SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD AREA OF … · AREA OF PANKI THERMAL POWER STATION Report...

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD AREA OF PANKI THERMAL POWER STATION

Report prepared for UPRVUNL

Submitted to:

Executive Engineer,

1 X 660 MW Panki Extension Project Panki Thermal Power Station, Kanpur, UP

Submitted by:

Dr. Deep Mukherjee

Dept. of Humanities & Social Sciences

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

JANUARY 31, 2016

Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station

IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 1

Index with covered items under TOR Compliance

Section No.

Particulars Sr. No. of item covered under offer letter / action taken

Page No.

1 Introduction I 2 2 Methodology I 4

3 Socio-Econ. Data Analysis - Urban I 7 4 Socio-Econ. Data Analysis - Slum I 18 5 Socio-Econ. Data Analysis - Rural I 29 6 Comparative Analysis I 41 7 CSR Proposal II, IV, V 46

8 Conclusion III, V 52



Section1: Introduction

With the United Nations proposing the Millennium Development Goals, it is evident that

poverty alleviation and pro-poor development is not a choice but a necessity. In 2012, the

United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development met to discuss and develop a set of

goals to work towards, that grew out of the Millennium Development Goals, which included

amongst other things: (i) To eradicate poverty and food insecurity, (ii) Better standards of

education and healthcare - particularly as it pertains to water quality and better sanitation,

(iii) To achieve gender equality, (iv) Sustainable economic growth while promoting jobs,

(v) Sustainability to include health of the land, air and sea.

It is evident that the underdeveloped localities and communities have lower level of

education, which prohibits them from taking benefit from the various opportunities arising

around them during the process of growth and development. The developing nations have a

large population in the working age, which is a boon. However, to reap the benefits it is

imperative that they are provided the required knowledge and skills. The growing youth

unemployment crisis in developing countries requires to take immediate and targeted action

toward employment generation. As a measure, the International Labor Organization

suggested to invest in education and training to enhance employability and facilitate the

school-to-work transition. For young people who left school early, second-chance initiatives

can be particularly relevant as they facilitate the acquisition of basic knowledge and

competencies for the labor market. Another way could be to provide career options to

disadvantaged young people by supporting entrepreneurship and self-employment in rural

and slum areas. Health is another major concern. Lack of proper health and sanitation

facilities increases the chances of household getting sick. It has multiplicative and

degenerative affect on poor households making them even poorer. Any development idea

cannot be conceived without the understanding that half of the population is comprised of

women who have not received equal importance in the underdeveloped societies as their male

counterparts. Now that more women have joined the labor force and more outgoing, there is

the need to recognize their importance in the decision making both at the household level and

at the society level. Women empowerment is necessary for a healthy and balanced society

with higher income level.



Last but not the least, access to modern energy is also essential for the provision of reliable

and efficient lighting, heating, cooking, mechanical power, transport and telecommunications

services, and improving the living standards. It is an alarming fact that today billions of

people lack access to the most basic energy services. Energy poverty is lack of access to

modern energy services. It refers to the situation of large numbers of people whose well-

being is negatively affected by very low consumption of energy, use of dirty or polluting

fuels, and excessive time spent collecting fuel to meet basic needs.

As the idea of development is multi-faceted thus, quest for development can not achieved

with a single line of action, rather requires multi-pronged strategy. A good policy or

corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiative will need to act on the issues of education,

health, women empowerment, renewable energy, natural conservation etc., not

separately but concurrently, if it is to be effective and sustainable. Keeping this philosophy in

mind, the present socio-economic survey aims to assess the current livelihood conditions in

the neighborhood area of the Panki Power Plant and the needs of the residents of that locality

such that some developmental measures could be taken through the CSR initiative of the

UPRVUNL.

The purpose of the study are:

To assess the problem due to pollution and subsequent need for development in the

nearby area of Panki Power Plant.

Based on the survey develop a plan of action for CSR activities in the nearby area of

Panki Power Plant.



Section 2: Methodology For the action plan to be effective it is necessary to have a clear picture to the ground reality.

The first task was to finalize (i) the study area, and (ii) the range of potential intervention

through CSR project and design survey questionnaires accordingly. Panki power plant is

situated almost at the borderline of the urban area and rural area of the Kanpur (Urban)

district. Following the MOEF mandate, a circle with radius of 12 kilometers is drawn keeping

Panki at the center to identify the study area in Google Earth platform. A small part of the

area that came within the circle but fell in the neighboring district Kanpur (Rural) was

excluded from the study area. Out of the total Kanpur (Urban) district population for 2011

census, 65.83 percent lives in urban regions of district and rest 34.17 percent population lives

in rural areas. Likewise, in our study area the urban part is more populated compared to the

rural and the nature of the developmental issues and policy/project intervention needs would

be quite different. Thus, to have good understanding of socio-economic conditions of the

study area we decided to design separate questionnaires for urban and rural areas to conduct

survey of about 800 and 200 urban and rural households respectively. Apart from detailed

demographic questions on household members, questions on income generation, assets and

household expenses are also kept. Emphasis is given on collection of meticulous information

on the current health status of the household and health related expenditure. Questions on

participation in any existing developmental program, and demand for vocational training and

any other particular program requirement are also part of the survey. Last but not the least,

public view on the quality of air and water available in their locality has also been captured.

Some common parts of these questionnaires are discussed here. Those who are interested in

details of the questions asked, please refer to the attached questionnaires.

Once the questionnaires were ready, a team of eight surveyors were first given training on the

urban version of the questionnaire for three days and pilot survey has been conducted for two

days. Similar strategy was applied for the questionnaire administered in the rural area.

Sampling design The study comprises the population of Kanpur district. Final sample size for the study is

1098. For the study the sample was drawn using systematic sampling with stratification. For



better representation of the population in the first stage, stratification was done across three

categories:

1. Urban normal

2. Urban slum

3. Rural

Urban population sample: For the urban population the sample was drawn from different wards with identification of

areas with dominance of normal population or slum population. For randomization the voter

list as obtained from the Election Commission website was used. Systematic sampling was

done to draw a sample with provision for replacement sample unit (1:2) if the initial

respondent was not available. Shramik Bharati, an NGO, was consulted to conduct surveys in

slum areas.

The ward-wise breakup of sample from urban population is as under: Table 1: Ward wise breakup of urban sample

WARD NO AREA NAME NORMAL SLUM TOTAL

5 FAITHFULGANJ 46 - 46 12 JHAKARKATI 12 41 53 15 PARMAT 47 - 47 18 KALYANPUR (KHURD) 50 - 50 23 BARADEVI - 39 39 26 VIJAY NAGAR 50 21 71 27 SHASTRI NAGAR 12 20 32 30 NAUBASTA 50 - 50 32 NANKARI 50 - 50 33 PANKI 58 - 58 34 RAJAPURWA/LOHARAN BHATTA 6 21 27 38 FAZALGANJ 35 47 82 42 AWAS VIKAS 50 - 50 45 NAWAB GANJ 55 - 55 52 DABOLI 49 - 49 55 KIDWAINAGAR 51 - 51 61 SHIVRAJSINGH PURWA 5 19 24 64 PANKI 10 - 10 93 GOVIND NAGAR 62 - 62 TOTAL 700 208 908



Rural population sample: For the rural population the sample of 197 was collected on the gram-panchayat basis. The

gram panchayats were identified with the help of the NGO Shramik Bharti. The gram-

panchayat wise breakup of rural sample is as under:

Table 2: Gram Panchayat wise sample breakup

SN GRAM PANCHAYAT SAMPLE SIZE

1 DHARMANGADPUR 18 2 KARKARDAHI 20 3 KURSOLI 16 4 MAGARSHA 16 5 PEM 19 6 RAIKEPUR 25 7 SACHENDI 19 8 SEN 20 9 SURAR 19 10 TODARPUR 18 TOTAL 190



Section 3: Data Analysis – Urban

1. Household profile

A. Socio-demographic Profile

a. Household size in persons per household:

As can be observed from the table the average household size is around 5 persons

per household which is an indicator that majority of households are of smaller

sizes. Though the maximum household size is of 16 individuals per household but

such large households are exceptions rather than a norm showing a preference of

nuclear families as against large joint families.

Table 3: Summary- urban household size

Area No. of

Observations

Min

HH size

Max

HH size

Mean

HH size

Std. Dev.

Kanpur Urban 700 1 16 5.23 2.26

b. Religion:

The population consists a mix of people from various religions. It can be observed

from the table that the population is dominated by Hindus comprising 91.43

percent of the sampled household followed by Muslims comprising of 6.43

percent of the sampled household. The rest of the sampled households which are

very small in proportion, belong to the other religions Christianity, Sikh and

Jainism.

Table 4: Urban households by religion

RELIGION No. of HH Percent Cum.

HINDU 640 91.43 91.43 MUSLIM 45 6.43 97.86 CHRISTIAN 3 0.43 98.29 SIKH 11 1.57 99.86 JAIN 1 0.14 100

Total 700 100



c. Sex Ratio:

It is observed that the sampled population comprises of almost 54 percent of

males and 46 percent of females. The sex ratio is adverse in the favour of males

and typically means gender imbalance. This clearly means that the sex ratio needs

to be improved and women empowerment programs need to be undertaken.

Table 5: Urban population sex ratio

Freq. Percentage Cum

Male 1957 53.65 53.65 Female 1691 46.35 100 3648 100

d. No. of children/HH:

The table depicts that the average number of children below or equal to 5 years of

age per household is around 0.35 or around 35 percent households have on an

average have a child in this age group. Similarly, around 69 percent of the

households have a child below 10 years of age. Clearly, there is there is a major

chunk of households facing the needs related to this age group.

Table 6: Number of children per urban household

No of children No. of Children per HH

Age <=5 249 0.356 Age<=10 486 0.694

e. Caste Profile:

The population is dominated by the General, OBC and the SC category, with STs

in minor numbers. The largest section around 46 percent is from the general

category with the second largest representation from the OBC category which is

around 32 percent. The SC category has a representation of around 20 percent.

The representation of Schedule tribes is negligible in the population.

Table 7: Urban household caste profile

Caste No. of HH Percent Cum.

General 325 46.43 46.43 SC 145 20.71 67.14 ST 2 0.29 67.43 OBC 228 32.57 100 Total 700 100



B. Wealth Profile

a. Assets/HH:

The asset profile indicates that because of the hot weather cooler is an important

asset with per household number being 0.67. The presence of ACs is very small

indicating a lower income profile. Another dominant asset is two-wheeler, which

again is a necessity for the household, with 0.72 two wheelers per household.

Majority of people use water purifies as compared to old age water filters for

water purification indicating the use of better technology and awareness, though

the presence is still small 0.19 water purifiers per household. Four wheeler is once

again a luxury good with as small penetration of 0.10 per household.

Table 8: Urban household asset profile

Asset Total Asset per HH

Air Conditioner 67 0.10 Cooler 468 0.67 Water Purifier 131 0.19 Water Filter 26 0.04 Two Wheeler 503 0.72 Four Wheeler 72 0.10

b. Monthly Expenditure:

It is difficult to get reliable income figures of the households due to various

reasons thus, the expenditure are taken as proxies for income. The table depicts

that the per capita monthly expenses are around 3216 Rupees out which the

around 40 percent is spent on the food. In comparison to the official figure of

poverty line for India in the urban areas (Rs. 1407 per capita consumption

expenditure), the current expenditure is well above.

Table 9: Urban household monthly expenses

Monthly Expenses (in Rupees) Per HH Per Capita

Total 16811.55 3216.203 On food 6976.919 1334.748

2. Literacy Profile

The table indicates that while 13.73 percent have no formal education, a large 31.37

percent have an education of only some education. It means that about 45 percent of the



sampled population are not even 10th pass. 14.63 percent are 10th pass, 13.26 percent are

12th pass and 16.22 percent have Bachelors degree. Only 8.74 percent have Masters

degree and a very small proportion of 0.44 and 0.36 percent are MPhil/PhD and MBBS

respectively.

Table 10: Urban population literacy profile

Educational Qualification Freq. Percent Cum.

No formal education 501 13.73 13.72 Attended some school 1,145 31.37 45.09 10th pass 534 14.63 59.72 12th pass 484 13.26 72.98 Bachelors Degree 592 16.22 89.2 Masters Degree 319 8.74 97.94 MBBS 13 0.36 98.3 MPhil/PhD 16 0.44 98.74 Missing values 46 1.38 100

Total 3,650 100 3. Health Profile

a. Instances of illness:

The table indicates that on an average 0.48 person per household falls ill per year.

Considering an average family size of around 5, it is not very significant but none the

less is a matter of concern.

Table 11: Urban household illness

Total Per HH

No of Individuals 336 0.48

b. Diseases:

The most frequent illness is caused by viral fever, followed by Dengue. It is

noteworthy that the lifestyle related diseases like heart diseases, blood pressure,

diabetes, arthritis also have a strong presence. Other diseases like common cold,

asthma, gastroenteritis, allergy are also strong contributors. Apart from these

accident/fracture, stone also are apparent as major diseases.



Table 12: Urban household occurrences of diseases

c. Expenses and work days lost due to illness:

The table shows that the per capita per annum expenses on medical care incurred by

the households is Rs. 2388.87, which is very large, almost 2/3 of the total per capita

monthly expenditure of a household. This is a matter of concern. If we consider the

direct workdays lost then it only 0.52per capita per annum but none the less is an

indirect cost to society.

Table 13: Urban population medical expenses and workdays lost

Total Per HH Per Capita

Expenses (in Rupees) 8719365 12456.24 2388.87 Work Days lost 1896 2.71 0.52

d. Prominent causes of diseases:

Regarding the cause of the disease that people suffered majority of them 7.15 percent

didn’t know the cause. While 0.52 and 0.63 percent considered water and air pollution

Disease Freq. Percent Per HH Per Capita

No disease 3,314 90.79 4.73 0.91 Dengue 30 0.82 0.04 0.01 Malaria 9 0.25 0.01 0.00 Viral Fever 36 0.99 0.05 0.01 Typhoid 8 0.22 0.01 0.00 Diarrhea 1 0.03 0.00 0.00 Jaundice 3 0.08 0.00 0.00 Gastroenteritis 20 0.55 0.03 0.01 Asthma 14 0.38 0.02 0.00 Stone 17 0.47 0.02 0.00 Cyst 1 0.03 0.00 0.00 Heart disease 22 0.60 0.03 0.01 T.B. 3 0.08 0.00 0.00 Allergy (Dust) 1 0.03 0.00 0.00 Allergy other than dust 10 0.27 0.01 0.00 Arthritis 23 0.63 0.03 0.01 Blood Pressure 20 0.55 0.03 0.01 Fracture/Injuries 18 0.49 0.03 0.00 Pox 7 0.19 0.01 0.00 Cataract 6 0.16 0.01 0.00 Diabetes 15 0.41 0.02 0.00 Cancer 7 0.19 0.01 0.00 Cold and cough 11 0.30 0.02 0.00 Mental Disorder 2 0.05 0.00 0.00 Others 52 1.42 0.07 0.01 Total 3,650 100



as causes of diseases. Other causes accident, chronic, outside food and lack of illness

were also considered causing diseases in some cases.

Table 14: Causes of diseases in urban population

Cause Freq. Percent Cum.

NA 3,312 90.74 90.74 Water pollution 19 0.52 91.26 Air pollution 23 0.63 91.89 Accident 18 0.49 92.38 Chronic 6 0.16 92.55 Outside food 4 0.11 92.66 Lack of cleanliness 7 0.19 92.85 Don't know 261 7.15 100 Total 3,650 100

e. Immunization of children below 7 years of age:

Regarding immunization of children below 7 years of age for major vaccines, it is

evident that it is below 100 percent. The maximum is for Polio which is 98.26

percent, which might be due to the massive campaign of the past years, but is still

short of the target of 100 percent. For other vaccines have immunization is 87.85

percent for BCG, 74.65 percent for DPT, 64.93 percent for measles, 60.42 percent for

Hepatitis B and 42.36 percent for Typhoid. Apparently a lot is desired.

Table 15: Child vaccination in urban population

Vaccine No. of children Percentage

Polio 283 98.26 BCG 253 87.85 Hepatitis B 174 60.42 Typhoid 122 42.36 DPT 215 74.65 Measles 187 64.93

4. Environment

This section pertains to the perception of environment in the immediate vicinity of the

respondents. Issues of prime concern are air and water.

a. Quality of air in the locality:

Majority of respondents almost 85 percent perceive the air quality to be either good or

of medium quality. While only around 15 percent perceive it to be of bad quality. It

implies an overall positive impression of the air quality in the locality.



Table 16: Air quality perception in urban area

Opinion Freq. Percent Cum.

Good 154 22 22 Medium 435 62.14 84.14 Poor 110 15.71 99.86 Missing Values 1 0.14 100 Total 700 100

b. Experience smog:

As evidenced by the positive perception of the air quality, only a 29 percent of the

respondents reported of experiencing smog while a majority of 71 percent responded

in negative.

Table 17: Experience of smog in urban area


No 496 70.86 70.86 Yes 203 29 99.86 Missing Values 1 0.14 100 Total 700 100

c. Consider air pollution major health problem in community:

People have an overall positive impression of the air quality and their perception

regarding air pollution as major concern for health problem in the community is

similar. About 29 percent feel that it is while 48.43 percent felt it is not. Around 22

percent are undecided.

Table 18: Air pollution major health problem in urban area


No 339 48.43 48.43 Yes 204 29.14 77.57 Don't know 155 22.14 99.71 Missing Values 2 0.29 100 Total 700 100

d. Quality of drinking water in house:

The table implies that a large section, 42.14 percent, opines that the quality of

drinking water in their house is good. An equal percentage, 42.14 percent, found it of

medium quality. Only 15.71 percent of the respondents found the water quality to be

poor.



Table 19: Quality of drinking water in urban areas


Good 295 42.14 42.14 Medium 295 42.14 84.29 Poor 110 15.71 100 Total 700 100

e. Most concerning factor of poor quality water:

The major reason for medium or poor quality of water is bad taste 22 percent,

followed by sediments 17.29 percent and then 7.29 percent for bad smell. For small

number of instances, 2.43 percent insects in water is also a reason for bad quality.

Table 20: Reason for poor water quality in urban area


Bad Taste 154 22 21.86

Bad smell 51 7.29 29.14

Sediments 121 17.29 46.43

Insects 17 2.43 48.86

Not Applicable 348 49.71 98.57

Missing Values 9 0.14 1.43 Total 700 100

f. Consider drinking water a major source of health problem in community:

The opinion regarding water being a major source of disease in the community is once

again equally contested. While 42.29 percent don’t feel to be a major concern,

somewhat less numbers, 41 percent, consider it to be. 16.57 percent are undecided.

Table 21: Water quality major source of health problem in urban area


No 296 42.29 42.29 Yes 287 41 83.29 Don't know 116 16.57 99.86 Missing values 1 0.14 100 Total 700 100



5. Development Needs

a. Programs

This section pertains to the development programs received by the respondents if any.

i. Beneficiary of development programs:

It is evident that the number of beneficiaries of development programs is

negligible. Only 0.43 percent of the households have received any benefit from a

development program.

Table 22: Beneficiary of development program in urban area


No 696 99.57 99.57 Yes 3 0.43 100 Total 699 100

ii. Source of funding:

The funding for the development programs, from which any benefit was

received, is from Government sources. It is evident that no development program

is being run by other agencies.

Table 23: Source of funding for the development program in urban area

Source Freq. Percent Cum.

Not applicable 698 99.71 99.71 Government 2 0.29 100 Total 700 100

iii. Would you like a program that provides employment in project?

It is evident from the table that respondents are more inclined towards programs

which initiate employment generating projects. Almost 70 percent have

answered in positive while around 30 percent don’t need such programs.

Table 24: Need for employment generating projects in urban area


No 211 30.14 30.14 Yes 489 69.86 100 Total 700 100



iv. Would you like program that forms SHG and cooperatives for micro enterprises?

In accordance with the need for employment generation, here also a majority of

respondents look for avenues stimulating employment generation. Around 60

percent have favoured the formation of SHGs and cooperatives for micro-

enterprises. And the rest, around 40 percent did not show any interest.

Table 25: Need for SHGs and Cooperatives in urban area


No 279 39.86 39.86 Yes 421 60.14 100 Total 700 100

v. Development programs needed:

It is evident from the table that the respondents’ needs are inclined towards

immediate day to day requirements. A majority of 17.57 percent have vouched

for better garbage disposal and sanitation as development requirement, next

being availability of potable drinking water, 11.86 percent, followed by better

sewer system, 11 percent.

Table 26: Development needs in urban area

SN DEVELOPMENT NEED Freq. Percentage

1 Education 11 1.57 2 Sewer system 77 11.00 3 Garbage disposal and sanitation 123 17.57 4 Employment generation 34 4.86 5 Potable water availability 83 11.86 6 Road and transport infrastructure 17 2.43 7 Health facility 3 0.43 8 Electricity 14 2.00 9 Park and playground 16 2.29

10 Public toilets 4 0.57 Total HH 700

b. Toilet availability:

A majority of households, 93.14 percent have own toilets and a small section, 2.43

percent uses community toilets. A very small section 1.14 percent goes outdoors for

relieving themselves, none the less this a matter of concern.



Table 27: Toilet availability in urban households

No. of HH Percent Cum.

Own 652 93.14 93.14 Community 17 2.43 95.57 Outdoor 8 1.14 96.71 Missing Values 23 3.29 100

Total 700 100

c. Need for Vocational training:

It is evident that the majority of the sampled population in not in need of any

vocational training. Only a small fraction, 17 percent of sample acceded to the need

for vocational training.

Table 28: Need for vocational training in urban population

Opinion Freq. Percentage Cum.

No 3016 82.76 82.76 Yes 626 17.17 99.94 Missing values 2 0.06 100 Total 3644 100



Section 4: Data Analysis - Slum

1. Household Profile


a. Household size

As can be observed from the table the average household size is around 5.5

persons per household which is an indicator that majority of households are of

smaller sizes. Though the maximum household size is of 15 individuals per

household but such large households are exceptions rather than a norm showing a

preference of nuclear families as against large joint families.

Table 29: Summary- slum household size

Area No. of

Observations

Min

HH size

Max

HH size

Mean

HH size

Std.

Dev.

Kanpur Slum 208 1 15 5.45 2.22

b. Religion

It is evident that the slum population comprises of people from only two religions

Hindu and Muslim. The majority is of Hindus, who consist of almost 85 percent

of the population while around 14 percent are Muslims.

Table 30: Slum households by religion

Religion No. of HH Percent Cum.

HINDU 178 85.5 85.5 MUSLIM 30 14.42 100 CHRISTIAN 0 0 100 BUDDHIST 0 0 100 SIKH 0 0 100 JAIN 0 0 100

Total 208 100

c. Sex Ratio

The table indicates that the sampled population comprises of around 53 percent of






Table 31: Slum population sex ratio

Sex Freq. Percent Cum.

Male 599 52.64 52.64 Female 539 47.36 100 Total 1138 100

d. No. of children/HH



average have a child in this age group. Similarly, number of children below 10

years of age per household is 1.034, which implies that almost every household

has a child in this age group. Developmental needs related to this age group are

imperative if this section of society is to be uplifted.

Table 32: Number of children per slum household


Age <=5 96 0.459 Age<=10 215 1.034

e. Caste Profile

The slum is dominated by the SC category, comprising almost half of the

population (almost 51 percent). OBCs constitute the second largest section with

32.21 percent of the population and only 13.46 percent come from general

category. The representation of Schedule tribes is negligible at 3.37 percent.

Table 33: Slum household caste profile


General 28 13.46 13.46 SC 106 50.96 64.42 ST 7 3.37 67.79 OBC 67 32.21 100 Total 208 100

B. Wealth Profile

a. Monthly Expenditure

The table depicts that the per capita monthly expenses are around 1224 Rupees

out which the around 58 percent is spent on the food. In comparison to the official

figure of poverty line for India in the urban areas (Rs. 1407 per capita



consumption expenditure), the current expenditure is much below. This clearly

indicates that the households in the slums are in need for development programs

to uplift them from poverty.

Table 34: Slum household monthly expenses


Total 6670.07 1224.514 On food 3874.447 711.2842

2. Literacy Profile

The table indicates that around 80 percent of the population have some or no education.

The proportion of people with no education is almost on third at 30 percent. 9.31 percent

are 10th pass, 3.87 percent are 12th pass and 3.95 percent have Bachelors Degree. Only

1.32 percent have Masters Degree and a very small proportion of 0.09 and 0.26 percent

are MPhil/PhD and MBBS respectively. This clearly indicates that a lot is needed in

education for the people living in slums.

Table 35: Slum population literacy profile


No formal education 342 30.05 30.05 Attended some school 575 50.53 80.58 10th pass 106 9.31 89.89 12th pass 44 3.87 93.76 Bachelors Degree 45 3.95 97.72 Masters Degree 15 1.32 99.03 MBBS 3 0.26 99.3 M.Phil/PhD 1 0.09 99.38 Missing values 7 0.63 100

Total 1,138 100 3. Health Profile

a. Instances of illness




Table 36: Slum household illness

Total Per HH




b. Disease table

It is evident that the most prominent form of illness is fracture and injuries in the

slums. This is followed by viral fever and cough and cold and Dengue. The

prominence of lifestyle related diseases like heart diseases, blood pressure also

evident. Other diseases gastroenteritis, allergy, stone also contribute to the illness.

Table 37: Slum household occurrences of diseases

Disease Freq. Percent Per HH

Per

Capita

No disease 1,041 91.48 5.00 0.91 Dengue 9 0.79 0.04 0.01 Malaria 1 0.09 0.00 0.00 Viral Fever 12 1.05 0.06 0.01 Typhoid 2 0.18 0.01 0.00 Diarrhea 2 0.18 0.01 0.00 Gastroenteritis 4 0.35 0.02 0.00 Asthma 3 0.26 0.01 0.00 Stone 5 0.44 0.02 0.00 Skin Irritation or disease 1 0.09 0.00 0.00 Heart disease 5 0.46 0.02 0.00 T.B. 1 0.09 0.00 0.00 Allergy other than dust 2 0.18 0.01 0.00 Blood Pressure 5 0.44 0.02 0.00 Fracture Injuries 13 1.14 0.06 0.01 Cataract 1 0.09 0.00 0.00 Dental Problem 1 0.09 0.00 0.00 Diabetes 2 0.18 0.01 0.00 Cancer 1 0.09 0.00 0.00 Food Poison 1 0.09 0.00 0.00 Cold &cough 7 0.62 0.03 0.01 Pneumonia 1 0.09 0.00 0.00 Mental Disorder 2 0.18 0.01 0.00 Others 16 1.41 0.08 0.01 Total 1,138 100

c. Expenses and work days lost due to illness


the households is Rs. 1394.81, which is very large, and more than the total per capita

monthly expenditure of a household. This is a matter of concern as it would not let the

people to escape from the grip of poverty. If we consider the direct workdays lost then

it only 0.59per capita per annum but none the less is an indirect cost specifically for

the poor households.



Table 38: Slum population medical expenses and workdays lost



d. Prominent causes of diseases


didn’t know the cause. Accident was considered a major cause, at 1.14 percent, for the

illness. 0.53 and 0.62 percent considered water and air pollution as causes of diseases.

0.62 considered lack of cleanliness as cause of diseases.

Table 39: Causes of diseases in slum population


Not Applicable 1,041 91.48 91.48 Water pollution 6 0.53 92 Air pollution 7 0.62 92.62 Accident 13 1.14 93.76 Chronic 0 0 93.76 Outside food 0 0 93.76 Lack of cleanliness 7 0.62 94.38 Don't know 64 5.62 100 Total 1,138 100

e. Immunization of children below 7 years of age


evident that it is below 100 percent. The maximum is for Polio which is 86 percent,

which might be due to the massive campaign of the past years, but is still short of the

target of 100 percent. For other vaccines have immunization is 76 percent for BCG,

59 percent for DPT, 59 percent for measles, 50 percent for Hepatitis B and 40 percent

for Typhoid. Apparently, a lot is desired.



Table 40: Child vaccination in slum population


Polio 118 86 BCG 105 76 Hepatitis B 69 50 Typhoid 55 40 DPT 81 59 Measles 81 59

4. Environment



a. Quality of air in the locality

Majority of respondents almost 80 percent perceive the air quality to be either good or

of medium quality. While only around 20 percent perceive it to be of bad quality. It

implies an overall positive impression of the air quality in the locality.

Table 41: Air quality perception in slums


Good 14 6.73 6.73

Medium 152 73.08 79.81

Poor 42 20.19 100

Total 208 100

b. Experience smog

As evidenced by the positive perception of the air quality, 38.46 percent of the

respondents reported of experiencing smog while a majority of 61.54 percent

responded in negative.

Table 42: Experience of smog in slums


No 128 61.54 61.54

Yes 80 38.46 100

Total 208 100

c. Consider air pollution major health problem in community

People have an overall positive impression of the air quality. Only around 27 percent

feel air pollution as major concern for health problem in the community while around

42 percent feel that it is not. Around 31 percent have no opinion.



Table 43: Air pollution major health problem in slums


No 88 42.30 42.30

Yes 56 26.92 69.22

Don't know 64 30.78 100

Total 208 100

d. Quality of drinking water in house

The table implies that a large section, 57.69percent, opines that the quality of drinking

water in their house is medium. 18.27 percent found it of medium quality. Around 24

percent of the respondents found the water quality to be poor.

Table 44: Quality of drinking water in slums


Good 38 18.27 18.27

Medium 120 57.69 75.96

Poor 50 24.04 100

Total 208 100

e. Most concerning factor of poor quality water

The major reason for medium or poor quality of water is bad taste 38.94 percent,

followed by sediments 16.35 percent and then 8.17 percent for bad smell.

Table 45: Reason for poor water quality in slums


Bad Taste 81 38.94 38.94

Bad smell 17 8.17 47.11

Sediments 34 16.35 63.46

Insects 0 0 63.46


Missing Values 4 1.92 100

Total 208 100

f. Consider drinking water a major source of health problem in community

While 50.96 percent feel it to be a major concern, about 30 percent, don’t consider it

to be a major concern. 19.71 percent are undecided.



Table 46: Water quality major source of health problem in slums


No 61 29.33 29.33

Yes 106 50.96 80.29

Don't know 41 19.71 100

Total 208 100 5. Development Needs

a. Programs


i. Beneficiary of development programs




Table 47: Beneficiary of development program in slums

Opinion No. of HH Percent Cum.

No 206 99.04 99.04

Yes 2 0.96 100

Total 208 100

ii. Source of funding




Table 48: Source of funding for the development program in slums

Source No. of HH Percent Cum.

Not applicable 206 99.04 99.04

Government 2 0.96 100

Total 208 100







Table 49: Need for employment generating projects in slums


No 11 5.29 5.29

Yes 197 94.71 100

Total 208 100

iv. Would you like program that forms SHG and cooperatives for micro enterprises?

In accordance with the need for employment generation, here also a majority of

respondents look for avenues stimulating employment generation. Around 90

percent have favoured the formation of SHGs and cooperatives for micro-

enterprises. And the rest, around 10 percent did not show any interest.

Table 50: Need for SHGs and Cooperatives in slums


No 21 10.1 10.1

Yes 187 89.9 100

Total 208 100

v. Development programs needed.

It is evident from the table that the respondents’ needs are inclined towards

immediate day to day requirements. A majority of 36.54 percent have vouched

for availability of potable drinking water, next being better sewer system with

33.17 percent, and better garbage disposal and sanitation at 26.44 percent

followed by requirement of public toilets at 10.

Table 51: Development needs in slums


1 Education 2 0.96 2 Electricity 2 0.96 3 Employment Generation 9 4.33 4 Garbage disposal and sanitation 55 26.44 5 Health Facility 1 0.48 6 Public toilet 22 10.58 7 Sewer system 69 33.17 8 Potable water availability 76 36.54

Total HH 208



b. Vocational training needed

Almost 90 percent of the individuals in the surveyed population assent to the need for

vocational training. It is natural as they have low education levels and have low

income so they need sources for income generation.

Table 52: Need for vocational training in slum population

Opinion Freq. Percentage Cum.

Yes 1,016 89.28 89.28

No 122 10.72 100

Total 1,138 100

c. Availability of toilet

Only about 42 percent households have their own toilets and 4.81 percent rely on

community toilets for their needs. A large proportion of 25.48 percent go outdoors for

the purpose of defecation. A large proportion of missing values is also an indicator of

people not inclined to reveal that perhaps they go outdoors for the purpose. Clearly,

there is need for providing toilets facilities in these areas for better sanitation.

Table 53: Toilet availability in slum households


Own 87 41.83 41.83 Community 10 4.81 46.64 Outdoor 53 25.48 72.12 Missing Values 58 27.88 100

Total 208 100

d. Electricity Connection

Most of the households (75.96 percent) have legal connections. Only a small

percentage of 7.21 have illegal connection while 7.69 percent have no electricity

connection. 9.13 percent people did not reveal the information.

Table 54: Electricity connection in slum households


Legal 158 75.96 75.96 Illegal 15 7.21 83.17 Solar 0 0 83.17 Not Available 16 7.69 90.86 Missing Values 19 9.13 100

Total 208 100



e. Primary stove type

Nearly half of the households (55.77 percent) use gas stoves for cooking. 24 percent

use mud based stoves for cooking and 16.35 percent use kerosene for cooking. Thus a

large section uses pollution generating means for cooking.

Table 55: Primary stove type for cooking in slum households


Gas 116 55.77 55.77 Kerosene 34 16.35 72.12 Electric 0 0 72.12 Mud 50 24.04 96.16 Others 7 3.37 99.53 Missing Values 1 0.48 100

Total 208 100



Section 5: Data Analysis - Rural

1. Household profile


a. Household size

As can be observed from the table the average household size is around 5.76

persons per household which is an indicator that majority of households are of

smaller sizes. Though the maximum household size is of 12 individuals per

household but such large households are exceptions rather than a norm showing a

preference of medium size families against large families.

Table 56: Summary- rural household size

Area No. of

Observations

Min

HH size

Max

HH size

Mean

HH size

Std. Dev.

Kanpur Rural 190 1 12 5.76 2.32

b. Religion

It is evident that the rural population is almost completely dominated by people

from Hindu religion comprising almost 99 percent of the households. Only about

1 percent of the households are of Muslim background. There is no representation

of any other religion.

Table 57: Rural households by religion

Religion No. of HH Percent Cum.

HINDU 188 98.95 98.95

MUSLIM 2 1.05 100

CHRISTIAN 0 0 100

BUDDHIST 0 0 100

SIKH 0 0 100

JAIN 0 0 100

Total 190 100

c. Sex ratio

The table indicates that the sampled population comprises of around 55 percent of






Table 58: Rural population sex ratio

Sex Freq Percent Cum.

Male 596 54.83 54.83 Female 490 45.08 99.91 Missing Values 1 0.09 100 Total 1087 100

d. No. of children/HH



average have a child in this age group. Similarly, number of children below 10

years of age per household is 0.86, which implies that fairly large number of

households have children in this age group. Developmental needs related to this

age group are imperative.

Table 59: Number of children per rural household


Age <=5 75 0.39

Age<=10 163 0.86

e. Caste profile

The rural population is dominated by the General category, comprising almost 62

percent of the population. SCs constitute the second largest section with 21.05

percent of the population and only 16.32 percent come from OBC. The

representation of Schedule tribes is negligible at 1.05 percent.

Table 60: Rural household caste profile


General 117 61.58 61.58

SC 40 21.05 82.63

ST 2 1.05 83.68

OBC 31 16.32 100

Total 190 100



B. Wealth Profile

a. Assets

The asset profile indicates that the households have mostly invested in the

requirements of agriculture. Asset penetration is strong in case of chaff cutter,

irrigation pump, bore well, tube well and sprayer. Tractor penetration is low at

0.084 per household. Need for personal transport is evident in the penetration

level of two wheeler which is 0.353 per household. Also, the need for

entertainment and information is evident availability of TV at 0.426 per

household.

Table 61: Rural household asset profile

Asset No. Per HH

Tractor/Rotavetor 16 0.084 Tiller/Power Tiller 9 0.047 Harrow 8 0.042 Plough 8 0.042 Pump (Irrigation) 61 0.321 Bore well 52 0.274 Tube well 49 0.258 Harvester 2 0.011 Thresher 10 0.053 Weeder 4 0.021 Sprayer 24 0.126 Chaff cutter 126 0.663 Four Wheeler 7 0.037 Two Wheeler 67 0.353 Cart 7 0.037 TV 81 0.426 Radio 12 0.063

b. Livestock

Livestock investment is highest in case of milk yielding animals specifically

buffalo and cow. On an average there are 0.91 buffalos per household, followed

by cows at 0.59 per household. Goats are 0.15 per household followed by pig

poultry and sheep.



Table 62: Livestock with rural households

No. Per HH

Cow 112 0.59 Buffalo 173 0.91 Ox 3 0.02 Goat 29 0.15 Sheep 9 0.05 Poultry 12 0.06 Pig 15 0.08

c. Monthly Expenditure

The table depicts that the per capita monthly expenses are around 1656.13 Rupees

out which the around 47 percent is spent on the food. In comparison to the official

figure of poverty line for India in the rural areas (Rs. 972 per capita consumption

expenditure), the current expenditure is above the level.

Table 63: Rural household monthly expenses


Total 9501.00 1656.13

On food 4442.10 774.311

2. Literacy Profile

The table indicates that around 61 percent of the population have some or no education.

The proportion of people with no education is around 15 percent. 15.64 percent are 10th

pass, 11.04 percent are 12th pass and 9.94 percent have Bachelors Degree. Only 2.12

percent have Masters Degree and a very small proportion of 0.18 percent MBBS.

Table 64: Rural population literacy profile


No formal education 161 14.81 14.81 Attended some school 500 46 60.81 10th pass 170 15.64 76.45 12th pass 120 11.04 87.49 Bachelors Degree 108 9.94 97.43 Masters Degree 23 2.12 99.55 MBBS 2 0.18 99.73 Missing Values 3 0.27 100

Total 1087 100



3. Health Profile

a. Instances of illness




Table 65: Rural household illness

Total Per HH


b. Disease table

The prominent instance of illness is due to fracture or injuries at .74 percent. This is

followed by viral fever and asthma at 0.55 percent each. TB is significant with

instance of 0.37 percent. While rest of the diseases have low occurrences.

Table 66: Rural household occurrences of diseases

Disease Freq. Percent Per HH Per Capita

No disease 1,015 93.38 5.34 0.93 Dengue 3 0.28 0.02 0.00 Malaria 2 0.18 0.01 0.00 Viral Fever 6 0.55 0.03 0.01 Typhoid 1 0.09 0.01 0.00 Diarrhea 2 0.18 0.01 0.00 Jaundice 1 0.09 0.01 0.00 Hepatitis B 1 0.09 0.01 0.00 Gastroenteritis 3 0.28 0.02 0.00 Asthma 6 0.55 0.03 0.01 Stone 2 0.18 0.01 0.00 Heart disease 3 0.28 0.02 0.00 T.B. 4 0.37 0.02 0.00 Allergy other than dust 2 0.18 0.01 0.00 Arthritis 3 0.28 0.02 0.00 Blood Pressure 3 0.28 0.02 0.00 Fracture/Injuries 8 0.74 0.04 0.01 Pox 1 0.09 0.01 0.00 Cancer 1 0.09 0.01 0.00 Mental Disorder 3 0.28 0.02 0.00 Eye Irritation 1 0.09 0.01 0.00 Others 16 1.47 0.08 0.01 1,087 100



c. Expenses and work days lost due to illness


the households is Rs. 2094.53, which is very large, and more than the total per capita

monthly expenditure of a household. This is a matter of concern. If we consider the

direct workdays lost then it is close to 0 per capita per annum.

Table 67: Rural population medical expenses and workdays lost



d. Causes of diseases


didn’t know the cause. Accident was considered a major cause, at 0.74 percent, for the

illness. 0.46 considered lack of cleanliness as cause of diseases. Only 0.18 and 0.28

percent considered water and air pollution as causes of diseases indicating clean air

and water availability.

Table 68: Causes of diseases in rural population



Water pollution 2 0.18 93.38

Air pollution 3 0.28 93.65

Accident 8 0.74 94.39

Chronic 2 0.18 94.57

Outside food 0 0 94.57

Lack of cleanliness 5 0.46 95.03

Don't know 54 4.97 100

Total 1087 100

e. Immunization of children below 7 years of age


evident that it is much below 100 percent. The maximum is for Polio at 61 percent,

indicating that the polio eradication campaign does not have strong penetration in the

villages. For other vaccines, the immunization is 55 percent for BCG, 46percent for

DPT, 49 percent for measles, 21 percent for Hepatitis B and 19 percent for Typhoid.

Clearly, the immunization campaign has to be much more aggressive for the desired

results.



Table 69: Child vaccination in rural population


Polio 64 61

BCG 58 55

Hepatitis B 22 21

Typhoid 20 19

DPT 48 46

Measles 51 49

4. Environment



a. Quality of air in the locality

Majority of respondents almost 96 percent perceive the air quality to be good. Rest 4

percent believe it to be of medium quality. It implies an overall positive impression of

the air quality in the locality.

Table 70: Air quality perception in rural area


Good 182 95.79 95.79

Medium 8 4.21 100

Poor 0 0 100

Total 190 100

b. Experience smog

Almost nobody has experienced smog in the locality.

Table 71: Experience of smog in rural area


No 189 99.47 99.47

Yes 1 0.53 100

Total 190 100

c. Consider air pollution major health problem in community

As the air quality is perceived to be generally good so majority, 70.53 percent don’t

consider air pollution to be a major health problem in the locality. Only 4.74 percent

feel it to be a matter of concern while 24.74 percent are undecided.



Table 72: Air pollution major health problem in rural area


No 134 70.53 70.53

Yes 9 4.74 75.26

Don't know 47 24.74 100

Total 190 100

d. Quality of drinking water in house

While 83.16 percent of the respondents consider the drinking water quality to be

good, 13.68 percent consider it to be medium. Only 3.16 percent consider it to be bad.

Table 73: Quality of drinking water in rural areas


Good 158 83.16 83.16

Medium 26 13.68 96.84

Poor 6 3.16 100

Total 190 100

e. Most concerning factor of poor quality water

Regarding poor quality of water, the major concern is bad taste and bad smell at 5.26

percent each. While 4.74 percent consider sediments as matter of concern 1.05

percent consider insects as matter of concern.

Table 74: Reason for poor water quality in rural area


Bad Taste 10 5.26 5.26

Bad smell 10 5.26 10.53

Sediments 9 4.74 15.26

Insects 2 1.05 16.32

Not Applicable 159 83.68 100

Total 190 100

f. Consider drinking water a major source of health problem in community

The opinion regarding water being a major source of disease in the community while

55.79 percent don’t feel to be a major concern, 12.11 percent, consider it to be. 32.11

percent are undecided.



Table 75: Water quality major source of health problem in rural area


No 106 55.79 55.79

Yes 23 12.11 67.89

Don't know 61 32.11 100

Total 190 100

5. Development Needs

a. Programs


i. Beneficiary of development programs




Table 76: Beneficiary of development program in rural area

Opinion No. of HH Percent Cum.

No 183 96.32 96.32

Yes 7 3.68 100

Total 190 100

ii. Source of funding




Table 77: Source of funding for the development program in rural area

Source No. of HH Percent Cum.

Not applicable 185 97.37 97.37

Government 5 2.63 100

Total 190 100







Table 78: Need for employment generating projects in rural area


No 35 18.42 18.42

Yes 151 79.47 97.89


Total 190 100

iv. Development programs needed

Lack of health facilities in the rural areas is evident from the data. Health facility

is the most prominent developed need supported by 23.16 percent of the

respondents. Then were irrigation and education with support from 13.68 percent

respondents each. While 11.58 percent reported potable water, 9.47 percent

reported toilet facility. Other prominent development needs were electrification,

employment generation and sewer system.

Table 79: Development needs in rural area


1 Agricultural Extension 4 2.11 2 Banking & financial institutions 7 3.68 3 Dairy and animal husbandry 7 3.68 4 Education 26 13.68 5 Electricity 10 5.26 6 Employment generation 10 5.26 7 Health facility 44 23.16 8 Irrigation 26 13.68 9 LPG agency 1 0.53

10 Playground 2 1.05 11 Potable water 22 11.58 12 Roads 6 3.16 13 Sewer system 10 5.26 14 Toilet facility 18 9.47

Total HH 190

b. Vocational training need

Around 55 percent of the individuals in the surveyed population accede to the need

for vocational training. Rest 45 percent don’t show any interest towards the vocational

training need.



Table 80: Need for vocational training in rural population

c. Availability of toilet

Majority of people, 44.21 percent, go outdoors for defecation. Only about 43 percent

households have their own toilets and 1.58 percent rely on community toilets for their

needs. Clearly, there is need for providing toilets facilities in these areas for better

sanitation.

Table 81: Toilet availability in rural households


Own 82 43.16 43.16

Community 3 1.58 44.74

Outdoor 84 44.21 88.95


Total 190 100

d. Electricity Connection

About half of the households (54.21 percent) have legal connections. Only a small

percentage of 2.11 have illegal connection while 3.16 percent rely on solar batteries

for electricity. Nearly one-third of the households have no electricity.

Table 82: Electricity connection in rural households


Legal 103 54.21 54.21

Illegal 4 2.11 56.22

Solar 6 3.16 59.48

Not Available 63 33.16 92.64


Total 190 100

e. Primary stove type

Majority of the households, about 77 percent rely on mud based stove for cooking

purpose. While around 19 percent use gas stoves for cooking, 0.53 percent use solar

means for cooking. Thus, a large section uses pollution generating means for cooking.

Freq. Percentage Cum.

No 485 44.16 86.01 Yes 601 55.28 99.90 Missing Values 1 0.00 100 Total 1087 100



Table 83: Primary stove type for cooking in rural households


Gas 37 19.47 19.47

Kerosene 0 0 19.47 Electric 0 0 19.47 Mud 147 77.37 96.84

Solar 1 0.53 97.37

Others 5 2.63 100

Total 190 100



Section 6: Comparative Analysis This section gives a visual depiction of comparative figures of some key indicators across the

three categories- urban, slum and rural area.

Figure 1: Comparison of monthly expenses per household across the three categories

Monthly expenses per household

16811

69766670

3874

9501

4442

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

Total expenses Expenses on food

In R

up

ees Urban

Slum

Rural

Figure 2: Comparison of per capita expenses

Per capita per month expenses3216

13351224

711

1656

774

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Total expenses Expenses on food

In R

up

ee

s

Urban

Slum

Rural



Figure 3: Comparison of perception about air quality

22

7

96

62

73

4

16 20

45

0

20

40

60

80

100

% o

f R

esp

on

den

ts

Good Medium Poor

Perception abour air quality in the surrounding area

Urban

Slum

Rural

Figure 4: Experience of smog

7162

99

2938

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% o

f re

sp

on

de

nts

No Yes

Experience smog in the surrounding area

Urban

Slum

Rural



Figure 5: Air pollution as major health problem

Consider air pollution as major health problem in the

surrounding

49

2922

42

2731

70

5

25

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

No Yes Don't Know

% o

f re

sp

on

den

ts

Urban

Slum

Rural

Figure 6: Water quality in the surrounding area

Perception about water quality

42 42

1618

58

24

83

14

3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Good Medium Poor

Opinion

% o

f re

sp

on

de

nts

Urban

Slum

Rural



Figure 7: Water pollution major health problem in the surrounding area

42

29

56

41

51

1217

20

32

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

% o

f re

po

nd

en

ts

No Yes Don't know

Opinion

Water pollution as major health problem

Urban

Slum

Rural

Figure 8: Instance of household illness

Per household instances of illness in past

year

0.480.51

0.39

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Households

Ind

ivid

uals

per

HH

Urban

Slum

Rural

Figure 9: Loss f work days due to illness



Work days lost due to illness

2.71

0.52

3.25

0.59

1.24

00

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Per Household Per capita

In d

ay

s Urban

Slum

Rural

Figure 10: Expenditure on medical facility due to illness

Expenditure on medical facility due

to illness12456

2388

7631

1394

11982

2094

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Per Household Per capita

In R

up

ees

Urban

Slum

Rural



Section 7: CSR Proposal

We propose to allocate 0.04% of the total project cost, which amounts to Rs. 15 Crores,

towards Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities. These amount will be spent in five

years (July’2016-June’2021). Tables and figures below represent further details on our CSR

planning.

Table 84: Distribution of the CSR budget (Rs. 15 Crore) in various items

Items / Major heads Sub item / Sub heads Budget (Rs. Lakhs)

Health, Sanitation &

Water

Budget: Rs. 340 Lakhs

Health camps (in slum & rural areas) 10 Ambulance (to local hospitals) 60 Tricycle (in slum & rural areas) 20 Toilet in slum & rural area 90 Decentralized Sewage Treatment 60 Water ATM 50 Bio-sand Filter (in slum & rural areas) 50

Education & Training


School building repairing 75 Toilet in school (building & renovation) 50 Library in schools 10 Infrastructure in schools (blackboard etc.) 25 Winter clothes & uniform distribution 30 Scholarship 10 Vocational training (through course enrollment in tech. & eng. colleges)

50

Vocational training (for small scale business)

40

Women empowerment


SHG formation & training 30 Gifting machines to SHGs 60 Bicycle (to girls in villages) 20

Environmental

sustainability


Conservation project in ravine villages 125 Urban forestry (and gardening) 15 Groundwater recharge (rain harvesting) 100 Seminar/Conference on Sust. Develop. 5 Provide solar lamps & LED bulbs

5

Social business projects

Budget: 460 Lakhs

Social infrastructure building 180 Biomass Pallet Production Micro Units in Urban Slums 35 Solar Micro Grids - 1 KVA 245

Slum development

Budget: 50 Lakhs Program for school drop-outs 50



Please note that

(i) About 25-30 percent of the budget allotment towards health, sanitation, vocational

training and women empowerment will go to slum areas.

(ii) Three percent of the proposed budget should be kept separate for managerial expenses

(fee charged by NGO) while implementing the schemes.

Figure 11: Pie Chart depicting amount (in Rs. Lakhs) and percentage of major CSR

heads

Next two tables will shed light on the phase-wise allocation of funds for the proposed CSR

activities outlined above.

Table 85: Annual distribution of the CSR budget (Rs. 15 Crore)

Phases Budget (in Lakhs) Phase I (July'16-June'17) 389 Phase II (July'17-June'18) 389 Phase III (July'18-June'19) 269 Phase IV (July'19-June'20) 254 Phase VI (July'20-June'21) 199



Figure 12: Pie Chart depicting amount (in Rs. Lakhs) and percentage of CSR budget

for different phases



Table 86: Distribution of the CSR budget over 5 year period

Items Sub item / Sub heads Budget in Phases (Rs. Lakhs) I II III IV V

Health,

Sanitation &

Water

Budget:

Rs. 340 Lakhs

Health camps (in slum & rural areas) 2 2 2 2 2 Ambulance (to local hospitals) 20 20 20 Tricycle (in slum & rural areas) 4 4 4 4 4 Toilet in slum & rural area 45 45 Decentralized Sewage Treatment 30 30 Water ATM 10 20 20 Bio-sand Filter (in slum & rural areas) 10 10 10 10 10

Education &

Training

Budget:

Rs. 290 Lakhs

School building repairing 15 15 15 15 15 Toilet in school (building & renovation) 10 10 10 10 10 Library in school 2 2 2 2 2 Infrastructure in school (blackboard etc.) 5 5 5 5 5 Winter clothes & uniform distribution 6 6 6 6 6 Scholarship 5 5 Vocational training (through course enrollment in tech. & eng. colleges) 10 10 10 10 10

Vocational training (for small scale business) 8 8 8 8 8

Women

empowerment

Budget:

Rs. 110 Lakhs

SHG formation & training 6 6 6 6 6 Gifting machines to SHGs 12 12 12 12 12 Bicycle (to girls in villages) 4 4 4 4 4

Environmental

sustainability

Budget:

Rs. 250 Lakhs

Social forestry project in ravine villages 50 50 25 Urban forestry (and gardening) 5 5 5 Groundwater recharge (rain harvesting) 50 50 Seminar/Conference on Sust. Develop. 5 Provide solar lamps & LED bulbs 5

Social business

projects

Budget:

Rs. 460 Lakhs

Social infrastructure building 20 20 20 60 60 Biomass Pallet Production Micro Units in Urban Slums 15 5 5 5 5

Solar Micro Grids - 1 KVA 70 70 70 35 Slum

development

Budget:

Rs. 50 Lakhs

Program for school drop-outs

10 10 10 10 10

Total 389 389 269 254 199



Two salient features of the proposed CSR activities are women empowerment and

employment generation. Some more detailed thoughts on these issues are presented below.

An experienced an able NGO will initiate the process of identifying the interested

women for forming the SHGs. The women SHGs will be formed as per the norms

formulated by the Government. To the extent possible, the SHG will be formed among

the women from same village/slum, but in case of number of women are less than the

minimum number required for forming a group, they will be merged with women from

other village. The skill development program and financial assistance will be distributed

through the SHGs.

Small capital assistance program will be developed particularly for women headed

households. An agreed amount of money will be allocated as a revolving fund to provide

machines for small income generating projects. Co-ordination and links will be

established with the local credit groups, cooperatives or field offices of the Lead Bank to

ensure long term sustainability of the program. Besides, the following measures need to

be undertaken to ensure that women's livelihoods are restored or even improved compared

to what existed before project implementation.

Income generating program will be designed to ensure that women derive a reliable

income by engaging in activities that are within their capacity, taking into account the

availability of resources and the type of enterprises that they are already engaged in.

Capacity enhancing assistance will be provided that improve the access of women to

skills training for off-farm employment such as tailoring and weaving, small goods

shops; marketing - buying and selling local produce; processing of locally produced

products. Social awareness campaigns and training opportunities will be organized to

increase women’s integration into social and economic mainstream.

Vocational training would be imparted to the women beneficiaries as provided for in the

entitlement matrix. These training programs would be imparted by NGO through the

existing government schemes specifically meant for the development and welfare of the

women community. The NGO appointed for implementation of CSR will identify

preferred training areas and ascertain the interest of the women Beneficiaries before

preparing a proposal to the CSR monitoring for implementation of the training program.



The selection of eligible Beneficiaries for training is done based on several conditions.

Women beneficiaries above the age group of 18 years and below the age group of 35

years would be considered as prospective candidates. Training on beautician courses,

weaving etc. would be imparted to female Beneficiaries who are educated till class 8 or

below.

The NGO appointed for the implementation of CSR for the project will be responsible

for the following activities specific to gender development. The ToR issued for the

NGO for implementing the CSR projects will include the following activities in their

scope of work:

Identify the roles of women beneficiaries and their roles and opportunities;

Forming Self Help Groups among the women beneficiaries;

Prepare the skill development programs for women beneficiaries; and

Identify the institutions involved in women development schemes.

Social Audit: While formulating and implementing CSR schemes it shall be ensured that an in-built

monitoring mechanism for the schemes identified are in place. An experienced faculty

with involvement in rural development research and familiarity with the study area

should be given the charge of conducting annul social audit. Indian Institute of

Technology Kanpur being the nearest government institute of repute may be involved in

this social audit.



Section 8: Conclusion

Over 1000 households were surveyed in the surrounding area of Panki thermal power

station in the month of December 2015.

The sample covers urban, slum, and rural areas.

The study area does not have tribal population or community.

Majority of the sample did not say that local air and water quality is poor. Most

reported medium air and water quality.

The study assessed the health condition of the household members. Insignificant

presence of air and water pollution borne diseases is noticed.

The study also assessed the need for developmental projects in the area.

A detailed plan for developmental activities and CSR budget of Rs. 15 Crores has

been proposed.

A competent NGO partner needs to be involved while implementing this CSR plan.

To maintain transparency and conduct a program evaluation, it is advised that an

independent mentor should also be appointed.

IIT Kanpur being the nearest government institute of international repute may be

given the task of social audit for the proposed CSR scheme.

1

Inception Report

HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL STUDY OF PANKI

THERMAL POWER PROJECT, UTTAR PRADESH

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY

(An ISO 9001:2008 Institute under MoWR, RD and GR, Govt. of India)

ROORKEE – 247667 (UTTARAKHAND)

December, 2015

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CONTENT

S.N. Page No.

1 Introduction 1

2 Objectives 2

3 Scope of Work 3

4 Data Requirement 4

5 Study Area 5

6 Methodology 8

7 Preliminary Investigations 12

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1. INTRODUCTION

M/s UP Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (UPRVUNL) has an existing

2x105 MW Thermal Power Plant at Panki, Kanpur. The 2X105 MW units are

more than 35 years old and were planned to be phased out and replaced with

1x660 MW STP in 2010. But due to high air pollution in the Kanpur area, the

clearance for the same was not accorded. Based on the assessment report 2013

submitted by UPPCB to CPCB, Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) had

lifted moratorium from Kanpur, a critically polluted area on 17.09.2013.

The water requirement for the proposed project has been estimated to be 1927

m3/hr (18.9 Cusec) and would be met from the existing allocation for the Panki

TPS of UPRVUNL from lower Ganga Canal. The ash water from the ash dyke

shall be re-circulated with the help of AWRS. All the plant liquid effluents shall

be mixed in CMB and finally will be used for Green Belt Development in the

plant premises.

The (MoEF) has yet to accord the Environmental Clearance (EC) for Panki TPS

(1x660 MW). MoEF has asked the M/s UPRVUNL, PSTP to comply with the

general guidelines for the EC clearance of the proposed plan.

Keeping this in view, Sh. Ranjan Srivastava, Superintending Engineer (Civil),

PTPS, Panki, Kanpur approached National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee vide

email dated 09.10.2015 to provide an offer for conducting hydrogeological

study for the project in compliance to MOEF conditions for 1x660 MW Super

Thermal Project, Panki.

Keeping in view the above, a proposal was submitted to Superintending

Engineer (Civil), PTPS, Panki, Kanpur on 14.10.2015. The proposal was

accepted by M/s UPRVUNL and the project was awarded to national Institute

of Hydrology Roorkee vide letter 63/PTPS/1x660 MW New Project dated

04.11.2015. (Annexure I).

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2. OBJECTIVES

The main objectives envisaged for the present consultancy study are as

follows:

1. Hydrogeological investigations and suggestions for mitigation

measures to be taken up.

2. Isotopic study in the direction for groundwater flow and the

remediation plan.

3. Design of rainwater scheme for the built-up and open area.

4. To design the piezometers around ash pond area to check leach ability

from ash pond

5. To analyze the surface and groundwater quality around the ash pond.

6. To analyze the radioactivity and heavy metal content of the coal and

ash.

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3. SCOPE OF WORK

To achieve the objectives, scope of work shall include:

A. Surface Water Hydrology:

1. To ascertain the interconnectivity of the aquifer system and surface

water - groundwater interaction

2. To suggest the remediation measures for protection of groundwater

from pollution.

3. Collection of samples from groundwater, surface water and, ash pond

water (Total 20 -25 samples) during pre and post monsoon seasons.

4. Isotopic analysis (δD and δ18O) for finding the interaction of ash pond

water with groundwater, if any.

5. Prepare Bill Of Quantity(BOQ) for the total scheme

6. Render technical support during implementation of the project

7. Layout plan of piezometer network shall be provided

8. Design of the piezometers including depth, diameter, position of

screen etc shall be provided

9. Six piezometers shall be constructed in the ash pond area (Depth of

piezometer 30 m, dia 4”).

10. Leach ability shall include the chemical constituents present in the

groundwater vis-à-vis ash and soil chemical properties

B. Ground Water Hydrology:

1. Preparation of subsurface aquifer geometry based on borehole drilling

data.

2. Preparation of groundwater flow direction map

3. Pumping test in the existing bore well to determine the aquifer

characteristics

4. Prepare a Master Plan/Layout of the Rainwater Harvesting Scheme

5. To identify the potentials and measures for rain water harvesting and

regeneration of degenerated water bodies, if any.

6. Prepare a Detailed Project Report on Rainwater Harvesting after

surveying and assessing the total project area, studying the General

Layout Plan and other documents related to Rainwater harvesting.

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4. DATA REQUIREMENT

Following data are required for undertaking various studies to decipher the

hydro-geology of the study area:

a) Physiographic Data /Maps

1. Topographical map of the study area

2. Location map showing the location of the plan site, villages etc.

3. Land use map

4. Cross-sections and Longitudinal section of the source river.

5. Map showing location of various surface and ground water sources.

6. Drainage map of the area.

b) Geological Data

1. Geological map of the area

2. Structural map of the area along with details of fractures, joints etc.

3. Litho logs/geological information surrounding area

c) Surface Water Data

1. Daily/Monthly rainfall and evaporation data (for at least past 10

years),

2. Gauge and discharge data of the source River and/or streams flowing

within/nearby the plan area, if any.

3. Water Levels of the reservoir.

4. Water quality data of surface water sources

d) Groundwater data

1. Water level data at different observation wells for unconfined /

confined aquifers,

2. Aquifer parameters such as; hydraulic conductivity and storage

coefficient of each layer and thickness of each layer,

3. Existing groundwater practices such as; withdrawal and uses

4. Pumping data - groundwater withdrawal through pumping which

should include existing and new tube wells, bore wells, large diameter

wells, screen depth, duration of pumping and capacity of the wells

etc.

5. Isotopic data of groundwater

6. Water quality data of ground water

5

5. STUDY AREA

The Kanpur Nagar district lies in middle of Uttar Pradesh State. It lies between 25°55’ and 27° North latitude and 79°30’ and 80°35’ East longitudes in Survey of India Toposheet No. 54N and 63B. The proposed site is located in Kanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. This Thermal Power Plant is centralized among the places Surar from West, Vijaya Nagar-Kalyanpur Road from North- East, Bhimsen from South West and Kalpi Road from East from direction. The satellite image of the study area is shown in Figure-1.

Figure-1: Satellite image of the study area. PHYSIOGRAPHY

Kanpur district forms a part of Ganga sub -basin in the Central Indo-Gangatic Plain. It exhibits more or less a flat topography with the master slope from north-west to south-east. The average elevation of land surface is 125 m.a.m.s.l. The area is drained by the river Gange and its tributary

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Pandu. The area of city has been geomorphologically divided into two units, i.e., (i) Low lands or Younger Alluvial Plain, and (ii) Up lands or Older Alluvial Plain. The Low land or Younger Alluvial Plain is a flat to gently sloping and slightly undulating terrain of large areal extent, formed by river deposition, and is limited along river Ganga with the breadth not exceeding 5 km. The sediments comprise of Recent unconsolidated alluvial material of varying lithology. The fluvial land-forms such as palaeochannel, meander scar and oxbow lakes are common features. Further west of Younger Alluvial Plain is the area of stable upland which has been produced by extensive deposition of older alluvium comprising of coarse to fine sand, silt and clay. The patches of salt encrustations have been reported in the area around Panki and Chakeri. CLIMATE

The area experiences sub-tropical climate with average normal annual rainfall as 833.50 mm which is mostly received through the south-west monsoon. (Monsoon-771.0 mm and Non-monsoon-62.5 mm). The mean maximum monthly temperature (41.7oC) has been recorded during May and minimum (22.8oC) in January, the average annual maximum and minimum being 32.1oC and 19.3oC, respectively. During peak summer the temperature sometimes shoots upto 46oC while in peak winter it becomes as low as 4oC. HYDROGEOLOGY

Kanpur district forms a part of Central Ganga Alluvial Plain, underlined by unconsolidated sediments of Quaternary age comprising silt, clay, sand of various grades, gravel and kankar in varying proportion. The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has undertaken exploratory drilling of 7 wells upto a maximum depth of 500 m out of 7 wells, 6 wells have been converted into production wells. Study of the boreholes drilled by C.G.W.B. under its exploratory/deposit well programme and a subsequent perusal of sub -surface geological cross-sections, reveal the following scenario of sub-surface configuration.

1. The unconsolidated alluvial sediments deposited over the undulatory surface of the basement rock, (encountered in borehole at Panki at the depth of 505 mbgl) show alternative clay and granular beds. The sandy horizons at different depths form the main repository of ground water.

2. The thick pile of sediments down to bed rock broadly, consist of 3 tier aquifer system as below:-

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Aquifer Group Hydrological condition 1st Group of Shallow Aquifers (upto 150 m depth bgl)

Ground Water occurs under unconfined to semi confined conditions. The aquifers of this group do not appear to hold good promise for ground water development due to their lensoidal nature. Shallow tubewells ranging upto 100m depth tapping 7 to 20 metres of saturated granular zones, yield 7 to 20 lps at drawdown ranging between 4 to 7 metres. The tubewells, 101 to 175 meter deep and tapping 10.5 to 49.0 m of saturated granular zones, yield 12 to 27 lps at drawdown ranging between 5.85 and 10.45 m. Static water level in these wells varies from 6 to 14 meters. Generally, the tubewells tapping the 1st Group of aquifers are moderately yielding but do not give sustained water supply during the peak summer period.

2nd Group of Moderately Deep Aqufiers (Existing between 150-250m depth):

Ground water occurs under confined conditions. This particular aquifer group has not been exclusively tapped in any tubewell due to its poor quality of formation water. However, it has been observed that whenever even partly this aquifer group has been tapped in any tubewell along with overlying aquifer group, the yield of the well has remarkably increase, which confirms its potentialities. It appears that the confineness of this aquifer group due to overlying and underlying clay beds has restricted its flushing, resulting in the occurrence of poor quality of water in the aquifer.

3rd Group of Deep Aquifers (below 250 m depth):

Ground water occurs under confined conditions. The piezometric level of the deep aquifers ranges between 12.00 an 19.00 mbgl. The aquifers of this group are holding good promise for ground water development. Deep tubewells, 338 to 400m deep, tapping 34 to 89m of saturated granular zones, yield 31 to 60 lps at drawdown ranging between 4 and 17m.

Depth to Water Level:

Depth to water level in Kanpur metropolis generally varies from 6 to 16 mbgl during pre-monsoon period all along the vicinity of river Ganga, and in the range of 12 and 16 mbgl in the other part of City. The depth gradually reduces towards western direction. During Postmonsoon period water level shows a minor rise due to replenishment of aquifer by monsoon precipitation. Ground Water Flow

The pre-monsoon water table elevation contours shows the highest water level elevation of 122 m in the western parts of Metropolis and lowest i.e. less than 107 m along river Ganga. The gradient of ground water table is steeper along the Ganga. The pattern of contours indicates that

8

the ground water flow is, generally in eastern direction confirming the effluent nature of river Ganga.

6. METHODOLOGY

A brief of the methodology to be adopted for achieving various objectives and scope elements of the study is given below in Table 1:

Table 1: Methodology vis-a-vis objective/scope of the study

S.

No.

Objective/Scope Methodology

LITERATURE REVIEW

L1 Detailed review of documents/reports already available

All the data / reports / literature available with organizations such as GSI, CWC, CGWB, IMD, State WRD and Groundwater Department etc. shall be collected and reviewed for various hydrological and hydro-geological aspects. Report of Groundwater Estimation committee shall also be referred.

SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY S1. Review available study

on water availability from the identified source.

All the available data / reports / literature available with CGWB and other organizations shall be collected and reviewed for various aspects such as source water availability, allocation, downstream users, trends in water utilization in the past etc. Long term discharge data and meteorological data shall be analysed for assessment of sustainability of source.

S2. To study drainage pattern of the study area

Top sheets / Satellite data shall be used for preparation of drainage map of the study area. Satellite data for pre- and post-monsoon periods shall be procured from National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad.

S3. Identification of surface water bodies (including degenerated water bodies) within study area

Surface water bodies shall be identified from Satellite data. Field survey shall be carried out for ground verification and to check the health of the water bodies. Efforts shall be made to include information related to their location detail, present status, exploitation and potential for development etc.

S4. Review available study on surface water quality and current sources of contamination, if any

Available literature/studies shall be reviewed for water quality assessment and contamination of surface water sources. Water samples shall be collected and analysed. Interrelationship between surface water quality and current

9

sources of contamination, if any, shall be evaluated based on water quality characteristics

S5. Review the available study on overall impact of construction structures and drawl of water for operation of power on surface water hydrology

All available studies/literature shall be reviewed. Impact of construction activity on surface water hydrology shall be studied based on the impact on runoff generation from the area.

S6. To identify the potential and measures for rain water harvesting and regeneration of degenerated water bodies, if any

Rainwater harvesting potential shall be computed based on rainfall and terrain characteristics of the area. Coefficients for runoff generation from various types of land uses shall be used. Rainwater harvesting measures shall be suggested for possible regeneration of degraded ground water quality, if any. Standard water harvesting techniques shall be used.

S7. To develop a plan for annual review and monitoring of surface water systems in the study area

Monitoring network shall be developed /suggested based on the possible impact on water quality of surface water systems in the study area, if any. Specific locations of source for monitoring, parameters to be monitored, methodology for monitoring and assessment and frequency of monitoring shall be suggested.

GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY

G1. Define the present hydro-geological scenario of the study area through water table contour map

Available data on ground water levels shall be collected and used for preparation of contour map. This map along with other hydro-geological data shall be used to analyse the present hydro-geological scenario of the study area.

G2 Identify aquifers, their characteristics and present levels of exploitation, assessment of groundwater depletion, if any

Aquifers shall be identified based on field surveys, bore logs/litho logs data, pumping tests data etc. Draft of groundwater shall be evaluated based on sample survey. Information/data from available reports and other literature shall be used. The aquifer disposition shall be prepared using Rockworks software.

G3 To establish hydraulic characteristics of aquifers present in project area, especially ash pond area

Pumping tests shall be carried out in and around ash pond area to establish the hydraulic characteristics of the project area in general and ash pond area in particular

G4 Estimation of annual recharge and utilization of ground water in pre-project and post-project condition, as per GEC

Groundwater recharge and groundwater availability in the area will be determined based on hydro-geological conditions and available data/literature. Infiltration tests shall also be carried out.

10

norms G5 To identify the potential

and measures for rain water harvesting and augmenting ground water recharge

Rainwater harvesting potential shall be computed based on rainfall and terrain characteristics of the area. Coefficients for runoff generation from various types of land uses shall be used. Rainwater harvesting measures shall be suggested based on aquifer characteristics/ hydro-geology of study area. Standard water harvesting techniques shall be used.

G6 Review the available study on groundwater quality and current sources of contamination, if any

Available literature shall be reviewed and interrelationship between ground water quality and current sources of contamination, if any, shall be evaluated based on water quality characteristics and isotopic characterization of ground water

G7 To evaluate overall impact of construction and operation of power project on the ground water systems

The impact shall be assessed based on ground water level data, water quality assessment and hydro-geological conditions in ash pond area.

G8 To develop a monitoring network for annual review and monitoring of ground water levels and quality

Monitoring network shall be developed/ suggested based on the variation in water levels and water quality data of groundwater. Specific locations of source, parameters to be monitored, methodology for monitoring and assessment and frequency of monitoring shall also be suggested.

G9 Measures for prevention of groundwater contamination from the ash pond area

The measures suitable for prevention of seepage contamination, such as type of ash pond lining (if required) or construction of toe drain to arrest the seepage water (if any) shall be suggested based on hydro geological conditions.

FIELD STUDIES

F1. Detailed geological mapping of the study area including identification of litho units, structural features, fracture patterns etc.

This shall be done based on the well logs/litho logs data, available reports and satellite imageries.

F2. Well logging for water level measurements as well as water quality monitoring to determine hydraulic gradients and groundwater flow

Water levels shall be measured using water level indicators. The RL of the wells shall be measured either through differential GPS or ground surveys. For determination of water quality, samples will be collected and analysed using standard methods. Water level and water quality shall be measured both in pre and post

11

characteristics using flow net analysis: Pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons

monsoon seasons

F3. Pumping tests to estimate variation in hydraulic characteristics

Pumping tests shall be carried out in the ash pond area to establish the hydraulic characteristics which should include existing and new test well (at least one pumping and three observation wells of varying depth)

F4. Infiltration studies for determining rate of infiltration in and around ash disposal site

Infiltration tests shall be carried out using double ring infiltrometer or mini disc infiltrometer at minimum 10 locations in and around ash disposal site both in pre and post monsoon seasons

F5. Monitoring of surface and groundwater quality.

Water quality parameters like, pH, EC, DO, BOD, COD, NH3, Major cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe), major anions (CO3, HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO3, and PO4), Heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Hg, As, Cr, Pb) during pre and post monsoon seasons.

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7. PRELIMENARY INVESTIGATIONS

Preliminary investigations for hydrogeological studies were started in the

month of January and a field visit was under taken by Dr. Sudhir Kumar,

Principal Investigator of the project. Visit was made to the ash dyke and the

plant area and also to the water intake point from the Lower Ganga Canal.

Some preliminary groundwater levels were also monitored in the buffer area.

The elevation of the measuring points were measured using GPS. Based on the

preliminary groundwater level monitoring, depth to groundwater and water

level maps have been prepared and are given in Figure 2 and 3.

Figure 2: Groundwater Level Map (amsl) of the Buffer area.

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Figure 3: Depth to groundwater map of the Buffer area

Figure 2, the groundwater level map, indicates that the water table is

sloping towards East and Northeast, the direction in which river Ganga flows.

Figure 3, the depth to groundwater map, indicates that the water table is

shallow in the western p[art of the area than in the eastern and northeastern

part of the area. This increase in depth of groundwater may be due to heavy

pumping of groundwater in the Kanpur city.

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