SEARCHING SOLUTIONS TO SEARCHING SOLUTIONS TO WATER ISSUES: WATER ISSUES:

WATER GOVERNANCEWATER GOVERNANCE

PROF. AYSEGUL TANIKPROF. AYSEGUL TANIK

Istanbul Technical University, Dpt. of Environmental Istanbul Technical University, Dpt. of Environmental Engineering, TURKEYEngineering, TURKEY

Regional Workshop on Regional Workshop on

““Water Resources Management: Needs & Prospects”Water Resources Management: Needs & Prospects”

APRIL 22, 2013 Land Mark Hotel, Amman, JordanAPRIL 22, 2013 Land Mark Hotel, Amman, Jordan

WATER GOVERNANCEWATER GOVERNANCE

Global Water Partnership (GWP) Definition:

The range of political, social, economic and administrative systems that are in place to develop and manage water resources, and the delivery of water services, at different levels of society.

International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Definition:

Water governance is a trans-disciplinary field, which explores how water management policies and practices are formed and changed over time.

United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Definition:

Water governance includes political, economic and social processes and institutions through which governments, private sector and civil society make decisions about how best to use, allocate, develop and manage water resources.

Good water governance is a precondition for implementing holistic, integrated water management strategies that balance sometimes competing needs for environmental sustainability, economic growth, and equity in access.

THE MACHTHE MACHIINERY OF AN INSTNERY OF AN INSTIITUTTUTIIONON

WATER INSTITUTIONS, the configurations of various legal, policy and organizational elements involved in water development, allocation, ownership, use, and management, are components of water governance and form water governance capacity of countries.

Water Governance Capacity is a nation’s level of competence to implement effective water management through policies, laws, organizations, regulations and compliance mechanisms.

Without clear policy… it is difficult to establish coherent laws.

Without clear laws… it is difficult for organizations (agencies) to know how to operate.

Without effective organizations (agencies)… implementation and enforcement will be lax.

WATER GOVERNANCEWATER GOVERNANCE

WATER GOVERNANCE DIMENSIONSWATER GOVERNANCE DIMENSIONS

WATER GOVERNAN

CE

POLITICAL DIMENSION

SOCIAL DIMENSION

EC

ON

OM

IC

DIM

EN

SIO

N

EN

VIR

ON

MEN

TA

L

DIM

EN

SIO

N

Equitable Use

Equal Democratic Opportunities

Sustainable Use Efficient Use

WATER GOVERNANCE DIMENSIONSWATER GOVERNANCE DIMENSIONS

The social dimension points to the equitable use of water resources. The economic dimension informs on efficient use of water resources

and the role of water in overall economic growth. The political dimension points to granting water stakeholders and

citizens at large equal democratic opportunities to influence and monitor political processes and outcomes.

The environmental sustainability dimension shows that improved governance allows for enhanced sustainable use of water resources and ecosystem integrity.

EFFECTEFFECTIIVEVE WATERWATER GOVERNANCEGOVERNANCE WOULDWOULD SEEKSEEK A A GOODGOOD

BALANCEBALANCE AMONGAMONG THESETHESE FOURFOUR DDIIMENSMENSIIONSONS..

PRPRIINCNCIIPLES OF EFFECTPLES OF EFFECTIIVE WATER VE WATER GOVERNANCEGOVERNANCE

HHIISTORSTORIICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER CAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE GOVERNANCE IIN N FRANCEFRANCE

1898 Water Law: The basis of the legal system concerning water in France. 1964 Water Law: Organization of water management at the river basin scale.

For organizing dialogue and sharing of responsibilities among stakeholders, an advisory body (the Basin Committee) and an executive organization (the Water Agency) were created in 6 large river basins.

1992 Water Law: Adoption of Integrated Water Resources Management approach. Introduction of two planning tools on basin scale: the Master Plan for Water

Development and Management (SDAGE) for large basin, the Water Development and Management Scheme (SAGE) for sub-basins.

2004 Law: Transposing of the EU Water Framework Directive (EU WFD) into national legislation.

2009: Published first-generation River Basin Management Plans prepared in accordance with EU WFD.

HHIISTORSTORIICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER CAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE GOVERNANCE IIN N SPASPAIINN

1866-1879 Water Laws 1926: Creation of River Basin Confederations (The Confederaciones

Hidrograficas) to group all major water users of each river basin, and to allocate the water resources made available by major hydraulic engineering works.

1985 Water Law: Adoption of Integrated Water Resources Management approach. Re-organizing of River Basin Confederations for development and

management of water resources at the basin scale in an integrative manner. Consolidation of the institutional role of the River Basin Confederations, definition of a model of co-decision making in which direct water users and interested administrations have had an active role in all water planning and management at basin level.

2009: Published first-generation River Basin Management Plans prepared in accordance with EU WFD.

HHIISTORSTORIICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER CAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE GOVERNANCE IIN N ENGLANDENGLAND - - WALESWALES

1876 Prevention of River Pollution Law 1945 Water Law 1948 River Associations Law: First step to management of water

resources at the river basin scale: 32 River Boards were established with administrative responsibility for the pollution control functions previously provided by the local authorities.

1963 Water Resources Act: 27 River Authorities were established, each with a role to conserve, redistribute and augment water resources in England and Wales on a regional basis. The River Authorities replaced the river boards established under the River Boards Act 1948.

1973 Water Act: Establishment of Water Authorities: 10 Water Authorities, established based on the 10 major river basins in England and Wales, replaced the river authorities established under the Water Resources Act 1963.

The 1973 Act gave statutory responsibility for all aspects of water management to each water authority in its region. Thus, river basin management approach was adopted.

HHIISTORSTORIICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER CAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE GOVERNANCE IIN N ENGLANDENGLAND - - WALESWALES

1989 Water Act: Privatization of Water Authorities: It transformed the existing 10 Water Authorities into the new Water and Sewerage Companies and appointed them as the undertakers for their regions. It also provided for the Secretary of State for the Environment to have overall responsibility for regulation of drinking water quality, provided for the National Rivers Authority to manage pollution and environmental control and defined the duties of the Director General of Water Services (OFWAT) as the economic regulator.

Environment Agency replaced the National Rivers Authority in 1995.

Now, Environment Agency is responsible for co-ordination of the integrated river basin management in accordance with EU WFD.

2009: Published first-generation River Basin Management Plans prepared in accordance with EU WFD.

HHIISTORSTORIICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER CAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE GOVERNANCE IIN N AUSTRALAUSTRALIIAA

1900-1980 (Development Phase): Dam building for drought and flood control.

1994: Council of Australian Governments Water Reform Agreement: The key components of the agreement are improving water quality and

environment, refining water rights system and water allocation procedures, pricing water through independent review and promoting community participation.

Water Reform Agreement was paralleled by growing awareness of river basin management, establishment of river basin (catchments) organizations in some states like Virginia, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania and involvement of community groups and committees in development of river basin management plans.

HHIISTORSTORIICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER CAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE GOVERNANCE IIN N AUSTRALAUSTRALIIAA

2007 Federal Water Law: Establishment of the Murray-Darling Basin Authority for the integrated river basin management in Murray-Darling Basin Murray-Darling River, most important water resource of Australia,

straddles from four states, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Australian Capital Territory.

The Act gives the Commonwealth additional powers over state water planning, including the establishment of the Murray-Darling Basin Authority.

2004: Council of Australian Governments National Water Initiative National Water Initiative is the national blueprint for water reform. The

NWI is a shared commitment by governments to increase the efficiency of Australia's water use.

HHIISTORSTORIICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER CAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER

GOVERNANCE GOVERNANCE IIN TURKEYN TURKEY 1923-1980

1923: Foundation of Republic of Turkey. 1936: Establishment of the General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and

Development Administration (EIEI). 1939: Establishment of the Directorate of Water Works affiliated to Ministry of Public Works. 1953: Establishment of General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI). 1950s: Focusing socio-economic development based on the development of land and water

resources and supply-oriented water policies, starting to construction of large dams and irrigation canals.

1961: Establishment of the State Planning Organization, a central planning body, beginning of the arrangement of the public investments in the water sector through the national five-year development plans: major water infrastructure such as irrigation systems, storage facilities and multi- and single purpose dams (for e.g. Hydroelectricity generation) was state-financed and state-managed.

1970s: Acceleration of the development of the country’s hydropower potential with the oil crises.

1970s: Increasing of environmental problems and establishment of Under secretariat of Environment of Prime Ministry, responsible for the coordination of activities related to environment.

HHIISTORSTORIICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER CAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER

GOVERNANCE GOVERNANCE IIN TURKEYN TURKEY

1980-1999 Supply-oriented water policies and sectoral water management. Increasing of environmental problems.

1981: Establishment of new organizational models which link water and wastewater management with the establishment of the Istanbul Water and Sewage Administration (ISKI).

1983: Enactment of Environment Law.

1988: By-Law for Water Pollution Control.

1991: Establishment of the Ministry of Environment.

HHIISTORSTORIICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE CAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE IIN N

TURKEYTURKEY 1999-2013

1999: Declaration of Turkey as a candidate country to EU. Supply-oriented water policies and sectoral water management. Increase of environmental problems. Pilot Projects aiming at EU WFD harmonization in Turkey Legislation changes done in order to move Turkish water legislation to that of the

Union’s.

2003: Establishment of Ministry of Environment and Forestry with merging of Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Forestry.

2007: Combining water quality and quantity management under same Ministry with the attachment of DSI to Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

2009: Opening of the Environment Chapter of EU Negotiations. Definition of the River Basins in accordance with EU requirements. Beginning of the preparation of the River Basin Protection Action Plans in order to

provide a basis for River Basin Management Plans obligated by EU WFD.

2011: Fragmentation of the water quality and quantity management with the establishment of two new Ministries; Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning and Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs.

25 RIVER BASINS OF TURKEY25 RIVER BASINS OF TURKEY

MAMAIIN CHALLENGES OF WATER SECTOR N CHALLENGES OF WATER SECTOR IN IN TURKEYTURKEY

MAMAIIN CHALLENGES OF TURKEY WATER SECTORN CHALLENGES OF TURKEY WATER SECTOR

Water issues that Turkey faces today are largely derived due to lack of good and efficient governance.

Organizational structure for water resources management is highly centralized.

Stakeholder participation in decision-making process is at a low level.

The lack of a comprehensive water law,

fragmentation of the institutional framework,

complexity of coordination mechanisms are the other major

challenges in the Turkish water sector.

PROPOSED PROPOSED ORGANORGANIIZATZATIIONAL STRUCTURE FOR GOOD WATER ONAL STRUCTURE FOR GOOD WATER

GOVERNANCE GOVERNANCE IIN TURKEYN TURKEY

THANKS FOR YOUR THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION…ATTENTION…