling the subject which will prove of immense advantage

to those who refer to this volume for practical instructionin the efficient designing of school buildings. As an

active member of the council which controls a largenumber of most successful secondary day-schools for

girls the author has had unusual opportunities of study-ing the practical side of school administration and of

acquainting himself with the failings and shortcomings ofbuildings which are in actual use. In his preface hemodestly disavows any attempt to suggest the lines uponwhich an ideal school building should be built. He con-fesses his object to be to assist the reader to formulate anintelligent judgment by means of practical illustration of

existing buildings and by critical review of their advantagesfrom practical experience. The scope of the work includes

both elementary and secondary schools, though more spaceand attention have been devoted to the latter for the

reason that, in the author’s opinion, it is more desirablethat the methods of secondary school buildings should findtheir way into the elementary schools than that the reverseprocess should initiate reforms.With this brief review of the general design of the work

we may turn to those portions of the book with whichmedical readers will be more closely concerned-namely, tothose sections which deal with the lighting, warming, andventilation of school buildings and to those parts which dealwith questions affecting the health of the scholars. It is

probably no hyperbole of statement to say that the successof a school, educationally as well as physically, is

dependent in a large degree upon the efficient heatingand ventilation of the building in which the scholars

spend their time, and it is with a full appreciation of

this truth that Mr. Clay approaches this side of his

subject. With regard to ventilation he remarks : "A greatstep will have been gained when it is more fully recognisedthat although there may be some risk in open there is

undoubtedly more in shut windows, unless some othermeans for the provision of fresh air are provided." Popularbeliefs in the danger of the open window and the almostinstinctive dread of currents of fresh air which, even at

the present day, seem to inspire a very large section of

the public, have refused to yield to the arguments of

sanitarians or to the evidence of actual demonstration. In

vain half a century ago did Rawlinson smash every pane ofglass in that historical pesthouse which passed as a hospitalfor the wounded during the Crimean war and even at thepresent day the open-air treatment of pulmonary tuberculosisappears to convey no other lesson than that it is useful for

the special treatment of consumptive patients.It is to be anticipated that Mr. Clay’s book, exercising, as

it is certain to do, an authoritative influence on the sanitationand hygiene of future school buildings, will bear abundantfruit in the improvement of the standard of health of the

rising generation of school children. On the subject of thesize of the room both in the case of dormitories and ofclass-rooms Mr. Clay insists that one of the commonest

fallacies in regard to ventilation is that a high room isnecessarily better ventilated than a low one and that if therequisite amount of cubic space is secured by liberality inheight the desired end will be satisfactorily secured. " As a

matter of fact," he continues, ’6this is not in any degree thecase ; the additional height that is often provided in class-rooms, while considerably increasing the cost of the buildingand the length of the stairs, is, as far as ventilation is con-

cerned, not only a complete waste of space but a considerableaddition to the difficulty of both warming and ventilatingthe room." With regard to different methods of ventila-

tion, although the author is careful not to commit himselfunreservedly to any one plan or system, his criticisms oncertain of the methods in common use, and especially onthose which are based on the principle of the admission ofdownward currents of warm air, should be extremely useful

1243REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

to those who have to make up their minds as to what

system to adopt in any proposed buildings. With regard tothe system of the admission of downward currents of airwhich are for the joint purposes of ventilation and warmingthe author makes some very pertinent criticisms. He re-

marks that if air enters from above and is to be utilised forthe purposes of warming, the temperature of the in-comingair must be raised above that which obtains on the wallsand solid surroundings. Hot air of such a temperaturemust have a distinctly injurious effect on those on whomit impinges and practical experience proves that it is ex-

ceedingly unpleasant to those who are exposed to it.

Baths, lavatories, and other sanitary arrangements suitablefor almost every variety of building are described from thesame practical point of view. As regards the provisionof baths for secondary boarding-schools it is suggested thata modified form of the spray bath as used in German andAmerican elementary schools might prove both economicaland practical, since such a method would enable a very largenumber of scholars to take a bath in a comparatively shortspace of time. This strikes us as a reasonable solution ofa difficult and ever-recurring problem. The moral andeducational value of the bath and the self-respect whichhabits of personal cleanliness engender among all classes,and especially among the lower orders, are arguments whichthe author considers should not be forgotten when the

expense of providing bathing accommodation for elementaryschools comes under the consideration of those who are

responsible for the expenditure of the rates. As a standardwork on the subject of school buildings this importantcompilation owes no little of its value to the specialcare which has been bestowed on questions which are

usually considered to be no part of the architect’s business.For instance, we notice that a section is devoted to

the subject of "provision for games" and in this is

supplied a table giving the regulation dimensions and thespace required for cricket, football, lacrosse, rounders,tennis, and basket ball, while plans are provided for thebuilding of fives-courts and gymnasiums.As we have already indicated, "Modern School Build-

ings " is essentially a practical work. It is written at

least as much from the teachers’ and students’ point ofview as from the architect’s. The health and comfortof the teachers as well as of the scholars have clearlybeen considerations of primary importance and if from

the architectural standpoint Mr. Clay’s work is as soundand up to date as it is with regard to sanitation, hygiene,and administration it will inevitably be accepted on allhands as a standard work of reference. As an indication

of the completeness with which this volume has been

brought up to date we notice that in the appendix therules of the Board of Education to be observed in the

planning and fitting up of public elementary schools as

revised and issued in November, 1902, are given in extenso,although at the time of the issue of these regulations thebook itself must have been in the printer’s hands.

27<e Refraction of the Eyp and the Anonaalies of the UcularM1t8cles. By E. KENNETH OAMPBELL, M.B. Edin.,Surgeon to the Western Ophthalmic Hospital; SurgeonOculist to His Highness the Maharajah and Gaekwarof Baroda. London : Bailliere, Tindall, and Cox. 1903.8vo, pp. 214. Price 5s.

The Errors of acconznzodcction and Refraction of the Eye andtheir Treatment: a Handbook for Students. By ERNESTCLARKE, M.D. Lond., F.R.C.S., Surgeon to the CentralLondon Ophthalmic Hospital. London : Bailli6re, Tindall,and Cox. 1903. Pp. 225, with numerous illustrations andone (removeable) card of test-types. Price 5s. net.

THERE is no part of the subject of ophthalmology that hasmade greater advances during the last half-century than thatof the refraction of the eye and the errors and defects to

which it is liable, there is none that has a wider application,and none in which the treatment, founded on mathematicaldata, has proved more beneficial to a large number of persons.Fifty years have scarcely elapsed since defects of vision

dependent on errors of refraction were supposed to bediagnosed and to receive appropriate treatment by thepatient being tested with half a dozen pairs of concave andconvex glasses from which he selected a pair that causedsome improvement. If these proved useless he was com-

pelled, if hypermetropic, to forego reading and work on anynear objects, which often meant loss of occupation. Astig-matism was unknown, and consequently no attempts at

relief by means of glasses were made and the symptoms ifthey became prominent, being wrogly diagnosed, werewrongly treated. Now, however, all this is changed.Numerous concise treatises have been written, chiefly bymen engaged in the active pursuit and daily work ofophthalmic practice and, as a general rule, also occupied inteaching the younger members of the profession.The two works before us are typical specimens of this

class of manual. Both are founded, as far as optics areconcerned, on the classical treatises of Donders, von Grate,and Landolt, and in regard to the ancmalies of the ocularmuscles upon the careful researches of the same writers and

upon those of Stevens and other American surgeons whohave worked at this subject with remarkable persistence andsuccess. The optics of the eye do not admit of any greatnovelty in the mode in which they can be presented to thestudent. The laws of refraction of light in spherical andcylindrical lenses, the nature of prisms, the formation ofretinal images and their size, the mode of testing vision, thenature of accommodation and convergence, and the natureand use of the ophthalmoscope must be given in nearly thesame terms by every writer. We have compared manypassages in both works and find little to choose betweenthem. Both are clearly written and both give the studentall the information which, if seconded by the practice of alarge dispensary or general hospital or, better still, of an

ophthalmic hospital, will enable him to treat successfullythe refraction cases that he meet" with.Mr. Kenneth Campbell treats the subject of the determina-

tion of the refraction by means of the ophthalmoscope veryconcisely and clearly. Thus, in speaking of the indirect

method, the following directions are given:&mdash;"Focus thedisc accurately and then slowly withdraw the objective,then : (a) if disc remains of same size and shape there is em-metropia ; (b) if disc increases in size and retains its shapethere is myopia ; (c) if disc decreases in size and retains itsshape there is hypermetropia ; (d) if disc alters in shapethere is astigmatism ; (e) if there is decrease in size in one

diameter alone there is simple hypermetropic astigmatism ;(f) if decrease in size in all diameters, but unequally so,there is compound hypermetropic astigmatism ; (y) if

increase in size in one diameter alone there is simplemyopic astigmatism ; (h) if increase in size in all diameters,but unequally so, there is compound myopic astigmatism ;(i) if decrease in one diameter and increase in size in theone at right angles to it there is mixed astigmatism."Such a brief conspectus of the appearances presented is

very useful, as it leads the student to observe with careand enables him at the same time to draw importantinferences, to be checked by further examination by thedirect method and by retinoscopy. The same facts, morediffusely stated, and with some additional details, are givenby Mr. Ernest Clarke. The symptoms and diagnosis of

myopia are particularly well given by Mr. Clarke who hasincluded the general symptoms of myopia in 11 paragraphstoo long to quote.

There was, as is well known, a difference of opinionin regard to giving full correction in myopia by means ofglasses, but both authors are decided in their view that

1244 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.-ANALYTICAL RECORDS.

glasses completely neutralising the myopia should be used.Mr. Clarke speaking of myopia in early youth, after advo-cating the use of atropine in order that the full error maybe estimated, holds that the full correction should be orderedand weaker glasses should never be given, the patientbeing strictly enjoined to wear the glasses always. Mr.

Campbell makes a slight but reasonable reservation, observingthat if the patient is young and the accommodation good theeye in myopia up to about 6 D. should be made artificiallyemmetropic by prescribing the full correction for all purposes.If, however, the power of accommodation is weak glassesof less strength must be ordered for near work but the fullcorrection for distance.In regard to the disputed point whether in cases of

amblyopia associated with anisometropia any improvement

Ican be effected in the eye that is the more defective one ofthe two Mr. Campbell only remarks that " it is some-

times well to attempt the education of it by instructingthe patient to practise using it, the other eye beingmeanwhile excluded from use." Mr. Clarke seems to bemore hopeful, for he says that "in amblyopia exanopsiaoccurring in patients with internal strabismus" after

appropriate correction, the better eye of the two beingexcluded by a bandage, the patient perseverance in the

use of the worse eye has sometimes a most satisfactoryresult. He has seen the vision improved in many casesfrom to in six months."

"

We have said enough to show that each of the treatisesmentioned above constitutes a trustworthy guide for thestudent or the practitioner and will enable him thoroughly tounderstand the principles on which errors of refraction anddefects of the ocular muscles should be treated. It is some-what remarkable that in neither of the works is there anyaccount of the cerebral areas which are connected with

vision, a knowledge of which is so important in determiningthe etiology of the paresis or paralysis of the different ocularmuscles.

LIBRARY TABLE.

Scientific Plirenology, being a Practical Mental Science

and Guide to H1l1nan Character. An Illustrated Text-book.

By BERNARD HOLLANDER, M.D. Freiburg, author of the

"Mental Functions of the Brain." With over 100 Illustra-tions. London : Grant Richards. 1902. Pp. 307. Price,6s.-Dr. Holliinder says that his book on the "Mental

Functions of the Brain," which has been already reviewed inTHE LANCET, has revived interest in Gall’s discoveriesand has led to many requests for a text-book of a scientific

phrenology written in the light of modern research. In

answer to this demand he presents this volume. He states

that his system has no connexion with the "bump theory’’and that the observations which he has recorded are so

simple that anyone can repeat them, and he believes that the,theories which he advances furnish a key to human characterand thus make it possible to apply exact knowledge to theeducation of the young and to the successful treatment ofthe criminal and of the insane. The book is written for a

popular audience, as might be guessed from what wehave already said, while it is stated on the wrapperwhich covers it that "no special technical knowledge is re-quired to test the author’s deductions and observations."

Again, after referring to the manifestation of certain

unsavoury symptoms and the connexion between them andthe development of the cerebellum, and after quoting indetail a case to the point, the author remarks : "This is notthe place for going fully into the question, which is one

for physicians only." Later he remarks, with doubtful

modesty : I I Through my persistent labours the medicalprofession has been enlightened as to the brilliant ana-

tomical discoveries of Gall." Now this is the sort of thing1 THE LANCET, Oct. 19th, 1901, p. 1051.

that ought not to be said in a book appealing to the

public, for it may be taken as accurate, which it is not.

Dr. Hollander gives an illustration of the way in which"an inspection and scientific measurement of the head" "

are of practical value. The case, taken from the writer’s

notebook, is that of D. M. S., who was two and a half yearsold when the description was written. The author, guidedonly by what he could discover of the brain organisation,inferred that the patient would show " uncommon

intellectual abilities," would make a good scholar," would"show a logical tendency, "would "shine as a critic," andwould realise the hopes of his friends and justify as headvances in years their earlier expectations."

" Scientific

phrenology seems to lead to a pretty knack of prophecy, butwe fear that the medical profession, though taught byDr. Hollander how to regard Gall, will still withhold theirsupport.

Wild Oats A Sermon in Rhyme. By MAURICE C. Himi,M.A., LL.D. London : J. and A. Churchill. 1903. Pp. 50.Price ls. net.-This is a very little book-for exclusive of

preface, synopsis, dedication, notes, and press notices wehave but 16 pages of text-and is well described by theauthor as a sermon in rhyme. He takes as his text the

unrelenting Mosaic aphorism, "Ye have sinned against theLord ; and be sure your sin will find you out," and he wouldprove the accuracy of this text by showing that the sower of"wild oats " will himself inevitably be punished in this

world. Undoubtedly to a class of mind-not, we think, thefinest class-the fact that certain acts bring punishmentin this world would act as a deterrent in a way thatno dread of possible punishment in the future coulddo. Dr. Hime is a man of great honour in his

profession as a schoolmaster and naturally, we think,regards the whole matter rather from the school-master’s point of view ; there are rules and whoever

infringes them will be punished. Now no great amountof cynicism is required to see that the sensual sinner isnot invariably punished in this world. For some reason or

other Dr. Hime seems to think that this view is atheistic,but, after all, it was the view of that most human, loveable,and devout of all the Hebraic heroes-David. We have

nothing, however, but commendation for Dr. Hime’s

eloquent and strongly-worded little sermon, for all medicalmen know that much suffering would be avoided if the sinsof hot youth were not so wholly condoned by society.

Analytical RecordsFROM

THE LANCET LABORATORY.

(1) SPEY ROYAL WHISKY; AND (2) CHATEAU LOUDENNECLARET.

(W. AND A. GILBEY, PANTHEON, OXFORD-STREET, LONDON, W.)1. OUR analysis of Spey Royal whisky furnishes results

which are quite consistent with the statement that it is "ablend of choice Highland whiskies all guaranteed pure maltand is of an average age of ten years." The analysis, in fact,is typical of an all-malt spirit of the average age repre-sented. The results were as follows : extractives, 0’36 percent. ; alcohol, by weight 41’30 per cent., by volume 48’75per cent., equal to proof spirit 85’43 per cent. As regardsecondary products, from the nature and amount of whichthe genuineness of the whisky may be to some extent

determined, the following were the results expressed in

grammes per hectolitre of alcohol present : acidity reckonedas acetic acid, 72-36; aldehyde, 40-20; furfural, 3-33;ethers reckoned as ethyl acetate, 76-05; and higheralcohols, 261-30. Age is clearly indicated in the figures