Section 2.8

The New Monarchies

Monarchs begin to crack Feudalism• Guarantee protection of

law

• Heredity viewed favorably– Bourgeoisie (town people)

• Begin to tax– Pay for large armies– feudal law and custom

• Incorporate Roman Law for prestige– title of majesty and

sovereign

Question: What would Machiavelli think of the New Monarchs?

Origins, Nature, and AccomplishmentsEngland’s New Monarchy

• Parliament controlled by feudal lords (blocked consolidation)

• Tudors (of York) emerge victorious after War of Roses– Between houses of

York and Lancaster• Had slowed trade,

agriculture, industry

York

Lancaster

England’s New Monarchy• Henry VII (1485-1509)

– Passed laws against livery and maintenance

– Weakens Barons• Lords prevented from maintaining

private armies and wearing livery (family insignia)

– Passed laws favoring upper middle class

• Trade, money interests• Star Chamber

– King’s private council– No jury present – Ignore parliament– Decided property disputes,

disturbances of peace– Accepted because it kept order

Clip for History of Britain on War of the Roses

France’s New Monarchy• Charles VII (1422-1461) and Louis XI of

Valois Family– Charles expelled English in 1453

• Except Calais– Reorganized royal council

• Gave more power to middle class– Built up royal army

• Established regular companies of cavalry, archers (paid by king)

– Controlled taxes• Gabelle (salt tax) and Taille (land tax)

– Controlled clergy• Concordat of Bologna

– Rescinded Pragmatic Sanction (1438)

» Had denied Pope revenue– Pope receives annates ($ from

French clergymen)– Louis gets to appoint bishops and

abbots

Spain’s New Monarchy

• Aragon and Castile– Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain through marriage– True unifying force was Catholicism

• Crusade against Moors• Inquisition served as unifying legal force• Catholicism viewed as Spanishness

– Reconquesta-Jews and Moors expelled in 1492» Moriscos (Muslim converts) and Marranos

(Jewish converts) were viewed as “unfaithful”» Inquisition tortured thousands

– Spain emerges as “defender of the faith”• Exports Catholicism to New World• Crusade mentality permeates society

Holy Roman Empire’s New Monarchy• Comprised of 3 States

• Princely States- hereditary dynasties (Brandenburg)• Ecclesiastical- Abbacies (owned vast amounts of territory)• Imperial Free Cities- (about 50) bourgeoisie dominated• Imperial Knights-lords of small estates (loyal to HRE)

– Emperor• Elected by Princes (fiercely independent/jealous)• By 1452 had dwindled to 7 electors

– Elected Hapsburgs from Austria• Rule until 1806

• Rise of Hapsburgs– Maximilian I (1493-1519) marries heiress of Burgundy and Netherlands– Their Son Philip marries Joanna of Spain (heiress to Ferdinand and

Isabella)– Their son Charles I inherits Austria, Netherlands, Burgundy, Spain, New

World• Elected HRE in 1519 as Charles V

– His brother Ferdinand in elected King of Bohemia and Hungary• Fear of Universal Monarchy spreads

– Results in Balance of Power

Charles V

Stage is Set for Revolution

• Image of Church greatly diminished

• Few reform-minded leaders in Church

• Monarchs are centralizing power

• Fear of Universal Monarchy ushers in new allies