SEAWATER INTRUSION IN COASTAL AQUIFERS -CONCEPTS, METHODS AND PRACTICES

Theory and Applications of Transport in Porous Media

Series Editor: Jacob Bear, Technion -Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Volume 14

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers Concepts, Methods and Practices

Edited by

lacobBear Technion-Israel Institute o/Technology, Haifa, Israel

Alexander H.-D. Cheng University 0/ Delaware, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A.

Shaul Sorek Ben-Gurion University, Sede Boker, Israel

Driss Ouazar Ecole Mohammadia d'Ingenieur, Rabat, Morocco

and

Ismael Herrera

National Autonomous University 0/ Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-90-481-5172-1 ISBN 978-94-017-2969-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-2969-7

Printed on acid-free paper

Ali Rights Reserved ©1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht OriginaIly published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 Softcover reprlnt ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1999

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or uti1ized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrievaI system, without written permission from the copyright owner

Contents

Preface

List of Contributors

1 Introduction J. Bear & A.H.-D. Cheng 1.1 Freshwater Resources . 1.2 1.3

Historical Development. . Organization of the Book ..

2 Geophysical Investigations M. T. Stewart 2.1 Introduction ......... . 2.2 Surface Geophysical Methods 2.3 Borehole Methods. . . . . . . 2.4 Integrated Geophysical Surveys 2.5 Summary............

xi

xiii

1

1 2 5

9

9 13 42 47 50

3 Geochemical Investigations 51 B.F. Jones, A. Vengosh, E. Rosenthal & Y. Yechieli 3.1 Introduction....... 51 3.2 World-Wide Phenomena 52 3.3 Chemical Modifications 3.4 Mixing ......... . 3.5 Water-Rock Interaction 3.6 Intrusion of Fossil Seawater 3.7 Criteria to Distinguish Saltwater Intrusions

57 60 60 68 69

vi Contents

4 Exploitation, Restoration and Management 73 J.C. van Dam 4.1 Introduction....................... 73 4.2 Optimal Exploitation of Fresh Groundwater in Coastal

Aquifer Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.3 Measures to Restore Disturbed Fresh Groundwater

Systems in Coastal Aquifers . 105 4.4 Groundwater Management . . . . . 117

5 Conceptual and Mathematical Modeling 127 J. Bear 5.1 Introduction ....................... 127 5.2 Three-Dimensional Sharp Interface Model (3DSIM) . 131 5.3 Two-Dimensional Sharp Interface Model (2DSIM) .. 145 5.4 Transition Zone Model (3DTZM) . 151 5.5 Conclusion............. . 161

6 Analytical Solutions 163 A.H.-D. Cheng & D. Ouazar 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . · 163 6.2 Ghyben-Herzberg Solution. .164 6.3 Glover Solution . . . . . . . · 167 6.4 Fetter Oceanic Island Solution. .169 6.5 Strack Pumping Well Solution . .170 6.6 Superposition Solution . . . . . .177 6.7 Bear and Dagan Upconing Solution. .184 6.8 Stochastic Solutions ......... · 187

7 Steady Interface in Stratified Aquifers of Random G. Dagan & D. G. Zeitoun Permeability Distribution 7.1 Introduction ..... 7.2 Mathematical Formulation. 7.3 Solution of Planar Problem 7.4 Up coning of Interface Beneath a Pumping Well 7.5 Summary and Conclusions ........... .

193 .193 · 195 .199 .205 .210

Contents vii

8 USGS SHARP Model 213 H.l. Essaid 8.1 Introduction ....................... 213 8.2 Finite Difference Approximation of Freshwater and

Saltwater Flow Equations . . . . . 218 8.3 General Model Features and Use ........... 222 8.4 Model Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 8.5 Soquel-Aptos Basin, California, a Multilayered Coastal

Aquifer System . 238 8.6 Conclusions....................... 246

9 USGS SUTRA Code-History, Practical Use, and Application in Hawaii 249 C.l. Voss 9.1 Introduction.. . 249 9.2 History of SUTRA . 250 9.3 Uses of SUTRA . . . 253 9.4 SUTRA Equations and Algorithms . 256 9.5 Application of SUTRA to Seawater Intrusion . 262 9.6 Setting Up a Coastal Seawater Intrusion Simulation 270 9.7 Application of SUTRA to Major Coastal Aquifer of

Southern Oahu, Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

10 Three-Dimensional Model of Coupled Density-Dependent Flow and Miscible Salt Transport 315 G. Gambolati, M. Putti (3 C. Paniconi 10.1 Introduction ....... . 10.2 Mathematical Model .. . 10.3 Numerical Discretization. 10.4 10.5 10.6

Linearization . . . . . . . Projection Solvers for Linear Systems. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.315

.317

.321

.329

.341

.344

11 Modified Eulerian Lagrangian Method for Density Dependent Miscible Transport 363 B. Borek, V. Borisov (3 A. Yakirevich 11.1 Introduction ................. . 11.2 Mathematical Statement . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 11.4

Formulation of Saltwater Intrusion Problem Numerical Examples ............ .

.363

.364

.373

.383

viii Contents

11.5 Conclusion.

12 Survey of Computer Codes and Case Histories S. Sorek & G.F. Pinder 12.1 General ......... . 12.2 3DFEMFAT /2DFEMFAT 12.3 CODESA-3D . . 12.4 DSTRAM.... 12.5 FAST-C{2D/3D} 12.6 FEFLOW. 12.7 HST3D ... 12.8 MEL2DSLT. 12.9 MLAEM/VD 12.10 MOCDENSE 12.11 MOC-DENSITY /MOCDENS3D 12.12 SALTFRES .... . 12.13 SALTHERM/3D .. . 12.14 SHARP and SWIP .. 12.15 T3DVAP.F/M0R3D.F 12.16 TVD-2D /TVD-3D 12.17 Summary . . . . . . .

13 Seawater Intrusion in the United States L.F. Konikow & T.E. Reilly 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Early History . . . . . 13.3 Case Studies. . . . . . 13.4 Alternative Modeling Approaches . 13.5 Closing Remarks . . . . . . . . . .

14 Impact of Sea Level Rise in the Netherlands G.H.P. Oude Essink 14.1 Introduction ........... . 14.2 The Model. . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 Propagation of Sea Level Rise .. 14.4 Saltwater Intrusion ....... . 14.5 Freshwater Lenses in Sand-Dune Areas . 14.6 Seepage in Low-Lying Polders . . . 14.7 Compensating Measures . . . . . . 14.8 Conclusions and Recommendations

.395

399

.399

.401

.404

.407

.408

.413

.419

.424

.428

.431

.434

.439

.443

.446

.453

.456

.458

463

.463

.464

.466

.493

.505

507

.507

.509

.520

.522

.525

.527

.528

.529

Contents ix

15 Movement of Brackish Groundwater Near a Deep-Well Infiltration System in the Netherlands 531 A. Stakelbeek 15.1 Introduction.................. . 531 15.2 Design of the Deep-Well Infiltration System . 532 15.3 Measurements of Movement of Brackish

Groundwater During Operation . . . 536 15.4 Conclusions and Recommendations. . . . 540

16 A Semi-Empirical Approach to Intrusion Monitoring in Israeli Coastal Aquifer 543 A.J. Melloul & D.G. Zeitoun 16.1 Introduction.................. . 543 16.2 Hydrogeological Background and Saltwater

Monitoring of Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . 545 16.3 Semi-Empirical Procedure to Assess Saltwater

Intrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 550 16.4 Actual Implementation to Israel Coastal Aquifer . 556 16.5 Conclusions ....................... 557

17 Nile Delta Aquifer in Egypt 559 M. Sherif 17.1 Introduction..... . 559 17.2 Nile Delta Aquifer . . 560 17.3 Origin of Brackish Water. . 568 17.4 Intrusion Mechanism and Boundary Conditions . 570 17.5 Modeling Seawater Intrusion in Nile Delta Aquifer . 573 17.6 Effect of Pumping .... . 579 17.7 Effect of Climate Change . 583 17.8 Concluding Remarks . 590

Bibliography 591

Preface

Coastal aquifers serve as major sources for freshwater supply in many countries around the world, especially in arid and semi-arid zones. Many coastal areas are also heavily urbanized, a fact that makes the need for freshwater even more acute. Coastal aquifers are highly sensitive to disturbances. Inappropriate management of a coastal aquifer may lead to its destruction as a source for freshwater much earlier than other aquifers which are not connected to the sea. The reason is the threat of seawater intrusion.

In many coastal aquifers, intrusion of seawater has become one of the major constraints imposed on groundwater utilization. As sea­water intrusion progresses, existing pumping wells, especially those close to the coast, become saline and have to be abandoned. Also, the area above the intruding seawater wedge is lost as a source of natural replenishment to the aquifer.

Despite the importance of this subject, so far there does not exist a book that integrates our present knowledge of seawater intrusion, its occurrences, physical mechanism, chemistry, exploration by geo­physical and geochemical techniques, conceptual and mathematical modeling, analytical and numerical solution methods, engineering measures of combating seawater intrusion, management strategies, and experience learned from case studies. By presenting this fairly comprehensive volume on the state-of-the-art of knowledge and ex­perience on saltwater intrusion, we hoped to transfer this body of knowledge to the geologists, hydrologists, hydraulic engineers, water resources planners, managers, and governmental policy makers, who are engaged in the sustainable development of coastal fresh ground­water resources.

The editors would like to take this opportunity to express our grat­itude toward Dr. Leonard Konikow of U.S. Geological Survey, who

xii Preface

provided valuable suggestions and coordinated a few of the contribu­tions. The assistance provided by the publishing editor, Petra D. van Steenbergen, at Kluwer, is also appreciated. The ultimate credit of the book goes to the authors of the chapters, who have contributed their time and effort, and generously shared their expert knowledge with the community.

JACOB BEAR (Haifa, Israel) ALEXANDER CHENG (Delaware, USA)

SHAUL SOREK (Sede Boker, Israel) Druss OUAZAR (Rabat, Morocco)

ISMAEL HERRERA (Mexico City, Mexico)

September, 1998

List of Contributors

Prof Jacob Bear Department of Civil Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Tech­nology, Haifa 32000, Israel.

Dr. Viacheslav Borisov Water Resources Research Center, J. Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus 84990, Israel.

Prof Alexander H.-D. Cheng Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

Prof Gedeon Dagan Department of Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, Faculty of Engi­neering, Tel-Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.

Dr. Hedeff Essaid Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.

Prof Giuseppe Gambolati Dipartimento di Metodi e Modelli Matematici per Ie Scienze Appli­cate (DMMMSA), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Via Belzoni 7, 35131 Padova, Italy.

Dr. Blair F. Jones Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 431 National Cen­ter, Reston, Virginia 20192, USA.

Dr. Leonard F. Konikow Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 431 National Cen­ter, Reston, Virginia 20192, USA.

xiv Contributors

Dr. Abraham J. Melloul Hydrological Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Water Commission, P.O. Box 6381, Jerusalem 91063, Israel.

Prof. Driss Ouazar Laboratoire d'Analyse de Systemees Hydrauliques, Ecole Mohamma­dia d'Ingenieurs, Universite Mohammed V, B.P. 765, Agdal Rabat, Morocco.

Dr.Ir. Gualbert H.P. Oude Essink Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands. For­merly, Department of Water Management, Environmental and San­itary Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.

Dr. Claudio Paniconi Environment Group, Center for Advanced Studies, Research and De­velopment in Sardinia (CRS4), Via Nazario Sauro 10, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.

Prof. George F. Pinder College of Engineering and Mathematics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.

Dr. Mario Putti Dipartimento di Metodi e Modelli Matematici per Ie Scienze Appli­cate (DMMMSA), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Via Belzoni 7, 35131 Padova, Italy.

Dr. Tom E. Reilly Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 431 National Center, Reston, Virginia 20192, USA.

Dr. Eliyahu Rosenthal Research Division, Hydrological Service of Israel, P.O. Box 6381, Jerusalem 91063, Israel.

Dr. Mohsen M. Sherif Hydrology Department, Water Resources Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box. 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait. On leave from Irrigation and Hydraulics Department, Faculty of Engi­neering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.

Contributors xv

Prof. Shaul Sorek Water Resources Research Center, J. Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus 84990, Israel.

Ir. Bert Stakelbeek n.v. PWN Water Supply Company of North-Holland, Post bus 5, 2060 Bloemendaal, the Netherlands.

Prof. Mark Stewart Department of Geology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5200, USA.

Prof. Dr. Ir. Jan C. van Dam van der Horstlaan 9, 2641 RT Pijnacker, The Netherlands.

Dr. A vner Vengosh Research Division, Hydrological Service of Israel, P.O. Box 6381, Jerusalem 91063, Israel.

Dr. Clifford I. Voss National Research Program, U.S. Geological Survey, 431 National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA.

Dr. Alex Yakirevich Water Resources Research Center, J. Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus 84990, Israel.

Dr. Yoseph Yechieli Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkei Israel St., Jerusalem 95501, Israel.

Dr. David G. Zeitoun Consultant Hydrology and Water Resources, 9/4 Kosovsky St., Jerusalem 96304, Israel.