SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

PROCEDURE

1. IDENTIFY & MAJOR DEPOSITIONAL UNITS

2. INTEGRATE WELL & SEISMIC

3. ANLYZE REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS

4. RELATE LITHOLOGY TO SEISMIC

5. PREDICT ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING & LITHOLOGY

6. DETERMINE AN AGE MODEL

7. EVALUATE PREDICTIONS

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

TECHNIQUE

1. SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

2. SEISMIC-WELL TIE

3. SEISMIC FACES ANALUSIS

4. SEISMIC CALIBRATION

5. GEOLOGIC INTERPRETION

6. CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

7. SEISMIC AND STRATIGRAPHIC MODELING

USING A STRATIGRPHIC FRAMEWORK

ANALYSIS

MODELING

PREDICTION

STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK

BURIAL HISTORY

TRAP DEVELOPMENT

AND TIMING TEMPERATURE

HISTORY

HYDROCARBON GENERATION

RESERVOIR PROPERTIES

SOURCE MIGRATION RESERVOIR SEAL TRAP

EPSODIC VS CYCLIC DEPOSOTION

SCALE OF DEPOSITION

INCREASING

LAMINA

LAMINASET

BED

BEDSET

PARASEQUENCE

PARASEQUENCESET

SEQUENCE

CONTROLS

•STORMS

•FLOODS

•TIDES

EPISODIC

• SHIFTING SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS

• SEA-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS

• LONG-TERM TECTONICS

CYCLIC

BED VS DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES

BEDSDEPOSITIONAL

SEQUECES

FORMATION

BOUNDING SURFACES

MORPHOLOGY

A SINGLE EPISODE OF DEPOSITION

A SINGLE CYCLE OF DEPOSITION

BEDDING PLANES UNCONFORMITIES

• LIMITED EXTENT

• SMALL THICKNESS

•TERMINATES WHERE

•BEDDING SURFACES INTERSECT

• WIDESPREAD

• THICK ENOUGH TO RESOLVE SEISMICALLY

• TERMINATES AGAINST UNCON-FORMITIES OR THEIR CORRELATIVE

SEISMIC REFLECTION

• GENERATED AT PHYSICAL SURFACES ACROSS WHICH

THERE IS A CHANGE IN IMPEDENCE

• POLARITY IS DETERMINED BY SIGN OF THE REFLECTION

COEFFCIENT

• AMPLITUDE IS A FUNCTION OF:

- MAGNITUDE OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT

- SHARPNESS OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT

- RESOLUTION OF THE SYSTEM

REFLECTION AND TIME-STRATIGRAPHY

GENERATING FEATURE

UNCONFORMITIES

STRATAL

SURFACES

YES

YES

SEPARATES OLDER STRATA BELOW FROM YOUNGER STRATA ABOVE

TIME-STRATIGRAPHY

SEISMIC RESPONSE OF STARATAL SURFACES

• SEISMIC REFLECTIONS PARALLEL STARATAL SURFACES

• RESOLUTION IS COMMONLY AT SCALE OF PARASQUENCES

• REFLECTION TERMINATION INDICATES THE ASSOCIATED

STRATAL UNIT HAS:

- ENDED ABRUPTLY (TRUNCATION)

OR

- THINNED BELOW RESOLUTION (LABOUT)

MARKING THE SEISMIC SECTION

LOCATE UNCONFORMITIES

• AT THE BASE OF ONLAPS AND DOWNLAPS

• HALF CYCLE ABOVE TRUNCATION AND TOPLAP

MARK

• ONSETS (ZERO-CROSSINGS) FRO MINIMUM PHASE

• PEAKS?TROUGHS FOR ZERO PHASE

REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS CAN VARY ALONG AN UNCONFORMITY

SEISMIC RESPONSE OF FACIES CHANGES

• SEISMIC REFLECTIONS DO NOT FOLLOW

FACIES BOUNDARIES

HOWEVERE

• REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS ARE AFFECTED

BY CHANGES IN THE FACIES

- REFLECTION AMPLITUDE

- REFLECTION CONTINUITY

- REFLECTION POLARITY

LIMITATIONS

RESOLUTION

• VERTICAL

• LATERAL

IMPROPER POSITIONING REFLECTIONS

• DIP ANALOG SECTION

• OUT-OF-PLANE REFLECTION

NONPRIMARY REFLECTIONS

• NONCOHERENT NOISE

• COHERENT NOISE

LITHOLOGY PREDICTION

CHRONO-STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK

DEPOSITIONAL FRAMEWORK

SEISMIC DATA

SEISMIC SEQUENCES

SEISMIC REFLECTION

CHARACTERISTICS

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT

SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS

GEOLOGIC INTRPRETATION

LITHOLOGY PREDICTION

SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS APPROACH

SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS

REFLECTION GEOMETRIES

CORE ANALYSIS

REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS

LOG ANALYSIS

CALIBRATION

INTERPRETATION

FACIES MODEL DEPOSITIONAL

ENVIRONMENT

PRIDICTION

SEDIMENT SUPPLY

INTEGRATED FACIES ANALYSIS

WELL AND SEISMIC DATA

OBSERVE

CALIBRATE

INTERBRATE

PREDICT

VARIATIONS IN CORES, ON LOGS AND ON SEISMIC

• LOG RESPONSE TO CORE LITHOFACIES

• SEISMIC PESPONSE TO CORES AND LOGS

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS

SUBENVIRONMENTS SETTING

LATERAL AND VERTICAL

LITHOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION

SEISMIC FACIES PARAMETERS

REFLECTION GEOMETRIES

REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS

INTERVAL VELOCITY

• TERMINATION PATTERN

• INTERNAL CONFIGRATION

• EXTERNAL FORM

• AMPLITUDE

• CONTINUITY

• FREQUENCY

REFLECTION GEOMETRIES

INTERNAL CONFIGURATIONS

STRATIFIED UNSTRATIFIED

SIMPLE PROGADATIONAL COMPLEX

• BARALLEL

• SUBPARALLEL

• DIVERGENT

• SEGMIOD

• OBLIQUE

• COMBINATION

• SHINGLED

• MOUNDED

• HUMMOCHY

• DEFORMED

CHAOTIC REFLECTION FREE

REFLECTION GEOMETRIES

EXTERNAL FORM

UNIFORM THICKNESS

VARYING THICKNESS

• SHEET-EVEN

• SHEET-DRAPE

• SHEET-SMOOTHING

• FILL

• MOND

• COMBINATION

GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS

ABC TECHNIQUE

C

B - AEROSION TOPLAP

CONCODANT

ONLAP DOWNLAP

CONCORDANT

PARALLEL

SUBPARALLEL

DIVERGENT

SIGMOID

OBLIQUE

SHINGLED

MOUNDED

HUMMOCKY

DEFORMED

DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY

HIGH LOW

DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES

SEDIMENTARY FACIES

DIAGNOSTIC GEOMETRIES

EXPLORATION

• ACTIVE

• SORTED

• COARSEST AVAILABLE GRAIN SIZE

•TOPLAB/OBLIQUE

•MOUNDS

•

• QUIET WATER

• POOR SORTING

• FINE PRESENT

• SHEET/DRAPE

• SIGMOID PROG.

• SLOPE FRONT FILL

•

REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS AND DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY

AMPLITUDE

LOW

HIGH

VARIABLE

LITHOLOGYCONDITIONS

MASSIVE

INTERFINGERED

DISCONTINUOUS

UNIFORM

ALTERNATING

VARYING

CONTINUITY DEPOSITION

HIGH WIDESPREAD

LITHOLOGY PREDICTION

I) ESTABLISH CHORONOSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK

II) DEVELOP DEPOSOTIONAL FRAMEWORK

• SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

• TIE WELL AND SEISMIC

• ANALYZE REFLECTION GEOMETRIES

• TIE WELL AND SEISMIC

• INTERPRET DEPOSITIONAL SETTING

• CALIBRATE SEISMIC FACIES

• EXTRAPOLATE AWAY FROM WELL(S)

• USE FACIES MODELS

• USE CONCEPT OF DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY

VISUAL SEISMIC SIGNATURES OF HYDROCARBON INDICATORS

• AMPLITUDE ANOMALY

• FREQUENCY ANOMALY

• TIME SAG

• ABRUPT TERMINATIONS

• PHASE CHANGE

• FLUID CONTACT REFLECTION

• SHADOW ZONE

• CHINMEY

FALSE HDI’S AND PITFALLS

• LOW IMPEDANCE ROCKS

• FLAT REFLECTIONS NOT RELATED TO FLUID CONTACTS

• INCORRECT SECTION POLARITY

• LOW GAS STATURATION RESERVOIRS

• PROSITY PRESERVATION BY PRESENCE OF HYDROCARBONS

- STRATIGRAPHY

- MULTIPLES

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

2-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUES

MANUAL (SERIAL

OVERLAY) WITHOUT TIME

SLICES, FEW CROSS LINES

ADVANTAGES

CHEAP

NO SPECIAL EQUIPMENT

FAST IN STRUCTURALLY SIMPLE AREAS

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DISADVANTAGES

MISS STRUCTURES THAT STRIKE SUB-PARALLEL TO LINES

INACCURATE 3-D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES

MAPPING IS ADDITIONAL STEP

CUMBERSOME

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PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

MANUAL BUT WITH TIME SLICES (GS)

SEISCROP

DISADVANTAGES

EXPENSIVE AND SLOW TO MAKE FILM

DIFFICULT TO TIE LINES (PAPER) TO TIME SLICES (PROJECTED)

NOT USABLE IN AREAS OF POOR REFLECTION CONTINUITY

CUMBERSOME

AMPLITUDE CONTROLS POSITION OF TIME SLICE PICKS

TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES

EASY TO RECOGNIZE STRUCTURES IN MOST ORIENTATIONS

ACCURATE 3-D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES

FAST WITH GOOD REFLECTION QONTINUITY

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TRUE 3-D GRID

DISADVANTAGES

VERY SLOW

MANY TIES

TECHNIQUES

ADVANTAGES

VERY DETAILED MAPS

MOST ACCURATE PICTURES OF FAULT PATTERNS

HIGHEST CONFIDENCE INTERPRETATION

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

• •

•

• •

USING A STRATIGRPHIC FRAMEWORK

ANALYSIS

MODELING

PREDICTION

STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK

BURIAL HISTORY

TRAP DEVELOPMENT

AND TIMING TEMPERATURE

HISTORY

HYDROCARBON GENERATION

RESERVOIR PROPERTIES

SOURCE MIGRATION RESERVOIR SEAL TRAP

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUES

MANUAL (SERIAL

OVERLAY) WITHOUT TIME

SLICES, FEW CROSS LINES

ADVANTAGES

CHEAP

NO SPECIAL EQUIPMENT

FAST IN STRUCTURALLY SIMPLE AREAS

•

•

•

DISADVANTAGES

MISS STRUCTURES THAT STRIKE SUB-PARALLEL TO LINES

INACCURATE 3-D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES

MAPPING IS ADDITIONAL STEP

CUMBERSOME

•

•

•

•

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

MANUAL BUT WITH TIME SLICES (GS)

SEISCROP

DISADVANTAGES

EXPENSIVE AND SLOW TO MAKE FILM

DIFFICULT TO TIE LINES (PAPER) TO TIME SLICES (PROJECTED)

NOT USABLE IN AREAS OF POOR REFLECTION CONTINUITY

CUMBERSOME

AMPLITUDE CONTROLS POSITION OF TIME SLICE PICKS

TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES

EASY TO RECOGNIZE STRUCTURES IN MOST ORIENTATIONS

ACCURATE 3-D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES

FAST WITH GOOD REFLECTION QONTINUITY

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TRUE 3-D GRID

DISADVANTAGES

VERY SLOW

MANY TIES

TECHNIQUES

ADVANTAGES

VERY DETAILED MAPS

MOST ACCURATE PICTURES OF FAULT PATTERNS

HIGHEST CONFIDENCE INTERPRETATION

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

• •

•

• •

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION

3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

ISIS-

EPR INTERACTIVE SEISMIC INTERPRATATION SYSTEM

DISADVANTAGES

CONVERSION OF SEISMIC DATA TO ACCEPTABLE FORMAT CAN BE TIME-CONSUMMING

EXCESSIVE DETAIL AVAILABLE

TECHNIQUES

ADVANTAGES

ALOWS USE OF ANY TECHNIQUE

MOST ACCURATE TIES OF TIME SLICES TO LINES AND LINES TO CROSS-LINES

LESS PAPER TO SHUFFLE

AMPLITUDE/COLOR SCALING

RAPID, ACCURATE DIGITIZING

CONTOUR MAPS OF HORIZONS DIGITIZED ON LINES AND/OR SLICES

IMAGE MANIPULATIONS ZOOM, STRETCH, SQUEEZE, REVERSE POLARITY

RELIEVES INTRPRETATER

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SEISMIC-WELL TIES

PURPOSE: TO COMBINE TWO DATA SETS FOR A MORE COMPLETE INTERPERATION

SEISMIC DATA

• TWO WAY TIME

• SEISMIC VELOCITY

• SEISMIC IMPEDENCE

• SEISMIC SEQUENCES

• SEISMIC FACIES

• STRUCTURE

WELL DATA

• LINEAR DEPTH

• VELOCITY

• DENSITY

• GEOLOGIC AGE

• LITHOLOGY

• FAULT ORIENTATION