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SPLANCHNOLOGY
• Science which study viscera of animals.• The root” sphlancnon” means internal organ (the
entrails).• Viscera includes only the organs belonging to
the systems that maintain the life of the individual and secure the continuity of the species, example:
• digestive, respiratory and urogenital System.
Structure in general
• Structure organs with or without a cavity, always surrounded by and, if hollow lined by special layers. Whether hollow or solid, most viscera are prominent in the cavity of the body.
• Viscera lined by layers : serous (outer wall) muscular (middle wall) mucous (inner layer).
SPLANCHNOLOGY
• Apparatus digestive deals with food.
• Apparatus respiratory with gases.
• Apparatus urinary removes the residues, as do the other two systems also to maintain the metabolic balance and, consequently, that of life itself.
• Apparatus genitalia for perpetuate the species.
BODY CAVITY
• Mamalia have two cavities:
thorax cavity and abdominal cavity separated by diaphragm.
• thorax & abdominal organs were protected by membrane (pleura, pericardia and peritoneum,) this layers produces mucous liquid in the cavity for protecting the adhesion and friction.
system digestive = apparatus digestorius =systema digestorium
• Composes of organs which receive & digest the food.
• This tube run along the body, starts from lips until anus
• example : mouth, pharynx, esophagus gaster, intestine & accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver and pancreas.
Tractus digestivus (canalis alimentarius) composes of :
• esophagus,
• Ventriculus
• intestinum tenuae &
• intestinum crassum
Canalis alimentarius
tongue (LINGUAE)
• Position in the mouth between rami mandible• Fix in radix linguae• Dorsal surface is free = dorsum lingua.• On the mucousa surface have papillae,
filiformes, fungiformes, vallatae, foliatae & conicae.
• Salivary glands sublingualis/buccalis.• Support by intrinsic &extrinsic muscles• Arteri/vena/nervus
Function of the tongue
• is very motile, it shows differences in structure according to its varying usage for the species.
• Function:
1. Intake of solid & liquid food (licking and sucking).
2. Grasp and sort of food3. Taste the food.4. Mastication & deglutitation.5. Cleansing of the skin and hair coat.
lingua
apex lingua
Corpus lingua
radix
Facies dorsal have:1. papillae filiformis2. papillae fungiformis3. papillae circumvalatae4. papillae foliatae
oesophagus
epiglottis
SALIVARY Glands
• The ducts open into the mouth.
• 1. parotid gland (under the ear).
2. mandibular gland (under the lower jow).
3. sublingual gland (under the tongue)
TEETH ( DENTES)
• portion within a socket in the upper and lower jaw and a portion exposed term as crown (corona).
• In the interior of the teeth is a pulp cavity containing soft material and including vessels & nerves.
• Function :d.Incisi biting, d.canini tearing, d.premolar and molar chewing food.
• Deciduous teeth (baby teeth) will replace with permanent• Composition of teeth such as. pulp (gelatin, blood vessels & nerves), dentin, enamel
and cementum.
DENTES
• animal I C PM M
• horse 2X (3/3 1/1 3-4/3 3/3) = 40/42
• bovine 2X (0/4 0/0 3/3 3/3) = 32
• pig 2X (3/3 1/1 4/4 3/3) = 44
• dog 2X (3/3 1/1 4/4 2/3) = 42
• cat 2X (3/3 1/1 3/2 1/1) = 30
PHARYNX
• Have 7 opening:
* ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae ( 2 )
* isthmus faucium
* choanae ( 2 )
* aditus oesophageum
* aditus laryngea
ESOPHAGUS
• Musculomembranous tube which extends from the pharynx to the stomach, start from cervical till abdomen
• Length in HORSE: 125 to 150 cm.• Its in median plane, its course from dorsal larynx
and trachea. level VC IV turn to the left trachea, in VC VI parallel and continue ventral trachea, then enters thorax cavity until VT III, the position turn to dorsal trachea, continue caudally parallel and in the left aorta, both of them inthe mediastinum continue between two lung piercing diaphragm ( hiatus esophageal and aorticus), and finally end in the cardia of the ventriculus, at the level costae XIV
• The biggest cavity. Separate from thorax cavity by diaphragm. Continue caudally as pelvis cavity.
• Dorsal border : muscles and vert.lumbal• Lateral border: muscles and fascia
abdominal & m iliacus, cartilago costae asternale & diaphragm.
• Ventral border: muscles and abdominal aponeurosa & cartilago xyphoid.
• Cranial border : diaphragm,
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
peritoneum
• is the thin serous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity & pelvis cavity (PERITONEUM PARIETALIS), and covers to a greater or lesser extent, the viscera contained therein. PERITONEUM VISCERALIS) except kidney (ren).
• In the male covers properly the genital.• In the female have 2 holes for tuba Fallopii & uterus,• In several location, make fold such as fold for holding
term: mesenteries, omentum, ligaments, etc
VENTRICULUS = GASTER
• Is the large dilatation of GIT. Intervenes between esophagus and small intestine.
• Digest by mechanic and enzymatic.• Structure has variation depend on their food :
Simple stomach: equidae & carnivoraComplex stomach : ruminansiaChane stomach : pig has deverticulum ventriculi.
Ventriculus horse
• horse : look like J ; Volume 8 – 15 liter• cattle Volume : 115-150• Hanging by; ligamentum & omentum.
fungsi equide ruminansia
mekanik Pars cardiaca rumen
reticulum
omasum
enzimatis Pars fundica abomasum
Ventriculus HORSE
curvatura major
curvatura minor
Saccus cecus ventriculi
Incisura angularis
Margo plicatus
Pars cardiaca
Pars fundica
pylorus
oesophagus
VENTRICULUS ruminansia
sinister dexter
rumen
reticulum
reticulumomasum
abomasum
curvatura dorsal
curvatura ventral
CALF (baby cattle)
• rumen + reticulum have not function, make the milk directly go to the abomasum via sulcus ventriculi.
• 8 mgg: volume rumen + reticulum = abomasum.
• 12 weeks: r+r = 2 times abomasum
mucous ventriculus
• Rumen : the most part thickly sudded with large papillae like “towel” pilae ruminis
• Reticulum: raise into folds like bees house cellulae reticularis
• Omasum : have about hundred longitudinal folds lamina omasi.
• Abomasum : the surface is soft and has a reddish color and is marked by large permanent folds Plicae abomasi
Ventriculus peralihan
deverticulum ventriculi
Curvatura minor
curvatura major Omentum majus
Omentum minus
1.pars cardiaca2.pars fundica3.pars pylorica
1
2
3
pylorus
Intestinum horse
intestine : Duodenum,Jejunum,IliumCecumColon crassum: have 4 parts with 3 flexura colon tenuaerectum
plica cecocolica
Duodenum, 1m,like horse shoes, have ductus pancreaticus & choleducus, hanging by mesoduodenumJejunum,Ilium, hanging by mesenterium, many lymphonodule Cecum, 1.25 m, coma form, blind sac
Intestinum ruminansia
Intestinum :duodenum,jejunum, iliumcecumColon : coil, ansa proximalis coliansa spiralis: gyri centripetalis gyri cetrifugalisansa distalis: gyrus dorsalis gyrus ventraliscolon transversum,colon descendensflexura sigmoidea colirectum
RECTUM
• the caudal part of the tube; enters to pelvic cavity before finish in the anus.
• Length : 30 cm.• Hanging by: mesorectum.
anus
• Terminal part of the alimentary canal. • Situated below the root of tail ( vert cocygea IV)
structure sphichter (ring).• It covers externally by skin is thin, hairless and
provided with numerous sebaceous & sweat glands.
• Diameter lumen 5 cm long, closed except during defecation’ this part under control by m. sphincter ani internus/externus.
• M. levator ani protect prolapsus anus during defecation
TRACTUS RESPIRATORIUS
Respiration organ function in the Organism for :• Breath (respiration); as osmotic and chemical
process, the gasses exchange with their environment.
• The gas exchange between oxygen (O2) and Carbondioksida (CO2) (drawn in/ inspiration and expelled/ expiration). Its happen in the lung organ by the oxidative activity (diffusion) in the tissue.
TRACTUS RESPIRATORIUS
• Start from: nose (planum nasale), nose cavity (Cavum nasi), pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi until lung (bronchioli and sacculi alveolares).
Supporting organs: >Pleura >Skeleton thoracalis (sternum, costae,
V.Thoracalis + respiratory muscles) >Diaphragm.
Nasal Cavity
Septum nasi
37.Ostium pharyngea tuba auditiva
cavum pharynxplica vocalis
Isthmus faucium
Nasal Cavity HORSE (cross section)
1, septum nasi33, plexus venosus nasalis
34, meatus nasi ventralis35, meatus nasi medius.36, meatus nasi dorsalis
Nasal Cavity CATTLE
1. os nasal2. os turbinata dorsal
3. os turbinata ventral4. Sinus maxillaris
5. Septum nasi6. Vomer
7. Proc palatinus maxilla8. mukosa palatina
Pharynx CATTLE
1. oesophagus2. trachea
3. arcus palatopharyngeus4. cartilago corniculata
5. aditus laryngis9. epiglottis
13.sinus tonsilaris14.radix linguae
15. papilla vallatae
LARYNX
• Short tube between pharynx and trachea.
• Compose of 5/6 cartilages, connecting each others
• Position a little bit superficial under head to the neck, between lower jaw.
• Fix to os basihyoid and thyrohyoid
Cartilago larynx
3 Single Cartilage :
cricoidea, thyroidea, epiglottica
3 pairs cartilages: arytenoidea
corniculate
cuneiformis
( figure in sisson & grosmann vol. 1 page 505-507 )
Larynx with OSSA HYOID
1. stylohyoideum
2. epihyoideum
3. ceratohyoideum
4. proc lingualis
5. thyrohyoideum
6. pars cartilaginea thyrohyoid
7. cartilago epiglottica
8. cartilago corniculata
9. cartilago arytonoidea
10. cartilago thyroidea
15. cartilago cricoidea
Larynx CATTLE with muscles
3. m.vocalis
8. m.ceratohyoideus
9. m.thyrohyoideus
10.Stylohyoideum
11.Epihyoideum
12.Thyrohyoideum
13.Ceratohyoideum
14.proc.lingualis
15.Cart epiglottica
17.cart.corniculata
19.cart.thyroidea
20.cart.cricoidea
Larynx DOG
1. Trachea
2. Oesophagus
3. Vestibulum oesoph
4. cart.arytenoidea
5. aditus laryngis
6. fornix pharyngis
7. cartilago corniculata.
9. velum palatini
11.tonsilla palatina
13 radix lingua
14 papilla vallata
16 epiglottis
TRACHEA
compose of Cartilage membranous connecting larynx with Pulmo courses in cervical (pars cervicalis) and enters thorax cavity (pars thoracalis) in the mediastinum space.
• Trachea make bifurcation on dorsal COR at the level V.T 5, this branch term as :bronchus dexter et sinister.
• length : cattle = 65 cm
horse = 70 -80 cm.
goat/sheep = 25 cm
.
Trachea
• Pars cervicalis:
course at the ventral esophagus, a little bit right position.
• Young animal thymus can be found in the ventro-lateral trachea.
• Trachea no 1-4: position of thyroid glands
• Thorax cavity have pleura which fold covers lungs and heart
• margin:dorsal: V.thoracalis, ligamentum and mm.
thoracalis.lateral : costae with their muscles.ventral: sternum, cartilago costae pars sternalis and
muscles. • Apertura thoracalis cranialis: small,narrow and
oval passed throuh by m.longus coli, trachea, oeso, a/v/n lgg.
CAVUM THORAX
Cavum thorax
• Apertura thoracalis caudalis: composes of diaphragm fixing tho the costal cartilage no 8, 9 and 10 costal.
• Thorax cavity line by pleural sacs which invaginate from dorsal fold down makes cavum pleura dexter et sinister, which covers lungs.
• Septum longitudinal mediastinum, is a longitudinal space between pleura dexter et sinister
Thorax Cavity CATTLE
Cav thorax pleura dexter > sinister
Mediastinum: celah antarapleura dexter et sinister
LUNG (PULMO)
• Compose of dexter et sinister, fill the large part of thorax cavity.
• Covers by pleura and fixing by ligamentum pulmonaris• Pulmo of horse compose of sveral lobulus in sinister
part: apicalis & diafragmatica (caudal).• Pulmo dexter: apicalis (=cranialis), diafragmatica &
accessorius• Pulmo dexter et sin same big, only the dexter part more
thicker because it has lobus accessorius (intermediate).
pulmo
• Divides into: basis (facies diafragmatica) and apex (cranial).
• 2 surfaces:(facies costale with impressio costale & medial with impressio cardiaca)
• 3 margo : dorsale, ventrale, basale.• Hilus : location enters/out blood vessels
(A/V), Lymphonodulus and Nerves in the lungs.
PULMO SINISTRA CATTLE
1,2 lobus cranialis3. lobus caudalis4. margo dorsalis
5. margo ventralis6. fissura interlobaris7. Incisura cardiaca
8. facies diafragmatica9. impressio aortica
10 impressiooesophagea12.bronchus
11.Impressio v azygos15.Ins pleura mediastinalis
16.Impressio cardiaca.
PULMO DEXTRA CATTLE
1,2 lobus cranialis3 lobus medius
4 lobus caudalis5 lobus accessorius.
6 margo dorsalis7 margo ventralis
8 incisura cardiaca9 fissura interlobaris10 impressio oesoph11 impressio v.c.cran
12 impressio a,v thoracica interna
13 impressio cardiaca14 facies diafragmatica
20 sulcus vena cava caudalis
BRONCHUS TRACHEALIS
• Develops only in the cattle, goat & sheep.
• The branch from trachea at the right position at the level costae III
• cattle: ± 10 cm before bifurcation
• Goat/sheep : ± 5 cm
• Enters the right lobus apical.
Vascularisation & innervation
• Branches of the artery pulmonary carry venous blood to the lungs. They accompany the bronchi.
• The pulmonary veins (vv pulmonalis) return most of the blood from the lungs and the pulmonary pleura to the left atrium of the heart.
• The nerve supply to the lungs and pulmonary pleura are nn. pulmonalis branch of the n. vagus and nervi symphaticus. Passes through the hilus & supply branches of aa bronchialis and bronchial tree wall.