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Submitted To: Seminar Teachers

Dr. B. Krishnamurthy, Professor & Head, Dr. S. Ganesamoorthi, Asst. Professor, Department of Agril. Extension. Submitted By:

CHAITHRASHREE J PALB 9024, II Ph. D. Dept. of Agril. Extension

SEMINAR I : Problems and prospects of

Horticultural Development programmes: An overview

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, BANGALORE,

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION,

COA, GKVK, BENGALURU-65

Contents

Chapter No. Title Page No.

I. Introduction 1

II. objectives 1

III. Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) 2-7

IV. National Horticulture Mission 8-17

V. PMKSY- Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

18-20

VI. National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP) 20-23

VII. RKVY- Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana 23-25

VIII. Impact of National Horticulture Mission

25-29

IX. IT based initiatives in Horticulture 29-32

X. Other improvements in Horticultural sector 32-33

XI. Problems and prospects 34

XII. Recent initiatives in Horticulture sector 35-37

XIII. Research studies 37-40

XIV. Conclusion 41

XV. References 41

XVI. Discussion 42-43

XVII. Synopsis 44-45

XVIII. Presentation slides 44-87

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Problems and prospects of Horticultural Development

programmes: An overview

Vegetables are food to the earth, but fruits are tastes of heaven

- Teeri gullimetes

Horticulture sector has made a remarkable progress in terms of expansion in area under

different crops, increase in productivity, crop diversification, technological interventions for

production, post-harvest management and forward linkages through value addition and

marketing in the recent past years and horticulture has become one of the driving forces of

overall agriculture development in India. It has emerged as a promising source of income

accelerator, employment generator, poverty alleviator and export promoter. According to

“Agriculture Cooperation & Farmers Welfare database -2019” the total Area and Production of

Horticultural crops in India are 258.35 lakh hectares and 3133.91 lakh M.T. respectively.

Karnataka State has occupied 2nd

place with an area of 20.63 lakh hectares under Horticulture

contributing 8.13 per cent to the total Horticultural Area of the country. The State stands 15th

with 185.20 lakh M.T. of production contributing 6.01% to the total production of Horticultural

Crops in the country. Growing rural population involved in horticultural sector made the need to

recognise Horticulture development in India. Over the last decade area under horticulture was

grew by 2.6 per cent per annum and the annual production was increased by 4.8 per cent in

India. Government of India supported the growers by implementing central, state, district

schemes and programmes and also created awareness about the horticultural plans, programmes,

mission objectives, targets and strategies to provide excellent opportunities for raising the

income, employment and living standards of farmers. With this background the seminar has been

conceptualized with the following objectives:

1 To know about the major horticultural schemes in India.

2 To know about problems and prospects of horticulture development.

3 To review the related research studies.

Major horticultural Schemes in India :

1. Mission of Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)

2. Scheme on Micro irrigation

3. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojane (RKVY)

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4. IT based initiatives in Horticulture:

1. CHAMAN - Coordinated Horticulture Assessment & Management using

Geoinformatics

2. HAPIS - Horticulture Area Production Information System

3. HASIRU – Horticulture Application for Scheme Implementation and Regulating

Utilization of Funds

I. Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) :

Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) is a Centrally Sponsored

Scheme for the holistic growth of the horticulture sector covering fruits, vegetables, root & tuber

crops, mushrooms, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, coconut, cashew, cocoa and bamboo. While

Government of India (GOI) contributes 85% of total outlay for developmental programmes in all

the states except the states in North East and Himalayas, 15% share is contributed by State

Governments. In the case of North Eastern States and Himalayan States, GOI contribution is

100%. Similarly, for development of bamboo and programmes of National Horticulture Board

(NHB), Coconut Development Board (CDB), Central Institute for Horticulture (CIH), Nagaland

and the National Level Agencies (NLA), GOI contribution will be 100%. Guidelines regarding

implementation of the scheme are described here under.

Sl. No. Sub Scheme Target group / area of operation

1 National Horticulture Mission

(NHM)

All states & UTs except states in NE and Himalayan

Region.

2 Horticulture Mission for

North East &

Himalayan States

(HMNEH)

All states in NE and Himalayan Region - Arunachal

Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland,

Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh,

Uttarakhand and Jammu & Kashmir

3 National Bamboo Mission (NBM) All states & UTs

4 National Horticulture Board

(NHB)

All states & UTs focusing on commercial horticulture

5 Coconut Development Board

(CDB)

All States and UTs where coconut is grown

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MIDH will work closely with National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) to

wards development of Micro-Irrigation for all horticulture crops and protected cultivation on

farmers‟ field.

MIDH will also provide technical advice and administrative support to State Governments/ State

Horticulture Missions (SHMs) for the Saffron Mission and other horticulture related activities

like Vegetable Initiative for Urban Clusters (VIUC), funded by Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

(RKVY)/NMSA

1.1 Financial assistance

Under MIDH, financial assistance is provided for following major interventions/activities:

Setting up of nurseries, tissue culture units for production of quality seed and planting

material.

Area expansion i.e. Establishment of new orchards and gardens for fruits, vegetables, and

flowers. Rejuvenation of unproductive, old, and senile orchards.

Protected cultivation, i.e. poly-house, green-house, etc, to improve the productivity &

grow off season high value vegetables and flowers.

Organic farming and certification.

Creation of water resources structures and watershed management.

Bee-keeping for pollination.

Horticulture Mechanization.

Creation of Post-Harvest Management and Marketing infrastructure.

1.2 Mission Objectives

Main objectives of the Mission are:

a) Promote holistic growth of horticulture sector, including bamboo and coconut through area

based regionally differentiated strategies, which includes research, technology promotion,

extension, post-harvest management, processing and marketing, in consonance with comparative

advantage of each State/region and its diverse agro-climatic features;

b) Encourage aggregation of farmers into farmer groups like FIGs/FPOs and FPCs to bring

economy of scale and scope.

c) Enhance horticulture production, augment farmers, income and strengthen nutritional security;

d) Improve productivity by way of quality germplasm, planting material and water use efficiency

through Micro Irrigation.

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e) Support skill development and create employment generation opportunities for rural youth in

horticulture and post-harvest management, especially in the cold chain sector.

1.3 Strategy

To achieve above objectives, the mission will adopt the following strategies:

a) Adopt an end-to-end holistic approach covering pre-production, production, post-harvest

management, processing and marketing to assure appropriate returns to growers/producers;

b) Promote R&D technologies for cultivation, production, post-harvest management and

processing with special focus on cold chain infrastructure for extending the shelf life of

perishables;

c) Improve productivity by way of quality through:

i. Diversification, from traditional crops to plantations, orchards, vineyards, flowers, vegetable

gardens and bamboo plantations.

ii. Extension of appropriate technology to farmers for high-tech horticulture including protected

cultivation and precision farming.

iii. Increase of acreage of orchards and plantation crops including bamboo and coconut,

particularly in states where total area under horticulture is less than 50% of agricultural area.

d) Improve post-harvest management, processing for value addition and marketing

infrastructure.

e) Adopt a coordinated approach and promote partnership, convergence and synergy among

R&D, processing and marketing agencies in public as well as private sectors, at the national,

regional, state and sub-state levels;

f) Promote FPOs and their tie up with Market Aggregators (MAs) and Financial Institutions (FIs)

to support and adequate returns to farmers.

g) Support capacity-building and Human Resource Development at all levels, including, change

in syllabus and curriculum of graduation courses at Colleges, Universities, ITIs,

Polytechnics, as appropriate.

1.4 Mission Structure

The Mission will have a General Council (GC) at National level under Chairmanship of

Union Agriculture Minister. GC will be the formulation body giving overall direction and

guidance to Mission, monitor and review its progress and performance. Without affecting the

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approved programmes, cost norms and pattern of assistance as approved by CCEA, GC will be

empowered to lay down and amend operational guidelines. GC will meet at least twice a year.

Tenure of non-official members of GC will be for three years from the date of nomination.

Minister of Agriculture Chairman

Ministers of Commerce, Health, Finance, Food Processing Industries,

Panchayat Raj, Science & Technology, Rural Development, Environment &

Forest, Textiles, Development of North Eastern Region (DONER), Micro,

Small and Medium Enterprises.

Member (Agriculture), Planning Commission

Members

Member

Secretaries - Ministry/Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Commerce,

AYUSH, Finance, Food Processing Industries, Panchayati Raj, Rural

Development, Environment & Forest, Textiles, DONER, Bio-Technology,

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

Chairperson, NABARD

Director General, ICAR

Additional Secretary (I/C of Horticulture, DAC)

Members

Member

Member

Member

Member

Managing Director, NHB Member

Chairman, CDB Member

Horticulture Commissioner Member

Deputy Director General (I/C Bamboo) Member

Adviser (Horticulture)

Joint Secretary( I/C NMSA)

Member

Member

Growers‟ representatives & Experts from Confederation of Indian Horticulture

(CIH), Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI),etc.,

(14 Members)

Members

Joint Secretary, DAC & Mission Director

Member

Secretary

EC is empowered to reallocate resources across States and components and approve

projects on the basis of approved subsidy norms. EC is also empowered to approve special

interventions for tackling emergent/ unforeseen requirements. EC can also constitute

Empowered Monitoring Committee (EMC)/Sub-Committee (SC) and delegate powers to EMC/

SC/Mission Director, as well as to State Governments / State Horticulture Missions / State

Bamboo Development Agencies (SBDA) for approving projects in accordance with approved

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cost norms and pattern of assistance. Tenure of the experts will be for three years from the date

of nomination. Horticulture Division in DAC will provide the necessary support to GC/EC/EMC

and will administer NHM, HMNEH, NBM and CIH Scheme. Managing Director (NHB) will

oversee the programmes of NHB while Chairman, CDB will oversee the CDB programmes. The

existing structure of the Boards and Missions will be maintained to provide general direction for

these programmes. EC/EMC will ensure smooth functional linkages among different agencies

and meet as frequently, as required.

1.4.1 State Level Executive Committee

For NHM, HMNEH and NBM, State Level Executive Committee(s) (SLEC) under

Chairmanship of Agricultural Production Commissioner or Principal Secretary

Horticulture/Agriculture/Environment & Forests, (in the absence of APC) having representatives

from other concerned Departments of State Government including Forests, the State Agricultural

Universities (SAU), Institutes under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Growers‟

Associations/FPOs, etc will oversee the implementation of programmes of the respective States.

Central Government will nominate its representative to the SLEC. State Mission Director NHM,

HMNEH and NBM will be Member Secretary of the concerned SLEC. At operational level,

State Governments will have freedom to establish State Horticulture Mission (SHM) and/ or

SBDA as a suitable autonomous agency, to be registered under Societies Registration Act for

implementing Mission programmes at State and District levels. Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI)

existing in the State will be involved in the implementation of the programme.

1.4.2 District level

At District level, District Mission Committee (DMC) will be responsible for carrying

forward the objectives of the Mission for project formulation, implementation and monitoring.

The DMC may be headed by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Zila Parishad/CEO of

District Rural Development Agency (DRDA)/CEO of Forest Development Agencies (FDA)/

District Development Officer, having as members, representatives from concerned line

Departments, growers‟ associations, Marketing Boards, local banks, Self Help Groups and other

Non- Governmental organizations. In the case of HMNEH States, Deputy Commissioner/

District Collector could function as Chairman of DMC. District Horticulture Officer/District

Agriculture Officer will be Member Secretary of DMC.

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1.4.3 Panchayat Raj Institutions

District Planning Committee and Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRI) will be involved in

implementing the programme commensurate with their expertise and available infrastructure.

They will have a role in implementation of MIDH with regard to:-

a) Identification of crops/species and beneficiaries in consultation with District Panchyats.

b) Training, Extension and Awareness creation through Panchayats and Gram Sabhas (GS).

c) Organization of PRI and GS meetings and giving feed back to the concerned officials with

regard to implementation of MIDH.

1.4.4 Fund flow mechanism

Flow of funds and the utilization by the Implementing Agencies / SHMs / SBDA/ NLAs /

PRIs etc from Government of India and utilization of funds shall be governed by extant financial

norms. Funds will be released to the State Governments. State Government will release funds to

the SHMs / State Level Implementing Agencies, who in turn would make funds available to

DMC/ District Implementing Agency. As far as possible, efforts to make on-line payment to all

Implementing Agencies would be ensured, which in turn will make arrangements for making

payment to beneficiaries through electronic transfer, preferably to their respective bank accounts.

Flow chart for release of funds under MIDH is given below

Fig 1. Fund flow mechanism

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2. Key elements of the mission

1. Base line survey

2. Involvement of Panchayati Raj institutions

3. Area based Annual and Perspective Plans based on end to end approach with backward

and forward linkages

4. Applied Research with focus on Region

5. Demand driven production based on cluster approach

6. Availability of quality seeds and planting material

7. Technology driven programmes to improve productivity and quality, e.g.

o Introduction of improved varieties.

o Rejuvenation with improved cultivars.

o High Density Plantations.

o Use of Plastics.

o Beekeeping for cross pollination

o Capacity building of farmers and personnel

o Mechanization

o Demonstration of latest technologies

8. Post-Harvest Management and cold chain

9. Marketing infrastructure development

10. Meticulous reporting and monitoring

11. Data base generation, compilation and analysis

II. National Horticulture Mission

National Horticulture Mission is a centrally sponsored scheme launched in 2005-06, to enhance

horticulture production and improve nutritional security and income support to farm households

and others through area-based regionally differentiated strategies.

The scheme is not available here:

Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep

7 North East States and Sikkim

Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand

Rest all states and UTs are covered. The North East States, HP, J&K and

Uttarakhand are covered under the Technology Mission for Integrated Development of

9

Horticulture in the North Eastern States (TMNE). The scheme is not available to coconut and

medicinal plants,rest all horticultural crops are covered. For Coconut, there is Coconut

Development Board and for medicinal plants, there is National Medicinal Board along

with National Mission on Medicinal Plants. NHM is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme in which

Government of India contributes 85% and 15% is met by the State Governments.

Structure of the National Horticulture Mission

Minister of agriculture is the chairman of this mission and Ministers of

Commerce, Health, Finance, Food Processing Industries, Panchayat Raj, Science & Technology,

Rural Development, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises are its members. NHM has a

complex structure starting from the General Council and Executive Committee at the National

Level to District Mission Committee at the district level. It has a technical support group in

which the domain experts have been included at central to management of the Mission.

Technical support to Mission at National and State Levels is provided by National Horticulture

Board.

2.1 Covered Components

National Horticulture Mission is a flagship scheme and being so, it covers almost

all sections of horticulture development from Nursery level to Marketing level. This is shown in

the following graphics. Note that it works on “Cluster Basis‟. This means that the designated

authority at the district level would choose a cluster of minimum 100 hectares, seek necessary

approval & sanction and utilize the money under the programme -with the aim of achieving the

desired goals. These goals are achieved by deploying modern and hi-tech interventions and duly

ensuring backward and forward linkages. A Cluster, as contemplated in the NHM, comprises

area of not less than 100 hectares under a horticulture crop. The intervention is done in the

following components.

The scheme documents further say that while selecting the cluster, preference

should be given to those areas where natural resource base and water resources have been

developed under other government schemes such a Watershed development programmes,

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment

Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS), etc.

2.2 Role of Agencies in the National Horticulture Mission

1. National Horticulture Board (NHB), Gurgaon: NHB at Gurgaon houses the national level

Technology Support Group or TSG.

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2. Directorate of Cashew and Cocoa Development (DCCD), Kochi: Responsible for

plantation crops, other than coconut and areca nut.

3. Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development (DASD), Calicut: Responsible for areca

nut, spices and aromatic plants

4. National Committee on Plasticulture Applications in Horticulture (NCPAH), New Delhi:

Responsible for precision farming and hi-tech horticulture through Precision Farming

Development Centres (PFDCs).

5. Coconut Development Board (CDB), Kochi: Coconut based intercropping of vegetables

etc.]

6. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA),

New Delhi : Development of Agri Export Zones (AEZ) for horticultural crops.

7. Directorate of Marketing & Inspection (DMI), New Delhi: Providing market intelligence

and monitoring of programmes relating to marketing of horticulture crops.

8. Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MFPI), New Delhi: Processing of horticultural

produce, out of their own budget provision. MFPI will ensure convergence of their

schemes with NHM cluster.

9. National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB), New Delhi: Development of medicinal plants

in coordination with NHM.

10. National Horticulture Research & Development Foundation (NHRDF), Nasik:

Vegetables and vegetable seeds.

Horticulture Mission for North East and Himalayan States (HMNEH)

This is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme being implemented in NE states, Sikkim, Himachal

Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.

2.3 Cost norms and pattern of assistance under mission for integrated development of

horticulture (MIDH) during xii plan for NHM and HMNEH sub schemes

Research & Development (R & D)

Programmes on horticulture and bamboo R & D will be based on applied research in the areas of

(i) Seed & Planting material, including import of planting material, (ii) Technology

standardization, (iii) Technology acquisition and (iv) imparting training & Front Line

Demonstration in a project mode. While R&D on horticulture crops will be confined to NE &

Himalayan states, R&D on Bamboo will be on pan India basis. Research Institutes under Indian

Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR),

Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education (ICFRE) and its institutes, State Forest

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Research Institutes, State Agricultural Universities and other Research institutes/organizations in

the Public sector will be eligible for assistance in R&D. Project proposals, in this regard, will be

submitted through the State Horticulture Mission/ State Horticulture Department. In case of

Bamboo R & D projects are to be submitted to NBM directly and research programme should be

guided by the Working Group on R & D. Projects will be approved by the EC/EMC.

2.3.1 Production and Productivity Improvement

Planting material of seed origin for fruit crops which can be vegetatively propagated will not

qualify for subsidy assistance.

The Mission will focus primarily on increasing both production and productivity through

adoption of improved and appropriate technologies for ensuring quality, including genetic

upgradation of all horticultural crops and addressing challenges of climate change. Special

emphasis will also be given for adoption of area based cluster approach towards developing

regionally differentiated crops, which are agro-climatically most suitable for the State/region.

Cluster approach will also help in aggregation of farmers into FPOs/FPCs.

Production & Distribution of Planting Material

2.3.2 Nurseries

Production and distribution of good quality seeds and planting material will receive top priority.

States will have a network of nurseries for producing planting material, which were established

through Central or State assistance. To meet the requirement of planting material (for bringing

additional area under improved varieties of horticultural crops and for rejuvenation programme

for old/senile plantations), assistance will be provided for setting up new hi-tech nurseries and

small nurseries under the Public as well as Private sector. Hi-tech nurseries will have an area

between 1 to 4 ha with a capacity to produce 50,000 plants per ha of mandated perennial fruit

crops / tree spices / aromatic trees / plantation crops per year. The plants produced will be duly

certified for their quality. In case of bamboo, the size of the Hi- Tech nursery will be restricted

to 2 ha.

The support includes:

Proper fencing.

Scion / Mother block of improved varieties.

Root stock block (Rhizome bank in case of bamboo).

Net house

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Irrigation facilities

Hi-tech green house having insect proof netting on sides and fogging and misting

systems.

Hardening/maintenance in insect proof net house with light screening properties and

sprinkler irrigation system.

Pump house to provide sufficient irrigation to the plants and water storage tank to meet at

least 2 days requirement.

Soil solarization - steam sterilization system with boilers.

Small nurseries with an area of upto 1.00 ha, will have provision for naturally ventilated

green houses and net houses. Small nurseries will produce 25,000 plants of the mandated

perennial vegetative propagated fruit plants / tree spices / plantation crops aromatic plants per

year, duly certified for its quality.

Nurseries in the Public and Private sector can avail assistance to upgrade nursery infrastructure

to meet accreditation norms. Moreover, NHB will take up projects for setting up mother block

and root stock nursery, as well as nursery accreditation with 100% assistance to public sector as

per norms.

2.3.2 Tissue Culture Units

New Tissue Culture (TC) units will be established and assistance will be provided for

rehabilitation/ strengthening of existing TC Units. New TC units will produce 25 lakh plants of

the mandated crop for which protocols are available for commercial use, except Date palm.

2.3.3 Vegetable Seed Production

Estimated cost of vegetable seed production is Rs. 35,000 per ha for open pollinated

crops and Rs. 1.50 lakh per ha for hybrid vegetable seeds. Assistance will be provided @ 100%

of total cost to public sector. In the case of Private sector, assistance will be 50% of cost as

credit linked back ended subsidy. Assistance will be available for a maximum area of 5 ha @

per beneficiary.

2.3.4 Seed Infrastructure

To facilitate proper handling, storage and packaging of seeds, assistance will be provided

for creating infrastructure like drying platforms, storage bins, packaging unit and related

equipment. Public sector will receive 100% assistance, while assistance to Private sector will be

credit linked back ended subsidy @ 50% of cost norms.

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2.3.5 Establishment of New Gardens

The Mission envisages coverage of area under improved varieties of horticultural crops.

Norms for area expansion of fruits, vegetables, plantation crops and other crops including

flowers, spices and aromatic plants Area expansion will be done in conjunction with Mahatma

Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) under which cost on

labour component of work such as digging, fencing etc could be met with.

2.3.6 Mushroom Production

In case of mushroom, assistance will be provided for setting up of individual mushroom

production, spawn production and compost making units.

Rejuvenation / Replacement of senile plantations / canopy management

Rejuvenation programme will address orchards and plantations which have low

productivity. It will be implemented through individual farmers, farmers‟ cooperatives, Self-

Help Groups, growers‟ associations and commodity organizations. Assistance for

rejuvenating/replanting senile plantations will be @ 50% of the cost limited to 2 ha per

beneficiary.

2.3.7 Creation of Water Sources

Under the Mission, assistance will be provided for creating water sources through construction

of community tanks, farm ponds/reservoirs with plastic / RCC lining to ensure life saving

irrigation to horticulture crops Assistance would also be provided for creating water source

through construction of farm ponds/tube wells / dug wells for individuals. For smaller size of the

ponds/ tube wells / dug wells, cost will be admissible on pro rata basis depending upon the

command area. This will also be in conjunction with MGNREGS. However, for non

MGNREGS beneficiaries, assistance @ 50% of cost will be provided including the cost of

plastic / RCC lining. Lining material should conform to BIS standards. Maintenance of the asset

will be the responsibility of beneficiary.

2.3.8 Protected Cultivation

Activities like construction of green houses, shade net house, plastic mulching, and plastic

tunnels, anti bird/ hail nets would be promoted under the Mission . NHB will implement

projects having area above 2500 sq. m. Provision has been made for selecting a variety of

construction material for green houses and shade net houses. The cost is inclusive of irrigation

systems. Preference will be given to using locally available material to minimize cost of

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construction of such structures. However, for availing/ subsidy assistance, all material/

technologies should conform to BIS standards.

2.3.9 Precision Farming Development and Extension through PFDCs

Existing Precision Farming Development Centres (PFDC) will be involved to develop regionally

differentiated technologies for their validation and dissemination. such as trials, demonstrations

for plasticulture and precision farming technologies for horticulture crops, survey to ascertain

field adoption of the technology, training of farmers/officials, display centre, publicity etc.

PFDCs will submit annual plan for their activity to SHM with a copy to NCPAAH, well in

advance.

2.3.10 Promotion of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and Integrated Pest

Management (IPM)

Assistance for Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and Integrated Pest Management

(IPM) measures will be provided for horticultural crops as well as bamboo. Assistance will also

be available for developing facilities like Disease Forecasting Units (DFUs), Bio Control Labs,

Plant Health Clinics and Leaf/Tissue Analysis labs, both under Public and Private sector except

for DFUs, which will be only in Public sector. It will be the responsibility of the beneficiary to

get the bio control agents registered for commercial sale.

Under INM component, subsidy can be availed for use of liquid biofertilizers of N, P and

K such as Rhizobium/Azospirillum/Azotobactor, Phospahte Solubilising Bacteria (PSB) and

Potash Mobilizing Bacteria (KMB), to be applied in combination, in demonstration and other

programmes, for which total assistance will be limited to 50% of cost, or Rs. 300.00 per ha., for

a maximum area of four ha per beneficiary.

2.3.11 Organic Farming

Organic farming in horticulture will be promoted to harness environmental and economic

benefits by way of adoption of organic farming techniques along with its certification.

For adopting organic farming for perennial and non-perennial fruit crops, vegetables, aromatic

plants, spices etc., additional assistance will be given @ 50% of cost over and above the area

expansion programme for a maximum area of 4 ha per beneficiary, spread over a period of three

years. For organic cultivation of vegetables, assistance will be limited to Rs. 10,000/- per ha

spread over a period of three years. Assistance will be used for generating on-farm inputs.

NHM will also provide financial assistance for establishing vermi compost units and HDPE

vermibeds @ 50% of cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 30,000 per beneficiary for a unit having

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size of 30‟ x 8‟ x 2.5‟. For smaller units, assistance will be on pro­rata basis. For HDPE

Vermibed of 96 cft size (12‟x4‟x2‟), the cost will be Rs. 10,000/­ per bed and assistance will be

limited to 50% of cost. Specification and design parameters of Agro Textiles - HDPE woven

Beds for vermiculture will conform to BIS standards (IS 15907:2010). Organic certification will

be guided by service providers and certification agencies accredited by APEDA.

2.3.12 Good Agriculture Practices (GAP)

GAP certification has been introduced to encourage farmers to adopt good agricultural

practices in line with global GAP, so that farmers are able to get better price for their produce in

domestic as well as international market. Assistance for this purpose will be @ 50% of cost for

maximum area of four ha per beneficiary . Certification agencies to be involved for this will be

as per list approved by APEDA.

2.3.13 Centre of Excellence for Horticulture

Centres of Excellence may be established for different horticultural products which will

serve as demonstration and training centres as well as source of planting material and vegetable

seedlings under protected cultivation.

2.3.14 Human Resource Development (HRD) in Horticulture

Under HRD programme, training of farmers, entrepreneurs, field level workers and

officers will be taken up. Programme for providing appropriate training to farmers for adoption

of high yielding varieties of crops and farming system will be taken up at state level and outside

the state. Programme for training of officials concerned with implementation field level workers

who will in turn train/guide farmers will also be taken up.

Training programme for Supervisors, Entrepreneurs will be organised through selected

State Agricultural Universities (SAU), ICAR Institutes, Deemed Universities/Private

Universities recognized by UGC having faculty in horticulture and Gardeners training through

Krishi Vigyan Kendras and SAUs/ Deemed Universities/Private Universities recognized by

UGC recognized by UGC having faculty in horticulture, while departmental staff will be trained

under various ongoing training programmes. Training expenses will be met by the Mission.

2.3.15 Pollination Support through Bee-keeping

In order to maximize agricultural production, honey-bee can be used as an important

input. The responsibility of coordinating the bee-keeping development programme in State will

be vested in the identified State Designated Agency (SDA) or any institution/society having

16

capability. National Bee Board (NBB) will be responsible for coordinating beekeeping activity

in states.

2.3.16 Horticulture Mechanization

Assistance for horticulture mechanization will also be available to such grower

associations, farmer groups, Self Help Groups, women farmer groups having at least 10

members, who are engaged in cultivation of horticultural crops, provided balance 60% of the

cost of machines and tools is borne by such groups. SHM will enter in to MoU with such

association/groups to ensure proper upkeep, running and maintenance of the machines and tools.

2.3.17 Technology Dissemination through demonstrations/ Front line demonstration

Latest technologies will be promoted on crop specific cultivation, use of IPM/INM,

protected cultivation, organic farming through farmer participatory demonstration in a compact

area of one ha, which will be organized at strategic locations in farmer‟s field for which

assistance will be limited to 75% of cost. For green house cultivation, area will be limited to 500

sq. meter. Farms in public sector, SAUs, Deemed Universities having faculty in horticulture,

could be sites for Front Line Demonstrations, for which 100% assistance will be provided, and

maximum assistance will not exceed Rs. 25 lakh per project.

The Government of India has been implementing Centrally Sponsored Scheme on Micro

Irrigation with the objective to enhance water use efficiency in the agriculture sector by

promoting appropriate technological interventions like drip & sprinkler irrigation technologies

and encourage the farmers to use water saving and conservation technologies.

The Scheme was launched by the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of

Agriculture in January, 2006 as Centrally Sponsored Scheme on Micro Irrigation (CSS). In June,

2010, it was up-scaled to National Mission on Micro Irrigation (NMMI), which continued till the

year 2013-14.

From 1st April, 2014, NMMI was subsumed under National Mission on Sustainable

Agriculture (NMSA) and implemented as “On Farm Water Management” (OFWM) during the

financial year 2014-15.

From 1st April 2015, Micro Irrigation component of OFWM has been subsumed under

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana. It will be implemented as Centrally Sponsored

Scheme on Micro Irrigation during the financial year 2015-16 as per the same pattern of

assistance and cost norms as were prevailing under OFWM, until revised.

17

The funding pattern between Central Government and State Government share was

initially fixed as 50:50% with the result that pattern of assistance has been re-framed as under:

60:40

Category of

Districts/Areas

Category of

Beneficiaries

Central

Government

Share

State Government

Share

Beneficiary

Share

DPAP/DDP Areas and

NE&H States

Small & Marginal

Farmers

30% of CoI 30% of CoI 40% of CoI

Other than Small &

Marginal Farmers

22.50% of

CoI

22.50% of

CoI

55% of CoI

Other than DPAP/DDP

Areas and NE&H

States

Small & Marginal

Farmers

22.50% of

CoI

22.50% of

CoI

55% of CoI

Other than Small

and marginal

Farmers

17.50% of

CoI

17.50% of

CoI

65% of CoI

Subsequently, the funding pattern between Central Govt. and State Govt. share has been revised

in November, 2015 as under:-

(All States except North Eastern and Himalayan States)

Category/Districts Category of

Beneficiaries

Central

Government

Share

State

Government

Share

Beneficiary

Share

DPAP/DDP Areas

Small & Marginal

Farmers

36% of COI 24% of COI

40% of COI

Other than Small &

Marginal Farmers

27% of COI 18% of COI

55% of COI

Other than DPAP/DDP

Areas

Small & Marginal

Farmer

27% of COI 18% of COI

55% of COI

Other than Small and

marginal

Farmers

21% of COI

14% of COI

65% of COI

18

(North Eastern and Himalayan States includes Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur,

Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh, J&K and

Uttarakhand)(90:10)

Category/Districts Category of Beneficiaries

Central

Government

Share

State

Government

Share

Beneficiary

Share

NE&H States

Small & Marginal Farmers 54% of COI 6% of COI

40% of COI

Other than Small &

Marginal Farmers

40.5% of COI 4.5% of COI 55% of COI

DPAP: Drought Prone Area Program; DDP: Desert Development Program; NE&H: North

Eastern and Himalayan States

Cost of Installation (COI) will be the Cost as per Cost Norms as specified in operational

guidelines.

III. PMKSY- Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

The verbatim content of Hon‟ble President of India‟s address to the joint Session of the

Parliament of 16th Lok Sabha is reproduced below:-

“Each drop of water is precious. My government is committed to giving high priority to

water security. It will complete the long pending irrigation projects on priority and launch the

„Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana‟ with the motto of „Har Khet Ko Paani‟. There is a

need for seriously considering all options including linking of rivers, where feasible; for ensuring

optimal use of our water resources to prevent the recurrence of flood and drought. By harnessing

rain water through „Jal Sanchay‟ and „Jal Sinchan‟, we will nurture water conservation and

ground water recharge. Micro irrigation will be popularized to ensure „Per drop-More crop‟ “.

Objectives of PMSKY

The main objectives of the scheme are as follows:

a) Achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level (preparation of

district level irrigation plan and, if required, sub district level water use plans).

b) Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area under

assured irrigation (Har Khet ko pani),

19

c) Improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage and increase availability both

in duration and extent,

d) Enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving technologies (Per

drop More crop).

e) Enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation practices

f) Ensure the integrated development of rainfed areas using the watershed approach

towards soil and water conservation, regeneration of ground water, arresting runoff,

providing livelihood options and other NRM activities.

g) Promote extension activities relating to water harvesting, water management and crop

alignment for farmers and grass root level field functionaries.

h) Explore the feasibility of reusing treated municipal waste water for peri- urban

agriculture, and

i) Attract greater private investments in precision irrigation.

Har Khet ko Pani “Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojana”

Government of India is committed to accord high priority to water conservation and its

management. To this effect Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has been

formulated with the vision of extending the coverage of irrigation „Har Khet ko pani‟ and

improving water use efficiency „More crop per drop' in a focused manner with end to end

solution on source creation, distribution, management, field application and extension activities.

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs chaired by Hon‟ble Prime Minister has accorded

approval of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) in its meeting held on 1st July,

2015.

PMKSY has been formulated amalgamating ongoing schemes viz. Accelerated Irrigation

Benefit Programme (AIBP) of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga

Rejuvenation (MoWR,RD&GR), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) of

Department of Land Resources (DoLR) and the On Farm Water Management (OFWM) of

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC). PMKSY has been approved for

implementation across the country with an outlay of Rs. 50,000 crore in five years.

3.1 Components of the PMKSY are as under:

1. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) – to focus on faster completion of ongoing

Major and Medium Irrigation projects – being implemented by MOWR, RD&GR.

20

2. PMKSY (Har Khet KoPani) – to focuson source augmentation, distribution, ground water

development, lift irrigation, diversion of water from water plenty to water scarce areas,

supplementing rain water harvesting beyond IWMP & MGNREGA, repair, restoration,

renovation of traditional water bodies etc. – being implemented by MoWR, RD&GR.

3. PMKSY (Per Drop More Crop) – to focus on micro level storage structures, efficient water

conveyance & application, precision irrigation systems, topping up of input cost beyond

MGNREGA permissible limits, secondary storage, water lifting devices, extension activities,

coordination & management - being implemented by DAC&FW.

4. PMKSY (Watershed Development) - to focus on ridge area treatment, drainage line treatment,

soil and moisture conservation, water harvesting structure, livelihood support activities and other

watershed works being implemented by DoLR.

3.2 Major Achivements

The fourth meeting of the Council of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

was held under the chairmanship of CEO, NITI Aayog on 14.12.2018. In the meeting, the

progress of various components of PMKSY was reviewed and decisions were taken to expedite

the implementation of various components so as to deliver the objective of Har-Khet-Ko-Pani.

Among the 99 prioritized projects under PMKSY- AIBP scheme , 31 Priority projects have

already been completed/ almost completed by June 2018.

IV. National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP)

Oil Palm is comparatively a new crop in India and is the highest vegetable oil yielding

perennial crop. With quality planting materials, irrigation and proper management, there is

potential of achieving 20-30 MT Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFBs) per ha after attaining the age of 5

years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to intensify efforts for area expansion under oil palm to

enhance palm oil production in the country

4.1 Mission Targets

Target of 12th

Plan: MM II on Oil Palm Bring additional 1.25 lakh hectare area under oil

palm cultivation through area expansion approach in the States including utilization of

wastelands with increase in productivity of fresh fruit brunches (FFBs) from 4927 kg per ha to

15000 kg per ha.

As per the guidelines of Ministry of Finance, 10% of the Plan budget of NMOOP would

be earmarked as flexi-fund to meet the following objective:

21

To provide flexibility to States to meet local needs and requirement within the overall

objective of NMOOP;

To pilot innovations and improved efficiency within the overall objective of the Scheme

and its expected outcomes;

To undertake mitigation/restoration activities in case of natural calamities in the oilseeds

sector.

4.2 Mini Mission-II (MM-II) on Oil Palm:

The Department of Agriculture/Horticulture of the State Governments will be the Nodal

agency for undertaking area expansion programme of Oil Palm in the States under Mini Mission-

II of NMOOP.

22

4.3 Pattern of Assistance for seed component under Mini Mission-I (Oilseeds) of NMOOP during

XII Plan

Components

Pattern of

funding

Rate of Assistance

Production of breeder

seed 100%

ICAR is the nodal agency for the production of

breeder seeds of all crops including oilseeds. No

support is proposed for breeder seed production

programme under NMOOP during Twelfth Plan

period. Only the financial liability of Rs. 12.26 crores

approximately on the breeder seed production

under

ISOPOM upto XI plan has been considered under the

NMOOP.

Purchase of breeder seed

/ 100%

NMOOP will support purchase of breeder

seeds from ICAR/SAUs etc by the

States/seed agencies at the full cost of

parental lines (for

production of hybrid

seed)

breeder seeds as fixed by the Seeds Division of the

Department of Agriculture & Cooperation during

Twelfth Plan period.

Production of

Foundation seed 75˸25

Rs1000/quintal for all varieties/hybrids released

during last 10 years and Additional assistance of

Rs.100/qtl on the varieties/hybrids released in last 5

years. 75% of subsidy amount is meant for farmers

and 25% for seed producing agencies for meeting

expenditures towards certification & production etc.

(SDAs/NSC/SFCI/NAFED/KRIBHCO/IFFCO/HIL/I

FFDC/Central

Multi-State Cooperatives such as NCCF.

Production of certified

seed 75˸25 -do-

Distribution of certified

seed 75˸25

50% of the cost limited to Rs.1200/quintal for varieties/composites of oilseeds which are not older than 10

years.

23

Hybrids: Assistance for distribution of certified

hybrids seeds @ 50% of the cost with a ceiling of

Rs.2500/qtls of hybrids, which are not older than 10

years.

Subsidized seed distribution only through own

outlets/ dealers

by Nodal Agencies with a ceiling of 5 ha/farmer.

Distribution of Minikit

(Varietal

Diversification)

100% Allocation will be made @ 1 minikit for every 20 ha

area each crop @ 100% cost reimbursement.

Agencies:

NSC/SFCI/NAFED/KRIBHCO/IFFCO/HIL/IFFDC/

Central Multi-State Cooperatives such as

NCCF/Identified SSCs.

Seed Infrastructure

Development 100%

The support for continuation of already approved

seed infrastructure projects to States/Agencies under

ISOPOM during Eleventh Plan period will continue.

Allocation would be restricted to maximum of 1% of

total outlay under the Mini Mission-I on Oilseeds of

NMOOP for the entire implementation

period during Twelfth Plan period.

Variety Specific

Targeted Seed

Production

(VSTSP)

75˸25

75% cost of seed production to NSC/SFCI/selected

SSCs/State Government Agencies / ICAR /SAUs and

its KVKs farms and International institutions etc in

project mode subject to requirement of foundation/

certified seed and availability of breeder/ foundation

seeds.

Eligibility: Varieties/hybrids not older than 5 years.

24

V. RKVY- Ratriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

Concerned by the slow growth in the Agriculture and allied sectors, the National

Development Council (NDC), in its meeting held on 29th May, 2007 resolved that a special

Additional Central Assistance Scheme (RKVY) be launched. The NDC resolved that agricultural

development strategies must be reoriented to meet the needs of farmers and called upon the Central

and State governments to evolve a strategy to rejuvenate agriculture. The NDC reaffirmed its

commitment to achieve 4 per cent annual growth in the agricultural sector during the 11th plan.

The Department of Agriculture, in compliance of the above resolution and in consultation

with the Planning Commission, has prepared the guidelines for the RKVY scheme, to be known as

National Agriculture Development Programme (RKVY).

The scheme has come a long way since its inception and has been implemented across two

plan periods (11th and 12th). During the XI Plan, an amount of Rs. 22,408.76 crore was released to

States and 5768 projects were implemented. In the 12th plan Rs.31,488.44 crore was released and

over 7600 projects were implemented in the sectors of crop development, horticulture, agricultural

mechanization, natural resource management, marketing & post-harvest management, animal

husbandry, dairy development, fisheries, extension etc. Till 2013-14, the scheme was implemented

as an Additional Central Assistance (ACA) to State Plan Scheme with 100% central assistance. It

was converted into a Centrally Sponsored Scheme in 2014-15 also with 100% central assistance.

Since 2015-16, the funding pattern of the scheme has been altered in the ratio of 60:40 between

Centre and States (90:10 for North Eastern States and Himalayan States). For Union Territories the

funding pattern is 100 % central grant. Based on feedback received from States, experiences

garnered during implementation in the 12th Plan and inputs provided by stakeholders, RKVY

guidelines have been revamped as RKVY – RAFTAAR - Remunerative Approaches for Agriculture

and Allied sector Rejuvenation to enhance efficiency, efficacy and inclusiveness of the programme

for the remaining period of the Fourteenth Finance Commission.

Objectives of the programme

To incentivize the states that increase their investment in Agriculture and allied sectors

To provide flexibility and autonomy to the States in planning and executing programmes for

agriculture

To ensure the preparation of Agriculture Plans for the districts and states

To achieve the goal of reducing the yield gaps in important crops

25

To maximize returns to the farmers

To address the agriculture and allied sectors in an integrated manner

5.1 Basic features of RKVY

It is a State Plan scheme

The eligibility of a state for the RKVY is contingent upon the state maintaining or

increasing the State Plan expenditure for Agricultural and Allied sectors

The base line expenditure is determined based on the average expenditure incurred by the

State Government during the three years prior to the previous year.

The preparation of the district and State Agriculture Plans is mandatory

The scheme encourages convergence with other programmes such as NREGS.

The pattern of funding is 100% Central Government Grant.

If the state lowers its investment in the subsequent years, and goes out of the RKVY

basket, then the balance resources for completing the projects already commenced would

have to be committed by the states.

It is an incentive scheme, hence allocations are not automatic

It will integrate agriculture and allied sectors comprehensively

It will give high levels of flexibility to the states

Projects with definite time-lines are highly encouraged

5.2 List of allied sectors covered under the RKVY scheme

Crop Husbandry (including Horticulture)

Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development and Fisheries

Agricultural Research and Education

Agricultural Marketing

Food storage and Warehousing

Soil and Water Conservation

Agricultural Financial Institutions

Other Agriculture Programmes and Cooperation

26

5.3 Areas of focus under the RKVY

Integrated Development of Food crops, including coarse cereals, minor millets and pulses

Agriculture Mechanization

Soil Health and Productivity

Development of Rainfed Farming Systems

Integrated Pest Management

Promoting extension services

Horticulture

Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries

Sericulture

Study tours of farmers

Organic and Bio-fertilizers

Innovative Schemes

VI. Impact of National Horticulture Mission

Additional area of 78123 lakh ha brought under horticulture after inception of NHM

Karnataka, Kerala and UP lead in increasing area under organic farming (4450 lakh hectares)

hectares by utilizing benefits provided by NHM

Vermicomposting has gained popularity in Karnataka

IPM practices were organized on 24862 lakh hectares with assistance of NHM

For giving irrigation assistance 20871 community tanks were organized under NHM

1376 pack house ripening chambers, 70 cold storage, 130 processing units and reefer vans

were put into use in NHM

Marketing – around 7 wholesale & 7 rural markets were set

9.41 lakh farmers, gardeners, entrepreneurs, supervisory staff given short training under

scheme

27

Front line demonstrations under NHM for introducing new crops and techniques were high in

Karnataka state.

Rs. 5243 crores were utilized under NHM towards holistic development Incentives are

provided to increase bee hives

Protected cultivation introduced played a major role

Area and production of Horticulture crops after NHM

Sl. No Area Production Productivity

2004-05 2014-15 % 2004-05 2014-15 % 2004-05 2014-15 %

Karnataka 1514.20 1997.9 32 10631.7 20371 91.7 7.0 10.2 45.7

India 18445 23410 26.91 166939 280986 40.50 9.1 12 31.8

Area and production of fruit crops after NHM

Area (lakh hectares) Production (000 MT) Productivity (MT/HA)

2004-05 2014-15 % 2004-05 2014-15 % 2004-05 2014-15 %

Karnataka 255.3 400.2 56.7 4078.9 6799.9 66.7 15.98 16.99 6.34

India 5047.9 6108.9 21.0 50857.2 86598.1 70.3 10.07 14.18 40.77

Area and production of vegetables crops after NHM

Area (lakh hectares) Production (000 MT) Productivity (MT/HA)

2004-05 2014-15 % 2004-05 2014-15 % 2004-05 2014-15 %

28

Karnataka 371.1 485.87 30.93 4402.6 8828.36 100.53 11.9 18.17 52.69

India 6698.3 9517.91 42.09 100603.2 169076.1 68.06 15.0 17.76 18.43

Area and production of flowers crops after NHM

Area (lakh hectares) Production (000 MT) Productivity (MT/HA)

2004-05 2014-15 % 2004-05 2014-15 % 200405 2014-15 %

Karnataka 20.40 30.90 51.47 155.26 290.77 87.28 7.6 9.4 23.8

India 111.57 248.50 122.73 659.62 2142.86 224.86 5.9 8.6 46.2

Area and production of plantation crops after NHM

Area (lakh hectares) Production (000 MT) Productivity (MT/HA)

2004-05 2014-15 % 2004-05 2014-15 % 200405 2014-15 %

Karnataka 624.9 870.7 39.3 1776.5 4078.4 129.6 2.8 4.7 67.3

India 3099.4 3531.0 13.9 13107.9 15516.4 18.4 4.2 4.4 4.6

Area and production of Spice crops after NHM

Area (lakh hectares) Production (000 MT) Productivity (MT/HA)

29

2004-05 2014-15 % 2004-05 2014-15 % 200405 2014-15 %

Karnataka 242.5 206.5 14.8 217.8 345.5 58.6 0.9 1.7 85.9

India 4863.9 3317.3 31.8 4711.5 6108.3 29.6 1.0 1.8 84.1

Gross value of Horticulture production

Gross Value of Product (in crores)

2004-2005 2014-15 % change

Karnataka 20247 32461 60.33

India 293498 499017 70.02

VII. IT based initiatives in Horticulture:

1. CHAMAN - Coordinated Horticulture Assessment & Management using Geoinformatics

2. HAPIS - Horticulture Area Production Information System

3. HASIRU – Horticulture Application for Scheme Implementation and Regulating

Utilization of Funds

7.1 CHAMAN- Coordinated Horticulture Assessment & Management using Geoinformatics

Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare launched a programme, called CHAMAN

(Coordinated Horticulture Assessment & Management using geoinformatics) during September,

2014, with an aim to use space technology for better horticultural inventory and development. The

two and half year duration programme has following objectives.

7.1.1 Objectives of CHAMAN Project

30

i. Area assessment and production forecasting of 7 major horticultural crops in selected

districts of major states

ii. Geospatial applications for Horticultural Development and Management Planning

iii. Detailed scientific field level studies for developing technology for crop identification,

yield modelling and disease assessment Area and Production

7.1.2 Area and Production Assessment

This first objective has two components: a) Remote Sensing technique and b) Sample survey

techniques. While Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre (MNCFC) is the National Level

Agency (NLA) for the remote sensing component, Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute

(IASRI) is the NLA for the sample survey component. This article deals with the remote sensing

component of the project.

Geospatial Technology for Horticultural Development Under this project, satellite data and various

other thematic information, viz. land use/land cover map, weather and soil data, existing

infrastructure information, socio-economic data will be analysed in GIS (Geographical Information

System) tools for generating developmental plans. The Horticultural development studies can be

grouped into following categories

i) Site-suitability: for introduction/ expansion of important horticulture crops in wastelands, e.g.

horticultural d e v e l o p m e n t o f J h u m ( s h i f t i n g cultivation) lands in North Eastern states.

It is also proposed to carry out the site-suitability for expansion of grape orchards in different parts

of the country.

ii) Post-harvest Infrastructure: G I S a n d re m o t e s e n s i n g w i l l b e used to assess the need and

to find the optimum locations for infrastructures such as cold chains, markets, etc. iii) Crop

Intensification: In areas where cropping intensity is low and regions of unutilized/under-utilized,

short duration horticultural crops can be incorporated into the crop rotation.

iv) GIS Database Creation: Under this aspect the orchard maps are being generated, along with

different characteristics (age, species, variety etc.), which are being uploaded on Bhuvan platform

for better management of the Orchards.

v) Orchard Rejuvenation: This would aid in identifying the plantations/ orchards that need

rejuvenation and assess the shifting of orchard areas especially of Apples in Himachal Pradesh,

Mango (West Bengal & UP) , Orange (Darjeeling) and Citrus in Arunachal Pradesh.

31

Implementation Partners

Large numbers of organizations are partners in this activity. The major responsibility of

project coordination and implementation is with MNCFC and its incubation, development and

technology transfer are with Space Applications Centre, ISRO. State Horticulture Departments have

a strong role in the project, not only for providing the crucial field information, but also providing

inputs for horticultural developmental plans.

7.1.3 CHAMAN Phase -II:

Based on the success of the CHAMAN-Phase-I, DAC&FW approved the Phase-II of

CHAMAN project for the period 2018-19 & 2019-2020. The major objective of the CHAMAN

Phase-II is operationalization of the technologies developed during the Phase-I, taking up new crops

and research & development studies, especially the crop yield modelling.

Objective:

• Inventory of horticultural crops (as under CHAMAN project), selected districts

• Geospatial applications studies for horticultural development in the State of Madhya Pradesh.

Project Chaman – Important Features

CHAMAN carries out mapping of area and output of 7 horticultural crops in 12 states.

The Geo-Spatial Studies would be conducted in all major states of the country and remote

sensing technology would be extended to other horticulture crops in future, giving a boost to

horticulture in India.

It can help horticulture sector provide nutrient-rich crops to the people and thus ensuring

food and nutritional security to all people.

It creates a digital inventory of all horticultural zones in the country.

It can help in identifying areas of high Post-harvest losses which can be reduced by the

creation of desired Post Harvest Infrastructures like cold storages. It will help in deciding the

cold storage hubs.

It will help manage inflation by providing accurate data of food stocks.

7.2 HAPIS: Horticulture Area Production Information System

32

HAPIS is a web enabled information system which facilitates district wise, block wise and

crop wise data entry and information retrieval of area production, quarterly new area sown and

weekly area sown on the line of APY information system of Directorate of Economics & Statistics

(DES). At present, HAPIS is being used in intranet mode and accessible within the NIC network.

The major features of the system are given below.

Horticulture Area Production Information System (HAPIS) is a web enabled work flow

based system for state, district and block level officials which will be monitored at central

level. Similarly state can also monitor the data submitted by district and block level

officials.

Effective progress monitoring by providing data reporting status and auto email or SMS

alert to state/district officials in case of delayed or non reporting of data to ensure timely

submission of data.

The system will provide online interface to enable crop-wise data-flow from block to

district, district to states and there-on to the centre after consolidation,

validation/verification by states/districts.

Data entry by district/block as per the prescribed format for selected crops only.

Facility to compare current data with past data.

Provision for query report and various summary reports as per requirement in various

combinations of state, district, crop, year, quarter, week and estimation stage.

Provision of weekly data entry interface for weekly area sown and quarterly data entry

interface for quarterly area sown

7.3 HASIRU

HASIRU"- "Horticulture Application for Scheme Implementation and Regulating Utilization

of Funds". This mobile application is used to capture co-ordinates and photos during Pre and post

inspection of farmers' field who is availing the benefits under the Department schemes.This is linked

to "HASIRU" web application for downloading data and uploading photos and co-ordinates directly.

This application works both online and offline. Department officers are the users of this application

and is not citizen centric.

33

HASIRU-Horticulture Application for Scheme Implementation and Regulating Utilization of

Funds” an online system for management of beneficiaries to bring about transparency in the projects

implementation process, to have the database of the beneficiaries and to execute electronic fund

transfer to its beneficiaries.

Starting from the selection of beneficiary, till the disbursement of subsidies to the

beneficiaries‟ accounts, the software is having capabilities to handle all the processes.

The software links to “FRUITS-Farmer Registration and Unified Beneficiary Information

System‟‟ through web service to fetch the basic details of Farmers.

The software also links with DBT and K2 for disbursement of benefit to the beneficiaries

through FRUITS

The software helps in effective and timely implementation of schemes and has real time MIS

reports.

VIII. Over all growth in Horticulture Sector

1. Second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally

Fig: Total Area and Production of Horticultural Crops

2. Exports increased by more than 3 times in 10 years and Gross value of horticulture

output increased by 70 % percent:

During 2019-20, India exported fruits and vegetables worth Rs. 9,182.88 crores/ 1,277.38

USD Millions which comprised of fruits worth Rs. 4,832.81 crores/ 668.75 USD Millions and

vegetables worth Rs. 4,350.13 crores/ 608.48 USD Millions.

1991 2005 2010 2017 2019

Production in million metrictonnes

95.56 182.28 240.53 311.71 313.35

Area in million hectare 12.77 18.7 21.82 25.43 25.8

050

100150200250300350400

Horticulture Production

34

3. Fruit & vegetable availability per capita increase from 397 gm/day in 2004-05 to 590

gm/day in 2017-18.

Fig: Per capita availability of fruits and vegetables

The per capita availability has been increased from 456.64 gm in 2007-08 to 590.22 gm during

2017-18 .

4. Nashik has emerged as center of Grapes production and exports

5. Bangalore –Pune Cluster developed as floriculture hub

6. Tissue Culture and Precision farming led to quantum jump in banana production

7. Micro irrigation and fertigation technology adopted as standard practice led to

popularization of Protected cultivation technology

8. Income enhancement to apple farmers on account of strengthening of cold-chain

Problems and Prospects

• Cost norms

• Lack of department staff

• Delay in fund flow

• Lack of proper PHM and Market infrastructure

• Lack of quality planting material

• Lack of water resource

• Issue with exports from state

• Poor quality produce

• Lack of certification

• Awareness level regarding scheme

144.66 142.92 149.49 156.51 163.89 171.51 200.06 201.5

311.98 309.99 327.3 345.92 365.65 388.25 378.13 388.72

456.64 452.91 476.79 502.43 529.54 559.76 578.19 590.22

2007-08 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014--15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

Per-capita availability of fruits and vegetables fruits vegetables Total

35

IX. Other recent initiatives:

1. Kerala to fix MSP for veggies & fruits, among 16 crops, from November 1

Fig: Green initiative by Kerala Government

Sixteen different varieties of vegetables will be covered in the first phase. There is also a

condition to revise the MSP price on a regular basis. The Base Price will be 20% more than

production cost of vegetables. It will function in the same way as the MSP system. Local self-

government bodies will correlate the procurement and circulation of vegetable.

The crops will be procured from Farmers through Vegetable and Fruits Promotion Council

Keralam and Horticrop. All yields procured under the scheme, will be sold under the brand name

“Jeevani Kerala Farm Fresh Fruits and Vegetables”.

2. Agriwar Unit:

The „Agri War‟ unit of the University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Bengaluru,

sold 10 quintals of grapes and 1 tonne of butter fruit on Monday, with farmers requesting that the

system be continued even after the lockdown.

The university officials said Ravi, a grape cultivator from Devanahalli taluk, and Girish

Kumar, a butter fruit grower from Kodagu, saw their produce get sold out at the Gandhi Krishi

Vignana Kendra (GKVK), Sahakaranagar, Judicial Layout-Jakkur and Hebbal. the 10 „Agri War‟

unit and the 10 coordination committees set up at district level have sold 12 tonnes of mango, 25

tonnes of watermelon, 10 tonnes of musk melon, 200 tonnes of grapes, 12 tonnes pineapple, 12

tonnes banana and tonnes of vegetables.

36

Fig: UAS (B) facilitating marketing of Fruits and Vegetables under Agri-war unit

3. Tamil Nadu's farm-to-table initiative has come to fruition rather unexpectedly, owing to the

outbreak of Covid-19.

4. In Odisha, floating gardens provide hope to the landless-Flood-affected coastal areas in the eastern

state have adopted new methods of farming.

5. Dry flower arrangement: landscaping

It is not dependent on season or weather if once good materials are collected.

It lasts almost indefinitely.

It helps the individuals to improve their skill in design by affording time to study

composition and to correct mistakes.

Dried arrangements are certainly time savers as they can be made by conveniently in advance

and then enjoyed as needed.

5. Agriculture Minister launches All India Agri Transport Call Centre numbers 18001804200

and 14488 to facilitate inter-state movement of perishables during lockdown.

37

X. Research Studies

Research study 1 : Attitude of Beneficiaries towards National Horticultural mission

Krunal (2011)

Table 1: Distribution of Benefits availed by the beneficiaries n=120

Sl. No Benefits availed Respondents

Frequency Per cent

01 Fruit plant 110 91.66

02 Establishment of nursery 07 05.83

03 Flower Cultivation 10 08.33

04 Spices, medicinal and aromatic plant

cultivation

00 00.00

05 Rejuvenation of orchards 01 00.83

06 Establishment of green house 25 20.83

07 Mulching 28 23.33

08 Shade net 14 11.66

09 Packhouse 01 00.83

The present study was conducted in four talukas viz., Anand, Anklav, Borsad and Umreth of

Anand district of Gujarat state to assess the attitude of beneficiaries towards National Horticulture

Mission. Total 120 beneficiaries were approached personally by the investigator for collection of

relevant data. Results depicts that 91.66 per cent of the respondents were availed benefits under fruit

plant component,20.83 per cent of respondents availed benefits under establishment of green house

and 11.66 were availed benefits under shade net aspects and none of them were availed benefits

under species, medicinal Aromatic plants

38

Research study 2: Socio-economic impacts of the adoption of MIS (Micro-irrigation system)

among small and marginal farmers of Coimbatore district, India

-Kiruthika and Suresh kumar (2020)

The study was conducted in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu between December 2019 and

February 2020. The area was selected as it had the highest area under MIS in 2018-2019. The data

for this study was obtained from the primary survey of 120 farmers by the multi-stage random

sampling procedure. Two blocks were selected in the district from which two villages of each block

were selected at random. About 30 small and marginal farmers were selected at random from each

village for primary survey including adopters of MIS, farmers using conventional irrigation methods

and farmers who discontinued using MIS. A total of 120 farmers were selected, among which 70

farmers were adopters of MIS.

Table 2. Change in cropping pattern of small and marginal farmers of Coimbatore district.

Sl. No. Crops Before adopting MIS After adopting MIS Non-adopters

1 Cereals 8.80 (7.03) 2.60 (2.01) 1.80 (3.14)

2 Banana 24.00 (19.18) 29.10 (22.50) 6.00 (10.45)

3 Sugarcane 11.00 (9.79) 1.40 (1.08) 1.60 (2.79)

4 Cotton 2.00 (1.60) 0.80 (0.62) 6.10 (10.63)

5 Turmeric 16.00 (12.79) 7.60 (5.88) 0.40 (0.70)

6 Arecanut 10.50 (8.39) 14.10 (10.90) 2.70 (4.70)

7 Coconut 24.54 (19.61) 27.54 (21.30) 1.70 (2.96)

8 Vegetables 22.10 (17.66) 28.32 (21.90) 10.10 (17.60)

9 Pulses 3.80 (3.04) 2.00 (1.55) 1.10 (5.09)

10 Fodder crops 6.10 (4.87) 7.28 (5.63) 15.60 (27.18)

The changes in the cropping pattern of farmers after adopting MIS are given in table 2. It is

evident from the results that area under banana was the highest for adopters and lowest for cotton as

MIS is convenient for wider spaced horticultural crops. The area under cereals, sugarcane, turmeric,

39

cotton and pulses decreased after the adoption of MIS while the area under the banana, areca nut,

coconut and vegetables increased. It gives a clear picture of significant change (at 5% level) in

cropping pattern by farmers adopting MI technologies.

Table 3. Economics of banana cultivation in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu

Sl.No Particulars Drip method of

Irrigation

Flood method of

irrigation

Percentage change

over adoption

1 Average yield (t/ha) 21.35 20.05 6.48

2 Average price (Rs./Kg) 28.25 28.25 0.00

3 Total returns (Rs./ha) 6,03,137 5,66,413 6.48

4 Total cost (Rs./ha) 2,58,249 3,16,902 -18.51

5 Net returns (Rs./ha) 3,44,888 2,49,511 38.23

6 Net Present Value (Rs/ha)) 43,851.16 24,893.15 76.16

7 Benefit Cost Ratio 1.42 1.24 0.18

8 Internal Rate of Return (%) 30.88 27.35 3.53

Among the crops cultivated using drip irrigation by sample farmer‟s banana covers the

largest share to gross cropped area (22.50%). Thus the financial viability of the technology on

banana cultivation was analysed using discounted cash flow techniques. It is assumed that the

average life period of the drip irrigation system was 7 years for banana and the farmers follow the

same cultivation practices for all the seven years considered. An interest rate of 12 per cent was used

in the study. As given in table 3, the annual cost of the drip irrigation system was Rs.1, 00,225/ha in

which 92.55 per cent is attributed to fixed cost and 7.45 per cent is working cost. There is no

electricity charges as power supply for farmers is free of cost in Tamil Nadu.. Investment on drip

irrigation system by farmers were found financially feasible (NPV Rs.43,851.16, BCR 1.42 and IRR

30.88%).

40

Research study 3: A study on profile and constraints faced by national

horticulture mission beneficiaries in davanagere district of karnataka

-RAGHURAJA J & M. MADHUMATHI (2018)

Table 4: constaints by the beneficiaries

Constraints No. % Rank

Poor follow-up of activities under NHM by personnel 39 54.16 1

Subsidies under NHM are less for different activities 38 52.77 2

Less number of trainings conducted under NHM to impart the technical

knowledge

30 41.66 3

Less number of extension activities under NHM 26 36.11 5

Frequent transfer of NHM officials 23 31.94 6

Heavy post-harvest and handling losses 19 26.38 7

Less price in the market for farmer produce 17 23.61 8

High production cost of horticultural crops 17 23.61 8

Low productivity of horticultural crops 15 20.83 10

Lack of transportation and cold storage facilities 28 38.88 4

The primary data was collected from three taluks of Davanagere district namely, Channagiri,

Honnali and Haihara. Four villages in each of the three taluks were selected in consultation with

personnels, from department of horticulture considering highest activity under NHM. From among

these twelve villages, six beneficiaries were selected randomly. Thus, total sample size for the study

was seventy two NHM participants. The data was collected using structured interview schedule,

through personal interview method. Ex-post facto research design was employed for this study.

Constraints faced by the beneficiaries were listed in the Table 4, which reveals that, poor

follow up of activities under NHM by personnel was expressed by 54.16 % and ranked 1. The

reasons may that many times implementing agency think that distribution of subsidies through the

programme is completion of the activities but in fact it is the beginning ofthe activity. The other

41

reason may be inadequate personnel in horticulture department make it difficult to take up follow

upactivities. Subsidies under NHM are less for different activities was expressed by 52.77 % and

ranked 2nd

. Every activity in,the programme is implemented in contribution from farmers and a part

of the cost was given as subsidy. Less number of trainings conducted under NHM to impart

technical knowledge as constraint expressed by 41.66 % of NHM participants. The implementing

agency can utilise services of Krishi Vigyan Kendra or Extension Education Unit, to provide skill

based training to farmers. Other important constraints expressed by NHM beneficiaries were Lack of

transportation and cold storage facilities (38.88 %), Less number of extension activities under NHM

for technological knowledge (36.11 %) and Frequent transfer of NHM officials from one place to

another is making it difficult to keep continuity in activities (31.94 %).

Conclusion:

Even though more attention was captured by horticulture sector there still exist a large

number of challenges and problems. India can emerge as a far bigger producer and exporter if

sufficient emphasis is given on resource allocation, infrastructure, more R &D, technological

upgradation and better policy framework for horticulture sector. By maintaining the prize

stabilization fund scheme and marketing facilities the growth of horticulture will be remarkable

in future.

References: Agriculture Cooperation & Farmers Welfare database -2019

KRUNAL, J., 2011, Attitude of beneficiaries towards National Horticulture Mission, M.Sc.

(Agri.) thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu.

KRUTHIKA, S. AND SURESH KUMAR, D., 2020, Socio-economic impacts of the adoption of

MIS (Micro-Irrigation System) among small and marginal farmers of Coimbatore district,

India. Journal of Applied and Natural science. 12(3):312-319

RAGHURAJA, J., AND MADHUMATHI, M., 2018, A study on profile and constraints faced

By National Horticulture Mission beneficiaries in Davanagere district of Karnataka., Int.,

J., Agri., Sci., and Res., 28(4): 596-600.

www.indiastat.com

42

Discussion

1. Is their any change in consumption pattern according with increase in per capita availability

of fruits and vegetables?

Globally, majority of people consistently are consuming less than the daily

recommended Fruits AND Vegetables requirement. Even in developed nations e.g.,

Australia, Canada, Europe, UK and USA, researchers have concluded that there is large gap

between actual and recommended consumption of both Fruits AND Vegetables despite

decades of concern and publicity while resultant outcomes were short-lived. In a study from

52 low and middle-income countries 77.6% of men and 78.4% of women consumed less than

the minimum recommended servings of Fruits AND Vegetables. Same study reported 74%

low Fruits AND Vegetables consumption amongst adults in India.( Indian Journal of

community medicine)

2. What do you mean by Per drop More Crop?

Increasing the efficiency of water to increase the production of crops through

precision water management technologies and also to increase area under micro irrigation to

enhance water use efficiency

3. Under Atmanirbhar is there any assistance is provide to Horticulture sector?

Agriculture Infrastructure Fund for farm-gate infrastructure

Financing facility of Rs 1,00,000 crore will be provided for funding Agriculture

Infrastructure Projects at farm-gate and aggregation points (Primary Agricultural Cooperative

Societies, Farmers Producer Organisations, Agriculture entrepreneurs, Startups, etc.)

Beekeeping initiatives

The central government will implement a scheme for infrastructure development related to

Integrated Beekeeping Development Centres, Collection, Marketing and Storage Centres,

Post-Harvest & value Addition facilities. The scheme, with an outlay of Rs 500 crore, will

lead to an increase in income for 2 lakh beekeepers and quality honey to consumers.

All fruits and vegetables to be covered under Operation Greens

Operation Greens project to be extended from Tomatoes, Onion and Potatoes (TOP)

to all fruits and vegetables. The scheme will provide 50 percent subsidy on transportation

from surplus to deficient markets and 50 percent subsidy on storage, including cold storages.

The extension will be on a pilot basis for 6 months.

43

4. Is there any provision for construction of green house with Anti shade net?

Yes, they are providing subsidy for Anti-Bird/Anti Hail Nets at the rate of Rs.35/sq.m

at the rate of 50% of cost for maximum of 2500sq.m area.

5. Why the oil palm cultivation is not increasing in country even though subsidy is provided by

Government?

With respect to oil palm Marketing and Processing is a problem. So farmers might

not take the risk to cultivate the crop.

6. Which activities in horticulture are mechanised?

The machines used in horticulture for various operations are manure spreader,

centrifugal fertilizer spreader, plastic mulch and drip line laying machine, pit hole digger or

auger, trencher, seed drill or planter, seedling transplanter, power weeder, air blast sprayer or

mist bower, pruner and harvesters.

7. What is the role of call centre in transportation?

On April 15, 2020, the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare launched All

India Agri Transport Call Centre facility. The facility will avail inter-state movement of

perishables.

The Transport Call Centre will help in coordination between states. The traders, truck

drivers, manufacturers that are facing difficulties in transporting perishables and other

horticultural commodities shall seek help from the call centre. Truck drivers and helpers,

traders, retailers, transporters farmers, manufacturers or any other stakeholder who is facing

problems in inter-state movement of agricultural, horticultural or any other perishable

commodities besides seeds and fertilizers may seek help by calling at the Call Centre. Call

Center Executives will forward the vehicle & consignment details along with the help

needed, to State Government officials for resolution of issues. The call centres are to be

operated by IFFCO Kisan Sanchar Limited (IKSL).

8. Minimum Support Prize in kerala is working on what basis for perishable commodities?

The base price has been arrived at by calculating the production cost plus 20% on the

basis of a study conducted by the State Agricultural Prices Board. To curb malpractice, the

government has also fixed a ceiling for per-hectare productivity for each of the items.

The crops will be procured from Farmers through Vegetable and Fruits Promotion

Council Keralam and Horticrop. All yields procured under the scheme, will be sold under the

brand name “Jeevani Kerala Farm Fresh Fruits and Vegetables”.

44

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, BANGALORE DEPARTMENT OF AGRILCULTURAL EXTENSION

CoA, UAS, GKVK, BENGALURU-65

Name: CHAITHRASHREE J Date: 05/12/2020 ID No: PALB 9024 Time: 10.30 AM Class: II Ph. D. Venue: Dwarkinath Hall

I Seminar on Problems and Prospects of Horticultutal Development programmes - An over view

Synopsis

Horticulture sector has made a remarkable progress in terms of expansion in area under different crops, increase in productivity, crop diversification, technological interventions for production, post-harvest management and forward linkages through value addition and marketing in the recent past years and horticulture has become one of the driving forces of overall agriculture development in India. It has emerged as a promising source of income accelerator, employment generator, poverty alleviator and export promoter. According to “Agriculture Cooperation & Farmers Welfare database -2019” the total Area and Production of Horticultural crops in India are 258.35 lakh hectares and 3133.91 lakh M.T. respectively. Karnataka State has occupied 2nd place with an area of 20.63 lakh hectares under Horticulture contributing 8.13 per cent to the total Horticultural Area of the country. The State stands 15th with 185.20 lakh M.T. of production contributing 6.01% to the total production of Horticultural Crops in the country. Growing rural population involved in horticultural sector made the need to recognise Horticulture development in India. Over the last decade area under horticulture was grew by 2.6 per cent per annum and the annual production was increased by 4.8 per cent in India. Government of India supported the growers by implementing central, state, district schemes and programmes and also created awareness about the horticultural plans, programmes, mission objectives, targets and strategies to provide excellent opportunities for raising the income, employment and living standards of farmers. With this background the seminar has been conceptualized with the following objectives:

4 To know about the major horticultural schemes in India.

5 To know about problems and prospects of horticulture development.

6 To review the related research studies.

Major horticultural Schemes: Mission of Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH),

Scheme on Micro irrigation, Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojane (RKVY); IT based initiatives in

Horticulture: 1. CHAMAN 2.HAPIS 3. HASIRU

Problems and prospects of horticulture development: Favorable demand and supply factors;

Area under horticulture; Cost norms, perishable nature of commodity, post-harvest structures,

marketing facilities, Lack of department staff and Delay in fund flow etc.

45

Research Studies: Krunal (2011) reported in his study on NHM found that majority of the beneficiaries

(91.66%) availed with the fruit plant saplings, followed by mulching material to 23.33 per cent and

20.83 per cent of the beneficiaries were benefited to establish the green house with subsidy

(20.83%) . Raghuraja and Madhumathi (2018) revealed in his studies that more than half (54.16%) of

the respondents opined that poor follow-up of activities by personnel under NHM followed by less

subsidy for different activities (52.77%) and less number of trainings conducted under NHM to

impart the technical knowledge (41.66%) as a major constraints faced by NHM benefeciaries.

Kruthika and Suresh Kumar (2020) elicited in their study that cent per cent of the farmers

were provided subsidy, adoption has increased the total cropped area (6.54%), extended area

under irrigation (6.55%), and increased cropping intensity (69.19%) and irrigation intensity

(70.95%) and Investment on drip irrigation system by farmers was found financially feasible as a

socio economic impact of Micro Irrigation system.

Conclusion: Even though more attention was captured by horticulture sector there still exist a large

number of challenges and problems. India can emerge as a far bigger producer and exporter if

sufficient emphasis is given on resource allocation, infrastructure, more R &D, technological

upgradation and better policy framework for horticulture sector. By maintaining the prize

stabilization fund scheme and marketing facilities the growth of horticulture will be remarkable

in future.

References:

KRUNAL, J., 2011, Attitude of beneficiaries towards National Horticulture Mission, M.Sc. (Agri.)

thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.

KRUTHIKA, S. AND SURESH KUMAR, D., 2020, Socio-economic impacts of the adoption of MIS

(Micro-Irrigation System) among small and marginal farmers of Coimbatore district,

India. Journal of Applied and Natural science. 12(3):312-319

RAGHURAJA, J., AND MADHUMATHI, M., 2018, A study on profile and constraints faced By

National Horticulture Mission beneficiaries in Davanagere district of Karnataka., Int., J.,

Agri., Sci., and Res., 28(4): 596-600.

46

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