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I NTRO TO SNIPER WEAPON
SYSTEM
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Sniper Sustainment
Task: Conduct Sniper Sustainment
Condition: In a class/range environmentwith all required equipment, i.e.. M24SWS,
proper uniform, spotting scope, binos,ammunition and writing material.
Standard: Apply sniper TTPs in order to
successfully engage known and unknowndistance targets to a maximum range of600 meters.
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M24 SWS CONSISTS OF:
Soft Case
System hard case
M 1907 sling
Iron sight/Day sight optic case
TM 9-1005-306-10
The Deployment Kit
The M24 Sniper Rifle
*** Optional Harris Bipod ***
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TM 9-1005-306-10The TM is provided to give the sniper written information concerning
characteristics, operation and maintenance of the M24 SWS.
The Deployment KitSince the M24 SWS is repairable by the sniper, the kit contains everything
the sniper needs to repair and maintain the weapon system. The Deployment
Kit consists of 42 items, the major tools are:
a. 65 inch pound torque wrench
b. 1/2 x 3/8 drive socket
c. Hex head socket 3/8 drive
d. T-handle screw driver
e. 1/2 open end/box end wrench
f. 7 assorted hex-head wrenches
M24 SWS CONT.
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The M24 Sniper Rifleis a 5 shot, bolt action
repeating rifle capable of engaging targets out to 800
meters, shooter dependent. It fires a 7.62 mm NATO or
.308 Winchester round. The muzzle velocity is 2600 fpsshooting M118 Special Ball. The length of the weapon
is 43 inches and the weight with 5 rounds, sling, and the
day sight optics is 14.25 pounds. It has a user adjustable
butt stock to adjust the length of pull.
The M24 Sniper Rif le
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SPECIFICATIONS Ammunition- 7.62mm x 51mm, M118 Special Ball/Long
Range
Barrel Rifling- 5 radials with 1 turn in 11.2 inches
Muzzle Velocity- Approx. 2600 FPS(Special Ball), 2750 FPS
(Long Range)
Max. Effective Range- 800 meters (1000 meters shooter
dependent)
Overall Length- (butt to muzzle)- 43 inches (Butt stock fully
collapsed)
Magazine Capacity- 5 rounds
Rifle Weight With Sling- 12.1 lbs.
Sniper Weapon System- * Total Weight- 64 lbs.*
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SPECIF ICATIONS CONT.
Day Optic Sight Magnification- 10 power with
adjustable focus
AN/PVS-10 Magnification- 8.5 power with adjustablefocus
Combat Weight- (rifle, sling, day optic sight, and full
magazine)- 14.25 lbs. (17 lbs. With the AN/PVS-10)
Deployment Kit With Case- 3.5 lbs.
Bipod Weight- .7 lbs.
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SIGHT COMPONENT
GROUPS
DAY OPTIC SIGHT
Leupold M3A Ultra
10x fixed
MIL dot reticule
Fully coated lenses
Focus from 50 ft. to infinity (adjustment knob is located on
the left side of the scope)
Parallax free from the factoryM118 Special Ball BDC 1 MOA elevation adjustments (adjustment knob is located
on the top of the scope)
1/2 MOA windage adjustments (adjustment knob is
located on the right side of the scope)
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AN/PVS-10 DAY/NIGHT SCOPE
SPECIFICATIONS
WEIGHT- 4.5 LBS.
MAGNIFICATION- 8.5 POWER FIXED
EYE RELIEF- 3 INCHES
MINIMUM RANGE- 25 METERS
EFFECTIVE RANGE DAY- 800 METERS
EFFECTIVE RANGE NIGHT- 600 METERS
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DISASSEMBLE THE
M24 SWS
CLEAR WEAPON:
- pull bolt to rear
- visually and physically inspect
the chamber
- slide the bolt forward
- when clearedsqueeze trigger
*NOTE: The following procedures are authorized atuser level*
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*Before loading, ensure that the weapon is clear*
With the bolt to the rear, place the first round on the
magazine follower and press down. Since the weapon
has a long action, slide the round all the way to the back
of the magazine. Repeat this procedure with the
remaining rounds. Slide the bolt forward and lock it
down, this cambers your first round.IF THE WEAPONS FAILS TO FIRE, THERE
ARE SEVERAL REASONS FOR WHAT COULD
HAVE HAPPENED:
HOW TO OPERATE
THE M24 SWS
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*You squeeze the trigger and the hammer falls, but
nothing happens.
Check and correct:
Did you push the rounds all the way back in the
magazine?
Did you pull the bolt all the way to the rear?
Is the primer indented adequately? If not, this is a sign
of a worn firing pin spring. If the primer is indented to
normal depth, this is a sign of a bad round of ammunition.
ACTIONS TO TAKE FOR A
MISFIRE
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ACTIONS TO TAKE FOR A
MISFIRE
*Difficulty chambering or extracting?
You cant lock the bolt forward. Two things couldcause this. First your chamber could be dirty. Clean it!
Second, your chamber could be defective. If this is
the case report it to your supervisor so that it can be
turned in for maintenance.
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ACTIONS TO TAKE FOR A
MISFIRE
If you can unlock but not pull the bolt to the rear easily,
your chamber is probably dirty. Keep the weapon pointed
in a safe direction and have your observer hold the weapondown on your support. You should be able to pull the bolt to
the rear now.
*MOST DIFFICULTIES CHAMBERING OR
EXTRACTING CAN BE PREVENTED BY KEEPING
YOUR AMMO AND WEAPON CLEAN!!!!
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AMMUNITION FOR THE
M24 SWS
Snipers should use 7.62x51mm NATO M118 Special
Ball, M118 Long Range, or M852 National Match
ammunition with the M24 SWS.
Snipers should always attempt to use match-grade
ammunition because of the greater accuracy potential and
lower sensitivity to environmental conditions.
You must reconfirm zero every time the type or lot #
is changed. The lot # is printed on the wooden crate,
metal can, and each cardboard box.
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CLEANING THE M24- You clean the weapon by removing thebolt and opening the floor plate of the magazine. Attach a bore
brush to the cleaning rod, then apply cleaning solvent. Never use
carbon-cleaning compounds on any component of the system.
Insert the bore guide. Lay the weapon on a table or weapon cradle
with ejection port down and the barrel lower than the receiver. Push
the brush through the chamber end of the rifle into the bore. Ensure
you push the brush all the way down the bore, then remove the brush
before pulling the rod back. Repeat this process 6-8 times. Remove
brush and attach the jag with clean patch. Push the rod through thebore until patches come out clean. Clean the bolt face with small
brush and cleaning solvent. Wipe bolt clean and dry. Apply a light
coat of grease to the locking lugs, replace bolt in receiver and close
it. Place weapon on fire and squeeze the trigger.
CLEANING PROCEDURES FOR THE M24
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BALLISTICS
IS CLASSIFIED INTO THREE CATAGORIES: INTERNAL BALLISTICS: The study of the effect the round has on the
internal operation of the weapon. Includes everything that happens
from the time you squeeze the trigger until the projectile exits the
muzzle of the weapon
EXTERNAL BALLISTICS: The study of the flight of the projectile
from the time it leaves the muzzle (or crown) until target impact.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS: The study of the projectiles effect on thetarget and what happens after, including everything that happens
from the time the projectile impacts with target until it stops.
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INTERNALBALLISTICS
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SHOULDER
NECK
CARTRIDGE COMPONENTS
POWDER
PRIMER
BULLET
HEAD
CASE
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BOATTAIL
LEAD CORE
COPPER JACKET
HOLLOW TIP, BOAT TAI LED BULLET
M852 MATCH AND M118 LONG RANGE
HOLLOW TIP
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BALLISTIC INFORMATION
M118 Special Ball 173 gr. FMJBT
M118 Long Range 175 gr. HPBT
M852 National Match 168 gr. HPBT
M80 Ball 147 gr. FMJFB
HPBT: Hollow Point, Boat Tail
FMJBT: Full Metal Jacket, Boat TailFMJFB: Full Metal Jacket, Flat Base
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BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT
A perfect bullet, or the Standard Bullet,
would have a coefficient number of 1
M118SB has a coefficient of .446
M118LR has a coefficient of .505
MK211 MOD 0 has a coefficient of .647
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BARREL HARMONICS
The vibrations of the barrel caused by the
bullet being propelled down the lands and
grooves of the bore and out the muzzle.
Causes an undulating motion of the barrel
within the stock or barrel whip.
Free floated, thicker barrels are moreconsistent as long as nothing touches the
barrel when fired.
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VELOCITY DATA
FOR 7.62MM (SB or LR)
RANGE
(METERS)
RETAINED VELOCITY
(FEET PER SECOND)
MIDRANGE
TRAJECTORY
(INCHES)
BULLET DROP IN 100-
METER INCREMENTS
(MINUTES)
TIME OF FLIGHT
(SECONDS)
100 2,407 0.7 NA 0.1
200 2,233 3 1.5 0.2
300 2,066 7.3 3 0.4
400 1,904 14 3.5 0.5
500 1,750 24 4 0.7
600 1,603 37.6 4.5 0.9
700 1,466 56.2 5 1
800 1,339 80.6 5 1.3
900 1,222 112.5 6 1.5
1,000 1,118 153.5 7 1.8
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EXTERNAL BALLISTICS
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BALLISTICS TERMINOLOGYPage 3-25 & 3-26, para 3-9
Line of Sight - an imaginary straight line between the eye,through the sights to the point at which you are aiming.
Line of Departure - an imaginary straight line that represents
the path the projectile would take from the muzzle if the
velocity remained the same and there was no gravity present.
Trajectory - the actual path a projectile takes as it slows and
gravity pulls it down.
Midrange Trajectory or Trajectory Apex - the most elevated
point a projectile achieves in its trajectory.
Bullet Drop - the distance a projectile drops below its line of
departure at a given point. The distance can be computed fairly
accurately, given all the variables involved.
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BALLISTICS TERMINOLOGYPage 3-25 & 3-26, para 3-9
Line of Sight / Point of Aim
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BALLISTICS TERMINOLOGYPage 3-25 & 3-26, para 3-9
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Midrange Trajectory or TrajectoryApex
BALLISTICS TERMINOLOGYPage 3-25 & 3-26, para 3-9
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BALLISTICS TERMINOLOGYPage 3-25 & 3-26, para 3-9
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FACTORS THAT EFFECT
TRAJECTORY
GRAVITY
DRAG
TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
ALTITUDEWIND
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GRAVITYPage 3-26, para 3-10a
Applies a constant, downward pulling
force on the projectile, eventually pulling it
to the ground.
Since this factor is constant, it can be
compensated for fairly accurately through
the use of a Bullet Drop Compensator(BDC).
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DRAGPage 3-26, para 3-10b
Defined as: The atmospheric resistance to a
projectile moving through the air.
Changes with temperature, humidity, altitudeand barometric pressure effect the density of
the air. Thus creating varying amounts of
drag on the projectile.
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TEMPERATUREPage 3-36, para 3-16
Changes the amount of drag on the projectile
by changing the density of the air.
Affects the elevation setting required to hitthe center of the target.
One MOA adjustment for every 20 degreeFahrenheit change.
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HUMIDITYPage 3-36, para 3-17
Changes the amount of drag on the projectileby changing the density of the air.
Only adjusted for when there is over 70%change and at altitudes over 2500ft.
High humidity air full of Hydrogen
molecules
Low humidity air full of Nitrogen molecules
Nitrogen molecules are more dense then
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DRAG FACTORS
Temperature:
Increase 20 degrees = Drop elevation 1 MOA
Decrease 20 degrees = Raise elevation 1 MOA
Altitude: (Pg 3-26, Para 3-10a.(2) & Table 3-1)
Increase in altitude = Drop elevation setting
Decrease in altitude = Raise elevation setting
For every 2500 ft change in altitude
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WINDPage 3-29, para 3-12
Wind is the atmospheric condition which has
the greatest effect on ballistic trajectories.
The amount of effect depends on:
Time of Flight
Wind Direction
Wind Velocity
Length of Wind Channel
Will normally have the most effect on the
projectile from the midrange point to the
target.
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WIND ESTIMATIONPage 3-32, para 3-13
0-3 mph - Felt lightly on the face
3-5 mph - Causes smoke to drift
5-8 mph - Keeps leaves in constant
movement
8-12 mph - Raises dust and loose paper
12-15 mph - Causes small trees to sway
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MIRAGEPage 3-32, para 3-13d
The preferred method of wind estimation is
the use of optics to observe mirage.
Mirage is the reflection of light through
layers of air that have different temperatures.
These layers are blown by the wind and can
be monitored to detect direction and speed.
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MIRAGE
Focus optics on an object from 1/2 to 2/3 the
distance to the target, then look back at the
target, or
Focus optics on the target, then turn the
focus knob counterclockwise until target
appears a little fuzzy, but mirage should be
clear
This will also aid the sniper in observing
bullet trace
Wind from left to r ight
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Wind from left to r ight
Wind from right to left
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Wind from right to left
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Wind - boil ing
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BULLET TRACEPage 3-14, Note
Defined as: the visible wake of a supersonicprojectile as it flies through the air.
It is caused by a high pressure front of
compressed air in front of the bullet and turbulencearound the sides. It is very similar to and looksmuch like the wake of a boat. However, it is onlyvisible for as long as it takes the bullet to reach thetarget and can only be seen with an optical devisewith a high degree of magnification. The ability tosee bullet trace is important because if impact is notseen, trace is what the observer will use as a basisfor corrections to subsequent rounds.
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MINUTE OF ANGLEPage 3-33, para 3-14
Defined as: a proportional unit of measure
equal to 1/60th of a degree.
1 minute of angle (MOA) is equal to
approximately 1 inch for every 100 yards of
range.
M3A and the PVS10 is graduated in 1 MOA
increments for elevation and 1/2 MOA
increments for windage.
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TERMINAL BALLISTICS
The study of the actions of a projectile from
the time it strikes the target until it comes to
rest.
Useful in shot placement.
Know your target!
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ELEVATION/WINDAGEHold-off
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What is hold-off?
Shifting the point-of-aim ( POA ) to
achieve a desired point-of-impact (
POI ).
or
Kentucky Windage
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When to use hold-off?
Multiple targets at various ranges
Rapidly changing winds
Limited exposure of targets
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MIL hold
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MIL hold
1 MIL@100200
300400500600700800900
1000
=Inches37
11141821242831
35
1 MIL = 3 MOA
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MIL hold
Range100200
300400500600
700800900
1000
Inches @37
11141821
24283135
MILs- 3.5- 3
- 2.1- 1.10
+ 1.25
+ 2.8+ 4.1+ 5.9+ 7.9
Trajectory
+ 12+ 21
+ 22.5+ 16
0
- 27- 66- 116- 186
- 275
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Windage hold-off
Reasons to use
aiming into varying winds
wind estimation
moving target leads
rapid re-engagement
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Windage hold-off contd.
Techniques used
MIL hold most precise
vertical line hold great for squared targets line-of-white
lead/trail edge
inside edge
point of reference hold fastest, usually
used when ranges are closer and during rapid
re-engagement
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Windage estimation
The sniper observes the point of impact and
notes the lateral distance of his error and re-
fires, holding off that distance in the oppositedirection.
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RANGE ESTIMATION
The process of determining the distance
between two points. In most situations, one of
these points will be the observers position,
while the other may be the target or a
prominent feature. The ability to accuratelydetermine range is the key skill needed by the
sniper to accomplish his mission.
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RANGE ESTIMATION METHODS
Map Estimation (paper strip)
100 Meter unit-of-measure Appearance-of-objects
Bracketing
Range Card Laser Range Finder
Combination Method
Mil-Relation formula
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MAP ESTIMATION
Used by placing an edge of a strip of paper
adjacent to both points, then pencil in a tickmark at both locations, and measure the
distance between them on the maps bar
scale.
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100 METER UNIT-OF-MEASURE
Must visualize 100 Meters on the
ground
Accurate to 500 meters
Past 500 meters, use halving method
Requires constant practice
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APPEARANCE OF OBJECTS
Determine range by the size and
characteristics of an object
Depends on visibility
Requires constant practice
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APPEARANCE-OF-OBJECTS
METHOD
200m--Clear in all detail, i.e. color of skinequipment, etc.
300m--Clear body outline, face color good,remaining detail blurred.
400m--Body outline clear, remaining detailedblurred.
500m--Body tapers, head becomes indistinct. 600m--Body now a wedge shape, no head
apparent.
700m--Solid wedge shape of outline of body.
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BRACKETING METHOD
Used when the sniper assumes the target
is no less than X meters away, but no
more than Y meters away. Then the sniper
uses the averages of the two distances as
the estimated range.
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RANGE CARD METHOD
The sniper team can also use a range
card to quickly determine ranges
throughout the target area. Once thetarget is seen, the team determines
where it is located on the range card,
and then reads the proper range to the
target.
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LASER RANGE FINDERS
LRFs provide an extremely accurate
and fast method of range estimating a
target.
Requires extra equipment (i.e., extra
batteries, tripod, etc.)
You must not rely on this only.
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LASER RANGE FINDER
AN-PVS 6 (MELIOS) Mini Eye-safe Laser
Infrared Observation Set.
MAGNIFICATION - 7x
FIELD OF VIEW - 7 (degrees)
WEIGHT - 6.5 lbs. ACCURACY - + or - 5 meters (from 50M-
9995M)
COMBINATION METHOD
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COMBINATION METHOD
Perfect conditions rarely exist in combat. Therefore,
only one method of range estimation may not be
enough. Terrain with a lot of dead space limits the
accuracy of the 100-M method.
Poor Visibility limits the appearance of object
method. But by combining 2 or more methods a
team can arrive at a range estimation that is close tothe actual range. Do not limit yourself!!
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MIL-RELATION FORMULA
Requires you to know the size of the target
(in inches)
(in x .0254 x 1000) = Constant
or size in inches x 25.4 = constant
Divide constant by Number of mils read
Round answer to the nearest meter
Mil-Relation Formula
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Mil Relation FormulaSIZE OF OBJECT IN INCHES X
25.4=CONST.EXAMPLE
67 inches X 25.4=1701.8 rounded=1702
(const)SIZE OF OBJ. IN INCHES X 25.4
SIZE OF OBJ. IN MILS
=RANGE TO TARGET
CONST 1702 divided by 2.5 Mils= 681M
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M3A/PSV10 RETICLE
.9 m
1.0 m
1.1 m
2.0 m
2.1 m 1.9 m
.9 m
1.0 m
1.9 m
2.1 m
1.1 m
2.0 m
M3A/PVS10 RETICLE
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M3A/PVS10 RETICLE
M22 BINO RETICLE
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M22 BINO RETICLE
3 2 1
1
2
3
{
10 Mils
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STEADY POSITION
While using the mil-relation formula, the
key element is a steady position.
Your position must be as steady as whenyou fire at a long-range target.
If you are not steady, you cannot get an
accurate mil reading.
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RANGE ESTIMATION
Range can be determined by measuring or
by estimating. Below are the three main
factors that affect the appearance of objects
when determining range by eye.
Nature of the target
Nature of the terrain
Light conditions
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NATURE OF THE TARGET
A target will appearcloserif:
The object has a regular outline
An object contrasts with its background
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NATURE OF THE TARGET
A target will appearmore distant if:
The object has an irregular outline
An object blends with its background
The object is only partially exposed
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NATURE OF THE TERRAIN
A target will appearcloser:
When observing over smooth terrain
When observing across a depression, when most ofwhich is hidden from view
When looking uphill
When looking down a straight, open road, or alongrailroad tracks
O
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NATURE OF THE TERRAIN
A target will appearfarther:
If the observers eye follows the contours of the terrain
When observing across a depression, all of which is
visible
When looking downhill.
When field of vision is narrowly confined
LIGHT CONDITIONS
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LIGHT CONDITIONS
The target will appearcloser:
When a target can be clearly seen
When a target is viewed in full sunlight
When the sun is behind the viewer
LIGHT CONDITIONS
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LIGHT CONDITIONS
The target will appearfarther:
When a target is viewed during limited visibility
When the sun is behind the target
SNIPER DATA BOOK
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(cheat sheet)
The sniper team should keep a sniper data book
complete with measurements.
1) Vehicles:
A) Height of road wheels
B) Vehicle dimensions
C) Length of main gun tubes on tanks
D) Lengths/sizes of different weapon
systems
Cheat Sheet (cont.)
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Cheat Sheet (cont.)
2) Average height of human targets in A.O.
3) Urban Environment:
A) Average size of doorways
B) Average size of windows
C) Average width of streets and lanes
(avg.. width of a paved road in the
U.S. is
10 feet)D) Height of soda machines
RANGE ESTIMATION
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RANGE ESTIMATION
The majority of misses are due to an incorrect
range estimation. To rectify this, constant
practice and applications will ensure that you
are proficient and give you the best chance
to achieve
One Shot, One Kill
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