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• Muhammad and his followers spread the beliefs and practices of Islam.
• His successors conquered an empire, from the Indus Valley westward including the middle east, northern Africa and Spain.
• In the seventh century, a split in Islam created two groups, the Shiite and the Sunni.
• Islam=the religion• Arab=person from the Arabian
Peninsula• Muslim=any follower of Islam
Geography
• The Arabs came from the Arabian Peninsula.
• The nomadic Arabs moved constantly to find water.
• Arabs organized into tribes, each ruled by a sheikh chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders.
• Most Arabs lived as shepherds some as farmers around oases.
• They developed trade routes and towns along caravan routes.
• Caravan trade grew in Mecca.
• Class conflict arose as merchants became super rich and they cared less for the poorer members of their tribes.
• Class conflict arose as merchants became super rich and cared less for the poorer members of their tribes.
Muhammad (570-633)
• A successful caravan merchant who married the rich Khadija.
Muhammad (570-633)
• Began to meditate in the desert after became troubled over the growing gap between rich and poor.
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’an
Muhammad (570-633)
Traditionally, received his revelations from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.
• Most early Arabs had been polytheistic, tracing their ancestry back to Abraham.
Islam An Abraham Religion
Islam An Abraham Religion
Mohammed changed to monotheism.
Same God as Jews and Christians, yet Muslims call him Allah.
Muslims accept the Torah, Bible, and Qur’an as the word of God.
C1812 BCE to 1637 BCE Abraham’s Genealogy
C1812 BCE to 1637 BCE Abraham’s GenealogyABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR
IsaacIsaac
EsauEsauJacobJacob
12 Tribes of Israel
12 Tribes of Israel
Ishmael
Ishmael
12 Arabian Tribes
12 Arabian Tribes
Kaaba
• Traditionally, the place where Adam came out of Eden.
• Abraham and Ishmael built the Kaaba at Mecca.
A house of worship whose cornerstone has a sacred stone, called the Black Stone.
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’an
Muhammad (570-633)
His wife Khadja and friend Abu Baker believed him, yet he had only 30 followers by 622.
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’anThe rich merchants did not like his
preaching and they drove him out of Mecca.
622 Hijrah Muhammed flees Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’an
The people of Medina and desert tribes (bedoins) joined him.
In 630 Muhammad conquered Mecca with an army of 10,000.
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’an
He declared the Kaaba the most sacred shrine to Islam.
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’an
Two years later he died in Mecca, then rose to heaven from Jerusalem.
The Caliph Othman compiled Muhammad’s revelations into the Qur’an.
The Prophet Tradition
The Prophet Tradition
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad
The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.
114 suras (chapters).
Written in Arabic.
The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims memorize the whole book, which spread literacy.
Sharia LawSharia Law Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.
Sharia is based on the Quran and the Hadith, a collection of Muhammad’s saying.
1. The Shahada1. The Shahada
11
The testimony.
The declaration of faith:There is no god except Allah,
and Muhammad is hismessenger [or prophet].
There is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is hismessenger [or prophet].
2. The Salat2. The Salat
22
The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed
Wash before praying.
Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.
2. The Salat2. The Salat
22
The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.
Pray in the mosque on Friday.
3. The Zakat3. The Zakat
33
Almsgiving (charitable donations).
About 2.5% of your income.
Christians 20%
4. The Sawm4. The Sawm
44
Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.
No eating or drinking from
sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.
Yet, they eat huge meals at night.
5. The Hajj5. The Hajj
55
The pilgrimage to Mecca.
Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.
2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.
5. The Hajj5. The Hajj
55
Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.
The Dar al-Islam
The Dar al-Islam
11 22 33 44 55
The Worldof Islam
The Worldof Islam
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Up to four wives allowed at once, Mohammed had 11-13 wives total, 5 at a time.
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Other Islamic Religious Practices
He married his favorite wife Aisha at age 6, and consummated it at age 9.
The daughter of Abu Bakr, she led armies against his first convert.
Ottoman Women Ottoman Women
Better off then .After Mohammed’s death, she delivered public speeches, became directly involved in war and even battles.
She memorized the quran, and helped both men and women to understand the practices of Muhammad.
Veiling became the norm.
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Up to four wives allowed at once, Mohammed had 11-13 wives total, 5 at a time.
No alcohol, gambling, or pork.
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Men should have face hair, women should be covered (Arab tradition).
Muslims should bury the dead within 24 hours.
Ottoman Women somewhat better…
• They could own and inherit property.• They could not be forced into marriage.• Sometimes, they could seek divorce.
Women
Ottoman Women somewhat better…
• In a few instances, women even served as governors of provinces.
The MosqueThe Mosque The Muslim place of worship.
The Ottomans based their Mosques on Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.
Hagia Sophia, Church of the Holy Wisdom,
The Christian Byzantine Emperor Justinian (527-575 CE) had Hagia Sophia built.
• In the mid-sixteenth century, the greatest of all Ottoman architects, Sinan, began designing mosques.
• “I saw the monuments, the great ancient remains. From every ruin I learned, from every building I absorbed something.”
• He designed over 91 Mosques.
• He designed over 91 Mosques.
• Paha Mosque
• Blue Mosque
• Suleiman mosque
Ottoman Painting
• While most Islamic cultures forbid painting humans, animals, or even plants, the Ottoman artists often did.
Next Time • Iberian Peninsula Portugal and Spain
Sufism
• Like the Janis, individuals find salvation through fasting and prayer. Developed in Baghdad in the 8th Century and spread to Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.
The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to learn and practice.
No priesthood.
Teaches equality.
No taxes, land grants, and treasury money Muslims.
Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).
The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam
Early Islam tolerated other Non-Muslims, “Peoples of the Book,” Christians and Jews paid extra taxes so allowed religious freedom.
The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam
The Byzantine Empire did not tolerate Christians with different views from the Orthodox Church led by the Emperor.
Jews were not even allowed in Jerusalem.
HW 194 1-6
Muslims in AmericaMuslims in America
Muslim Culture in NYC
Muslim Culture in NYC
The Islamic Center, New York City
Pg 188-213
The Dome of the Rock Mosque in
Jerusalem
The Dome of the Rock Mosque in
Jerusalem
Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.
