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Proceedings of the ConferenceSCience in TEchnology
2015SCinTENovember 5-7, 2015Athens, Greece
Topic A: Applied Mechanics, Civil and Energy Engineering Topic B: Earth and Environmental Sciences Topic C: Arts & Humanities
Οrganized by Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Athens
Supported by Research Funding Program ARCHIMEDES III
Volume 1
Proceedings of the Conference “SCience in TEchnology”
2015SCinTE
Copyright 2015, by TEI of Athens
Copyright belongs to the Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Athens. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Editors.
DESIGNED BY EFI PANAGIOTIDI
Proceedings of the Conference “SCience in TEchnology”
Athens, Greece / November 5-7, 2015
2015SCinTE
Οrganized by Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Athens
Supported by Research Funding Program ARCHIMEDES III
Editor:Dimos Triantis, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece
Associate Editors:Ioannis Kandarakis, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece Stavros Kourkoulis, National Technical University of Athens, GreeceFilippos Vallianatos, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, GreeceBessie Argiropoulou, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, GreeceIlias Stavrakas, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece
International Scientific Committee
Applied Mechanics, Civil and Energy EngineeringZacharias Agioutantis, University of Kentucky, USA Konstantinos Belibassakis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Harris Douglas, Heriot-Watt University, UK Wolf Gerrit Fruh, Heriot-Watt University, UK Ioannis Kaldelis, TEI of Piraeus, Greece Dimitris Karalekas, University of Piraeus Greece Kostas Karamanos, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece Tassos Karayiannis, Brunel University, UK Antonios Kyriazopoulos, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece Eric Landis, University of Maine, USA Georgios Livanos, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece Nikos Pnevmatikos, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece Costas Politis, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece Tian Tang, University of Alberta, Canada Stavros Tsantzalis, University of Patras, Greece
Earth & Environmental SciencesMarios Anagnostou, National Observatory of Athens, Greece Torok Akos, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Seraphim Alvanides, Northumbria University, UK Michele Campagna, Universita di Cagliari, Italy Angelo De Santis, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy Georgia Fotopoulos, Queen’s University, Canada Antonios Giannopoulos, The University of Edinburgh, UK Vassilios Karakostas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Vincenzo Lapenna, Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, Italy Wen Nie, Chengdu University of Technology, China Vassilios Pagounis, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece Dimos Pantazis, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece Eleftheria Papadimitriou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Stefan van der Spek, T.U.Delft, Nederland Luciano Telesca, Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, Italy Maria Tsakiri, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Andreas Tsatsaris, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece Grigoris Tsokas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Andreas Tzanis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Proceedings of the International Conference “SCience in TEchnology - SCinTE - 2015”
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Arts & HumanitiesAthina Alexopoulou, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece Nikitas Chiotinis, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece Christian Degrigny, Haute Ecole Arc Conservation-restauration, Switzerland Andreas Karydas, Demokritos Institute of Nuclear Physics, Greece Vasilios Lampropoulos, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece Ian D. MacLeod, Fremantle Museums & Maritime Heritage, Western Australian Maritime Museum, Australia Paraskevi Pouli, Institute of Electronic Structure and Lasers, Greece Wafaa El Saddik, Children’s Alliance for Tradition and Social Engagement, Germany Brian Singer, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, UK
Volume 1 / Topic A: Applied Mechanics, Civil and Energy Engineering
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Table of Contents
Topic A: Applied Mechanics, Civil and Energy Engineering 17
Pressure Stimulated Currents and Acoustic Emission combined recordings for the detection of compressive strength of Dionysos marble I. Stavrakas, D. Triantis, A. Kyriazopoulos, K. Ninos 19
Acoustic Emissions Experimental Technique used to verify Kaiser effect during compressional tests of Dionysos marble. D. Triantis and I. Stavrakas 23
Experimental evaluation of a retrofitted PV/T collector Evangelos Sakellariou, Petros Axaopoulos 27
An Internet-Accessible Experiment Using a Remote Photovoltaic Laboratory Emmanouil D. Fylladitakis, Petros J. Axaopoulos, Michael TheodoridisAnd Konstantinos Moutsopoulos 31
Determination of Fracture Loads for Mode I Fracture Toughness Calculations for CCNBD Marble Specimens by Acoustic Emission Signals K. Kaklis, S. Mavrigiannakis, V. Saltas, A. Daskalaki, F. Vallianatos, Z. Agioutantis 35
Evaluation of LNG Bunkering Concept for Greek Sea Territory G.A. Livanos, S. Dimitrellou, E. Strantzali, G. Theotokatos 40
Energy management in the domestic sector - Peculiarities and chances in the Greek case John Gelegenis, George Mavrotas and George Giannakidis 44
Ship Shape Optimization using a BEM-Isogeometric solver for wave resistance K.V. Kostas, A.I. Ginnis, C.G. Politis and P.D. Kaklis 48
Energy harvesting from sea waves and currents using oscillating hydrofoils K. Belibassakis, T. Gerostathis, E. Filippas, J. Touboul and V. Rey 54
Application of a 3D coupled-mode model to the hydroelastic analysis of very large floating bodies over inhomogeneous seabeds Th.P. Gerostathis, K.A. Belibassakis and G.A. Athanassoulis 58
Degradation effects in field-aged c-Si solar panels of a grid-tie photovoltaic plant Konstantinos Gkarakis, Konstantinos Loukidis, Petros Axaopoulos 63
Acoustic and electrical emissions from sandstone under uniaxial compression V. Saltas, I. Fitilis, J. P. Makris and F. Vallianatos 67
Volume 1
Proceedings of the International Conference “SCience in TEchnology - SCinTE - 2015”
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The displacement field in a circular disc made of either orthotropic or transversely isotropic material under parabolic radial pressure Christos F. Markides 71
Rejoining fragmented elements of stone monuments: Critical aspects from the experience of the Athens Acropolis restoration project Stavros K. Kourkoulis 76
An experimental study of the pull-out mechanism of threaded metallic bars embedded in marble blocks I. Dakanali, I. Stavrakas, D. Triantis, E.D.Pasiou, S.K. Kourkoulis 81
Electrical and Acoustic Emissions during Three Point Bending Tests of Pre-Notched Marble Specimens Ermioni D. Pasiou, Ilias Stavrakas, George Hloupis, Stavros K. Kourkoulisand Dimos Triantis 86
Simple Probabilistic Slope Stability Analysis Georgios Belokas 91
Embodied energy and embodied CO2 of building constructive materials in a typical Hellenic dwelling Georgios Syngros and Dimitrios Koubogiannis 95
Comparison of different Air Conditioning Systems implemented in a typical office building in Greece Ilia Lampro and Dimitrios Koubogiannis 99
Optimal Flow Control of Laminar Vortex Shedding around a Cylinder Ioannis Bonis, Haralambos Sarimveis and Dimitrios Koubogiannis 104
Using b-value analysis to estimate pre-failure characteristics of cement mortar beams subjected to Three-Point-Bending I. Dakanali, A. Kyriazopoulos, I. Stavrakas, D. Triantis 109
Green Islands in Europe and Prospects for Greek Islands. The Tilos Project J.K. Kaldellis, G. Salagiannis, N.C. Ilia, P. Stinis, K. Dimakis 113
Electromobility in EU: Current status and future prospects for the Greek market J.K. Kaldellis, St. Liaros, G. Spyropoulos 118
Application of recurrence quantification analysis in wind time series from wind farms A.Κ. Charakopoulos, T.E. Karakasidis and I. Sarris 124
Non-linear Time series Methods Applications on Transport Data A.D.Fragkou, T.E. Karakasidis and E. Nathanail 128
Volume 1 / Topic A: Applied Mechanics, Civil and Energy Engineering
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Effect of carbon nanotubes addition on the mechanical performance of co-polyimide hollow fiber membranes Filippos D. Gegitsidis, Nikolaos D. Alexopoulos, Evangelos P. Favvas and Stavros K. Kourkoulis 132
Corrosion-induced fracture toughness degradation of artificially aged 2024 aluminum alloy specimens Paraskevi Liberaki, Nikolaos D. Alexopoulos, Constantinos I. Stergiouand Stavros K. Kourkoulis 135
The impact of corrosion-induced micro-cracking on the structural integrity of ultra-thin sheets of aeronautical aluminum alloy 2024 Christina Margarita Charalampidou, Nikolaos D.Alexopoulos, Panagiotis Skarvelis, Charis Dalakouras and Stavros K. Kourkoulis 138
Fracture toughness of electron beam welded specimens of aluminum alloy 6156 Theano Examilioti, Nikolaos D. Alexopoulos, George Stefanou, Vasilis Stergiou, Stavros K. Kourkoulis
142
Polyvinyl alcohol - carbon nanotubes fiber as an embedded sensor in GFRP under bending loads Panagiota Lymperta, Stavros K. Kourkoulis, Philippe Poulin and Nikolaos D. Alexopoulos 144
The effect of graphene nanoplatelets addition on the mechanical performance of epoxy resin Zafeiroula Paragkamian, Nikolaos D. Alexopoulos, Philippe Poulin and S. K. Kourkoulis 148
Effect of prior solid solution heat treatment on the mechanical behavior of artificially aged aluminum alloy 2024 specimens Antonios I.Pasoudis, Paraskevi Liberaki, Alexis Kermanidis and Nikolaos D. Alexopoulos 150
Nano-additions of multiwall carbon nanotubes in white cement for restoration of monuments of Cultural Heritage Zoi Metaxa, Spyridoula Boutsioukou, Stefanos Nitodas and Stavros K. Kourkoulis 153
Hydroelastic analysis of VLFS elastically connected to the seabed in shallow wave conditions E. Karperaki, K. A. Belibassakis, T. K. Papathanasiou and S. I. Markolefas 156
Topic B: Earth & Environmental Sciences 161
Coastal Transport Integrated System (Co.Tr.I.S) Dimos N. Pantazis, Panagiotis Stratakis, Vassilis Moussas, Elias Lazarou, Dimitris Stathakis, Eleni Gkadolou, Charalampos Karathanasis, Costas Politis, Anna Christina Daverona, Vassiliki Kyriakopoulou, Eleni Babalona, John Chrysoulakis, Maria Paralika, John Tyrinopoulos 163
Volume 1
Proceedings of the International Conference “SCience in TEchnology - SCinTE - 2015”
12 ISBN: 978-960-98739-8-7
3D Heritage Recording using Terrestrial Laser Scanning Techniques Vassilios D. Andritsanos, Michail Gianniou, Vassilios Pagounis, Maria Tsakiri 167
A Shale Brittleness Index Based on Shale Peak Strength and Strain Yanhu Tan, Fenglin Xu, Lin Chen, Qiao Chen, Linhong Zhu, Lisha Wang and Wen Nie 171
Urban run-off management in a Greek coastal city: Citizens’ awareness, attitudes and proposed solutions Kalderis D., Stavroulakis G. and Diamadopoulos E. 174
Forest fires: a phenomenon with serious environmental and other impacts Georgia Tsakni 178
Spatio–temporal cluster analysis of seismicity using a modified density–based clustering algorithm Dionysios Mountakis 181
Advances in Satellite Remote Sensing of major Natural, Environmental and Industrial Hazards V. Tramutoli and N. Pergola 185
A non-extensive statistical physics view in Earth Physics from laboratory to planetary scale: A review. Filippos Vallianatos 187
A Non Extensive Statistical Physics view on the spatiotemporal distribution of Earth‘s seismicity Kalliopi Chochlaki, Filippos Valianatos and George Michas 191
Paikon and Tzena terranes (Axios zone, Greece): Can they be correlated? Katrivanos E., Kilias A. and Mountrakis D. 195
Temporal Properties of Seismicity in the Corinth Rift: Are Earthquakes Random? Georgios Michas, Filippos Vallianatos and Peter Sammonds 199
The Hellenic Seismological Network of Crete (HSNC): Monitoring results and the new strong motion network Georgios Chatzopoulos, Ilias Papadopoulos and Filippos Vallianatos 203
Studying Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling at the south front of the Hellenic Arc John P. Makris, Bruno Zolesi, Massimo Chiappini, Filippos Vallianatos, Hercules Rigakis, Maxim Smirnov, Andreas Tzanis, Despina Kalisperi, Fragkiskos Pentaris,Vassileios Saltas, Ioannis Barbounakis, Ilias Papadopoulos, George Hloupis, Paolo Spalla, Adriano Nardi, Luca Spogli, Roberto Carluccio, Enrico Zuccheretti, Lucilla Alfonsi, Pantelis Soupios and Eleni Kokinou 207
Volume 1 / Topic A: Applied Mechanics, Civil and Energy Engineering
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Spectral fractal analysis of MHz electromagnetic signals Dimitrios Nikolopoulos, Petraki Ermioni, Cantzos Demetrios, Grigorios Coulouras and Constantinos Nomicos 212
ImproDeProF Project: Recent Advances and New Challenges in the development of the DeProF tentative theory for steady-state two-phase flow in porous media Marios S. Valavanides 216
Microseismicity study in the area of Florina (Western Macedonia, Greece) Mesimeri M., Karakostas V., Papadimitriou E. and Tsapanos T. 220
Evidence of accelerating deformation prior to large earthquakes: a case study on the southern Hellenic Arc of Greece G. Minadakis,G. Chatzopoulos and F. Vallianatos 224
Aftershock statistics of large earthquakes in Greece G. Minadakis, F. Vallianatos and I. Baskoutas 229
Automatic Image Orientation for Accurate Texture Mapping of 3D City Models L. Grammatikopoulos, I. Kalisperakis and E. Petsa 234
Exploration of spatial variability of cycling in a British Urban Environment - Evidence from North East England Seraphim Alvanides, Godwin Yeboah 238
Stress and Moment Release Models for Seismic Hazard Assessment in Corinth Gulf Mangira Ourania, Tsaklidis Georgios and Papadimitriou Eleftheria 242
A MATLAB routine for earthquake epicentre determination using macroseismic data Vasiliki Kouskouna and Georgios Sakkas 246
A homogeneous Mw equivalent earthquake catalog for Greece 1990-2015 Karakostas Vasileios, Papadimitriou Eleftheria and Mesimeri Maria 250
“Earthshield”: An implementation for automatic macro-seismic calculations P. Loumpardias, K. Chimos , T. Karvounidis, A. Ganas, .C. Douligeris 254
Small-world property and distinct evolution of complex networks at periods of main shocks from historical earthquake records in Greece D. Chorozoglou, D. Kugiumtzis and E. Papadimitriou 258
Design and Development of Embedded Systems for Precision Agriculture Applications: The Case of Monitoring Dacus Oleae Population and Bait Sprays George N. Fouskitakis, Lefteris D. Doitsidis, Hercules Rigakis, Kyriaki Varikou, Ioannis Sarantopoulos 263
Seismicity Memory Properties in Corinth Gulf (Greece) Gkarlaouni Charikleia, Lasocki Stanislaw and Papadimitriou Eleftheria 267
Volume 1
Proceedings of the International Conference “SCience in TEchnology - SCinTE - 2015”
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The joint modeling of earthquake time series using bivariate Poisson Hidden Markov Models Katerina Orfanogiannaki and Dimitris Karlis 272
An overview of landslide detection and monitoring using geodetic satellite observations AC Peidou, G Fotopoulos 276
Problems of Fracture Mechanics and Statistical Physics Peter Sammonds and Clare Matthews 280
Topic C: Arts & Humanities 283
Paradigm Shift in Innovative Design: Use of Form and Form of Use Dr Athanasios Kouzelis, Professor 284
Technology as a Creative Factor Prof. Dr Tomas Kačerauskas 289
Science and Technology in Archaeological Museums: The Re-Exhibition of the Archaeological Museum of Tegea Gregory Grigorakakis, Panagiotis Ioannidis and Andreas Tsatsaris 293
Oil paintings on paper support: Determination of condition criteria via non destructive testing and microanalysis A. Alexopoulou, B. Singer, P. Banou, S. Zervos, A. Kaminari, A. Moutsatsou, A. Terlixi,E. Tziamourani, A. Karabotsos, M. Doulgeridis 299
Swelling inhibition of clay-bearing building materials N.A. Stefanis, M. Stefanidou, A. Kalagri, I. Karatasios, V. Kilikoglou, I. Papagianniand P. Theoulakis 303
Testing composites for the in situ protection of wooden shipwrecks Alexios-Nikolaos Stefanis and Anastasia Pournou 306
Polypeptide models of keratin and collagen as a tool for the destruction of works of art E. Fotou, E. Panou-Pomonis, E. Ioakeimoglou, E. Malea, G. Panagiaris and M. Sakarellos-Daitsiotis 309
Assessing Environmental Effects on Organic Materials in Cultural Heritage: Chemical Deterioration of Artificially Aged Bone Stamatis Boyatzis, Eleni Ioakimoglou, Yorgos Facorellis, ClioVossou,Maria Sakarellou, Eugenia Panou-Pomoni, Fotou Evmorfia, Efrosini Karantoni,Angelos G. Kalampounias, George A. Voyiatzis, Soghomon Boghosian, Jane Richter, Athanasios Karampotsos, Eleni Tziamourani and George Panagiaris 312
Volume 1 / Topic A: Applied Mechanics, Civil and Energy Engineering
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Development of a standard laser technology for cleaning evidence of proteinaceous Cultural and Natural Heritage Athanassia Papanikolaou, Kristallia Melessanaki, Alexandra Alexandropoulou, Konstantinos Giannaras, Athanasios Karambotsos, Effrosyni Karantoni, Ekaterini Malea, Stavroula Rapti, Nikolaos-Alexios Stefanis, Yorgos Facorellis, Stamatis Boyatzis, Paraskevi Pouli and George Panagiaris 317
Removing iron corrosion products from museum artefacts: Investigating the effectiveness of innovative green chelators Stavroula Rapti, Shayne Rivers and Anastasia Pournou 322
On the role and significance of cultural heritage for a positive national identity Some educational remarks on museum education Wafaa El Saddik 325
Preliminary investigation of L-cysteine and mature tobacco as corrosion inhibitors for marine composite artefacts containing copper or iron alloys. V. Argyropoulos, S.C. Boyatzis, M. Giannoulaki, A. Malea, A. Pournou, S. Rapti, A. Zacharopoulou, and Elodie Guilminot 328
Experimental design of natural and accelerated bone and wood ageing (Project INVENVORG) Y. Facorellis, A. Pournou, J. Richter, E. Karantoni, C. Vossou, N. Androutsopoulos and G. Panagiaris 332
Bioart: Borders and definitions. Visitors’ survey at Bioart exhibition S.O. Papaioannou, E. Karantoni, Z. Tsourti, E. Kokkinidou, St. Drakos, N. Panourgia ,V. Papakiriakou, G. Panagiaris, Th. Avaritsiotis 337
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Topic A
Applied Mechanics, Civil and Energy Engineering
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Oil paintings on paper support: Determination of condition criteria via non destructive testing and microanalysis
A. Alexopoulou1, B. Singer1,2, P. Banou3, S. Zervos4, A. Kaminari1 A. Moutsatsou5, A. Terlixi5, E. Tziamourani1, A. Karabotsos1,
M. Doulgeridis5
1 Department for Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, TEI of Athens, Greece,
[email protected] Analysis for Conservation, UK 3 Department for Conservation, General State Archives, Athens, Greece
4 Department for Library Sciences and Information Systems, TEI of Athens, Greece, 5 Department for Conservation, National Gallery – Alexandros Soutzos Museum (NGASM),
Athens, Greece
Keywords: paper support, analytical techniques, multispectral imaging, artificial ageing
Abstract This paper presents the physicochemical methodology especially nondestructive testing and microanalysis applied for the documentation of the condition of oil paintings and oil sketches on paper support. The research is focused on the effect of the oil binder on the paper and the changes caused during the progress of deterioration in order to provide criteria for the better evaluation of the condition. Six original artworks representative samples of the Greek artists of the 18th-20th century, belonging to the National Gallery - Museum and Alexandros Soutzos Museum were investigated. The research was supported by experimental laboratory study of artificially aged mock ups made of linseed oil and different paper supports. The research meth-odology involved non-destructive imaging (UVF, multispectral), FORS, colourimetry, micro-scopic techniques (optical VLM/FLM, SEM) and micro analytical techniques (HS-SPME-GC-MS, SEM–EDX, and FTIR) for the examination and the identification of the materials and the degradation products of the original artworks and the mock-ups before and after ageing. The present article discusses the evaluation of the obtained results and the assessment of the tech-niques employed as far as the applicability and the efficacy in the study of the particular subject. The appraisal of the methodology is expected to contribute to the development of an experi-mental tool for the evaluation of the condition of this particular type of works.
IntroductionOil binders have been widely used in various works on paper supports, such as oil sketches, oil studies, drawings and paintings, as well as, images and texts in books printed with traditional oil based inks. Certain problems recorded in these works appear to be related to the presence of the oil binder; discoloration of the paper varying in intensity, reduction of the mechanical strength and embrittlement of the support on areas where oil diffusion or absorption has oc-curred. Even though the subject raises conservation and preservation issues, there are only sporadic references in literature and limited publication upon research on this matter. The ma-jority of the publications refer to the painting materials, the types of support and the preparation required/applied, the various techniques used, the terminology and their distinction respectively (Gritsay et al, 2004, Bower, 1992,). There is a limited number of articles referring to the condi-
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tion and the problems presented in this type of works, the conservation treatments and the risks involved. They are mostly focused on oil stain removal, colour change reversion, repair and lin-ing techniques, methodology to support the fragile paper in rigid secondary supports for display and storage (McAusland,1989, Banou et al, 2015).
MethodologySix original works of art, representative samples of the Greek artists of the 18th-20th century, belonging to the National Gallery and Alexandros Soutzos Museum were investigated. The research was supported by experimental laboratory study of artificially aged mock ups made of linseed oil and different paper supports (pure cellulose Munktel, typical watercolour Montval and a Kraft type paper). The mock ups were submitted to close environment artificially ag-ing according to ASTM D 6819-02 2002 standard (90 °C, 78%RH 1,4,7,14,21 and 28 ageing days). The methodology of research involved technical examination using non-destructive im-aging techniques (Fisher and Kakouli, 2006) like UVR, UVF and Vis/IR multispectral imaging (Fig.1), FORS and colourimetry, as well as microscopic techniques (optical VLM/FLM, USB Microscopy in combination with SEM–EDX) and the advanced VOC/MS analysis (HS-SPME-GC-MS) applied for the first time to the study of the effect of drying oils in paper except in our own preliminary studies, for the examination and the identification of the materials and the degradation products of the original artworks and the in depth study of extensive multi – param-eter series of mock -ups before and after ageing.
ResultsOptical microscopy and SEM offered valuable information about the oil – paper system Obser-vations on morphology of the three different types of paper show that papers without an oil applica-tion present qualitative changes that are far less in extent than those of the oiled papers indicating a rather more stable behaviour upon ageing (Fig.2). Generally, the morphological changes and dam-age of the fibres recorded are limited. Oiled mock-ups of the three types of paper, before ageing, present a similar condition: a layer of oil that almost completely covers the paper surface. The oil layer presents a surface profil which responds to the relief of the fibre net or might be at-tributed to the different adsorption degree of the oil locally, which is connected to the porosity of each paper and relevant surface tension properties. Upon ageing the phenomena evolve in the same way for all three types of paper. There is a pro-gressive but uniform sinking of the oil film, parts of the surface fibres are progressively more distinguished, holes and recesses appear, revealing the fibres and the fibre net. By the final stage of ageing the bulk of the oil film is still present at a lower level and the presence of holes and recesses is so extended that the oil layer seems to be fragmented.
Fig.1 N.Gysis, “Sewing studio” Oil painting, detail (NGASM). The comparative study of the same area in Vis-ible, UV Reflection, UV Fluorescence, False Colour Infrared (FCIR) and Hyperspectral imaging (MuSIS HS) at
600 and 1000nm reveal information (the sketch, the pigments, the morphology) from different depth.
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In all three paper types, oil application results in the significant reduction of brightness which reach-es comparable values of the L* coordinate at the 28th day (Fig. 3). Analogous decrease of yellow colour upon ageing is also observed. For the white colour papers the increase of the red colour, and the fluctuation pattern within that, could be indicative of the chemical changes. Also differences in colour through each mock up are strongly associated with the oil concentration on the paper locally.The creamy oiled montval paper mock ups get an orange-brown hue from the first day of ageing and turn gradually darker to a warm brown colour upon the progress of ageing. The colour of the mock ups turn to an intense dark brown colour at the final stages of ageing. It is likely that linseed oil application is principally responsible for the colour changes during ageing, though oxidation of the cellulose in the paper may also contribute to the colour change, especially if , as we suspect, the oil is enhancing the rate of oxidation of the paper, as indicated in our VOC emission studies.
In transmitted light (Fig.4), the three types of paper (cotton, montval and kraft) allow a limited amount of light to pass through, differing in quantity among the paper types, with kraft paper being significantly less transparent than the others. The oiled mock ups of the three paper types appear to allow gradually less light pass upon ageing, without getting absolutely opaque even at the 28th day of ageing.
The presence of drying oil in paper greatly accelerates the emission of volatile cellulose degra-dation products both for cotton based and wood based papers. In the cotton paper it has greatly accelerated the emission of furfural, 2-ethyl furan, 5- methyl, 5- ethyl furfural and 5-pentyl-furanone during ageing, while in the wood based papers has greatly accelerated the emission of furfural, 5-methy furfural, 5-ethyl furfural and 5-pentylfuranone.
Fig.2. Electronmicrographs of kraft paper without oil (a), (b) and with oil (c), (d). no ageing (a), (c) and after 28 days ageing (b),(d). Magnification x200
Fig.3 The L* coordinate values for the three types of paper mock ups at all ageing periods.Left: paper mock ups without oil application, right: paper mock ups with oil application
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ConclusionsDeep understanding of the paper – oil system optical alterations due to the deterioration were established through extensive studying of mock-ups. The catalytic effect that oil medium has on the acceleration of the entire degradation was examined and recorded in various ways. The research has shown that the presence of dried oil films accelerates the oxidative degradation of artists’ paper including both cotton, and therefore rag paper and also wood based artists’ papers. We can conclude that since drying oil clearly accelerates the destructive oxidation of the paper in the mock ups that it is having the same effect in the works of art in the collection studied. The associated loss of mechanical strength and deterioration of optical properties such as colour will also be accelerated in these works. A methodology based on non-destructive analysis was also established that enables the conservation scientists to have a better insight in the deteriora-tion of the originals. These findings will provide sound data on which informed decisions can be made regarding the conservation treatments for these works and that therefore this research will have an impact on the lifetime of these works making them available for public viewing for an extended period.
AknowledgementsSincere thanks to Prof. Dr. C.Tzia, Head of the laboratory of food analysis in the Faculty of Chemical Engineers of the National Technical University of Athens and her research team mem-bers Dr.D. Tsimogiannis and Dr. Hara Chranioti, for carrying out the GC-MS analysis.This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund - ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program “Education and Lifelong Learn-ing” of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding Program: ARCHIMEDES III - Investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund.
References Banou, P., Alexopoulou, A. & Singer B., 2015,1. The treatment of oil paintings on paper supports. Considerations on the treatment applications used from the past until the present, J. of Paper Conservation, IADA, 16, (1), 29-36.Bower, P., 2002, A brush with nature: An historical and technical analysis of papers and boards used as supports 2. for landscape oil sketching. in Works of art on paper. Books, Documents and Photographs. Techniques and Conservation, Baltimore Congress, 2-6 September, ed. Daniels, V., Donnithorne, A. & Smith, P., pp.16-20. Fischer, Chr., Kakoulli, I., 2006. Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging technologies in conservation: 3. current research and potential applications, Reviews in Conservation, Number 7, 3-16.Gritsay, N., Larionov, A., Durante. S.S., Vegelin, E. & Woodall, J. (2004), Peter Paul Rubens: Oil 4. sketches and related works from the State Hermitage Museum and Courtlauld Institue Gallery, Prestel Publishing Ltd. McAusland 1989, Problems with works of art in oil on paper and their support: A paper conservator’s 5. viewpoint. General Meeting of the Association of British Picture Restorers, Report. (UK).
Fig.4 Transparency of non oiled (left) and oiled mock-ups (right)
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Proceedings of the ConferenceSCience in TEchnology
2015SCinTENovember 5-7, 2015Athens, Greece
Volume 1 Applied Mechanics, Civil and Energy Engineering Earth and Environmental Sciences Arts & Humanities
Volume 2 Materials & Micro-nano Technology Electrical Engineering, Computer Science & Telecommunications Learning/Teaching Methodologies and Assessment
Volume 3 Physical and Mathematical Sciences Food Science and Technology Life and Health Sciences, Bioengineering
Volume 4 Management Science, Finance, Economics & Tourism
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