SOAP

&

DETERGENT

Nur Syahirah Abdul Karim Groups’ 5ST2 2014

INTRODUCTION

THE MEANING OF SOAP AND DETERGENTPREPARATION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENTEFFECTIVENESS OF THE CLEANSING ACTION OF

SOAP AND DETERGENT

SOAP

IS THE SALT FORMED WHEN A FATTY ACID IS NEUTRALISED BY

AN ALKALI

SOAP IS A SODIUM SALT IF THE ALKALI USED IS SODIUM HYDROXIDE

SOAP IS A POTASSIUM SALT IF THE ALKALI USED IS POTASSIUMHYDROXIDE

THE GENERAL FORMULA- RCOONa or RCOOK

EXAMPLE OF SOAP- 1) SODIUM PALMITATE, CH3(CH2)14COOH-Na+

2) SODIUM STEARATE, CH3(CH2)16COOH-Na+

3) SODIUM LAURATE, CH3(CH2)10COOH-Na+

FORMED FROM NEUTRALIZATION BETWEEN:

FATTY ACID + ALKALI

FOR EXAMPLE: SODIUM PALMITATE

CH3(CH2)14COOH + NaOH CH3(CH)14COONa + H2OPALMITIC ACID SODIUM

HYDROXIDESODIUM PALMITATE

SOAP

PREPARATION OF SOAP

OIL & FAT FORMED FROM GLYCEROL &FATTY ACID

ESTERSOAP CAN BE PREPARED THROUGH-

SAPONIFICATION PROCESS

IS THE HYDROLYSIS OF AN ESTER. THE CATALYST IS ANALKALI

MANUFACTURING OF SOAP CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 2 STAGE

STAGE

THE TWO PARTS OF THE OIL OR FAT MOLECULES ARE SEPARATED BY HEATING THE OIL WITH ALKALINE SOLUTION THROUH HYDROLYSIS PROCESS.

IN THIS PROCESS, THE ESTER MOLECULE IS BROKEN UP INTO FATTY ACID AND GLYCEROL BY WATER IN THE PRESENCE OF ALKALI WHICH ACT AS CATALYST.

SAPONIFICATION OF OILSAND FATS

ESTER + WATER FATTY ACID +GLYCEROL

HYDROLYSIS

ALKALI ACT AS CATALYST

STAGENEUTRALIZATION OF FATTY ACIDS

FATTY ACID THAT IS RELEASED IN STAGE 1 REACTS WITH ALKALI TO FORM SODIUM SALT OF FATTY ACID WHICH IS SOAP

FATTY ACID SODIUM SALT OF FATTY

+ ACID (SOAP )SODIUM HYDROXIDE +

(ALKALI) WATER

DETERGENT

DETERGENT

SODIUM LAURYL SULPHATE

EXAMPLE

THE SALT FORMED WHEN AN ALKYL

HYDROGEN SULPHATE IS NEUTRALIZED BY AN

ALKALI

MEANING

MANY SUBSTANCES ARE ADDED TO A DETERGENT

CALLED ADDITIVES MAKE IT

MORE EFFECTIVE

EXAMPLE OF ADDITIVES

BIOLOGICAL ENZYMEWHITENING AGENTS

MAKES CLOTHES WHITER AND CLEANER

INCLUDE BLEACHES SUCH AS SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE AND

SODIUM PERBORATE

AN ORGANIC CATALYST

CATALYST THAT INCREASE THE DETERGENCY OR CLEANING POWER OF A DETERGENT

PREPARATIONOF

DETERGENT

PRODUCTION OF LAURYL HYDROGEN SULPHATE

CH3(CH2)9CH2OH + H2SO4 CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H + H2OLAURYL ALCOHOL SULPHURIC

ACIDLAURYL HYDROGEN

SULPHATEWATER

NEUTRALIZATION OF LAURYL HYDROGEN SULPHATE

CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H +NaOH CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3Na + H2O LAURYL HYDROGEN

SULPHATESODIUM

HYDROXIDESODIUM LAURYL

SULPHATE

CLEANSING ACTION OF

DETERGENT AND SOAP

WHEN ADDED INTO WATER, SOAP MOLECULE WILL DISSOCIATE INTO SODIUM OR POTASSIUM IONS AND SOAP IONS

SOAP MOLECULE CAN REDUCE THE SURFACE TENSION OF WATER TO ALLOW IT TO WET A MATERIAL’S SURFACE BETTER

HEADTAIL

CONSISTS OF THE ANION REGION IS IONIC CALLED THE HYDROPHILIC REGION DISSOLVE IN WATER

CONSISTS OF THE HYDROCARBON REGION

MOLECULE THAT HAS COVALENT CHARACTERISTICS

CALLED THE HYDROPHOBIC REGIONDISSOLVE IN GREASE OR OIL (DIRT)

O- SO3-

HYDROCARBON TAILHYDROPHOBIC TAILDISSOVLE IN GREASE (DIRT)

IONIC HEAD HYDROPHILIC HEAD DISSOVE IN WATER

EFFECTIVENESS

OF THE

CLEANSING

ACTION OF

SOAP

AND

HARD WATER CONTAINS A GREAT

AMOUNT OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM

IONS.

SOAP CANNOT BE USED IN HARD WATER

BECAUSE THE MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM

IONS WILL REACT WITH SOAP IONS TO

FORM A NON-SOLUBLE PRECIPITATE IN

WATER THAT IS CALLED A SOAP FILM OR

SCUM. SOAP CANNOT PRODUCE BUBBLE

IN HARD WATER.

SOAP SCUM IS NOT EASILY CLEANED. IT

Properties Soap Detergent

Cleaning power Less powerful More powerful

Ease of rinsing It is difficult to wash away all soap on clothes. The soap that remains leave and odour and spoils the fabrics.

Rinse out well from clothes.

pH Slightly alkaline Can be controlled to suit the cleaning task

Molecular structure Determined by the fatty acids found in the oil or fat used to produce soap.

Can be modified to suit the cleaning task. For example, a detergent can be made specially for cleaning toilet bowls.

Formation of scum Form scum with hard water Does not form scum with hard water