Alexi Marmot [email protected]
Professor of Facility and Environment ManagementUCL, Bartlett School of Graduate Studies
EAUC Conference Bangor University 22 March 2010
Space matters:Whatever is university and college space doing
Universities - sustainable, growing 1000 years
Bodleian Library, Oxford; Kings College, Cambridge; Web images Jan 2008, Mar 2010
1000 years of universities
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
2100 Year
108
8 B
olo
gn
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115
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167
Oxf
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120
9 C
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141
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145
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495
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158
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197
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195
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2 D
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188
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HE and FE - vast activity sector
college university
No. Institutions 440 160
Student FTE (mill.) 1.53 1.57
Sq m (mill. gross int GIA) 10.1 25.6
e-Mandate 2005/6 and EMS 2006/7
colleges
Telford College; S-E Essex College; Newcastle College; Ravensbourne College; City & Islington College; Web images, Mar 2010
HE and FE - large environmental footprint
college university
Energy (mill. kWh/yr) 2,251 7,256
Water (mill. m3/yr) 5.8 25.4
% waste recycled 11% 24%
e-Mandate 2005/6 and EMS 2006/7
Environmental footprint per learner FTE
college university
Energy (kWh/yr) 1,365 3,365
CO2 (kg) na 996
Water (m3/yr) 3.3 11.8
e-Mandate 2005/6; EMS 2006/7
Annual fuel cost (£/m2 of treated floor area)
Building type
electricityfossil fuelsAssumed fuel costs : gas 1.3 p/kwh electricity 5.7 p/kwh
£56.2£57.9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Churches
School - Primary
School - Secondary no pool
School - Secondary with pool
Warehouse - storage and distribution
Office - naturally ventilated cellular
Further Education
Libraries
Banks and building societies
Office - naturally ventilated open plan
University - academic buildings
Factory - light manufacturing
Police station
Factories - general manufacturing
Dry sports centre
University - Residential buildings
Museums
Hospital - small acute
Crown and county courts
Hotel - business or holiday
Office - A/C standard
Prisons
Shops - small non-food
Cinemas
Sports - and recreation centre with pool
Department stores
Theat res
Office - A/C prestige
Supermarkets
Restaurant with bar
Energy use and CO2 emissions moderate but growing
academic building
residential building
overlit
our buildings are
overheated or overcooled
our buildings are
undercontrolled
our buildings are
underutilised
our buildings are
HE energy consumption is reducing …
Median energy consumption kW/h (D38A) per student FTE (D4) C1
3,000
3,200
3,400
3,600
3,800
4,000
4,200
4,400
4,600
UK 4,436 3,831 3,909 3,819 3,616 3,365
2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Source: IPD (Nov-Dec 2008) EMS Briefing Seminar and Workshop, slide 26
Activity growth outstrips space growth
• 15% HE student growth in five years (2001/2 - 2006/7)
• only 8% space growth
Source: IPD (Nov-Dec 2008) EMS Briefing Seminar and Workshop, slide 17
Space & student HE choices
Q. “How important were the following
when choosing which university or college to
apply to?”
A. % saying the following issues are
“very important”.
Source: Forum for the Future, Future Leaders Survey
2007/08
Source: National Student Survey IPSOSS/MORI
Mean score (out of 5) (162,000 full time students 2007)
4.00 Teaching on my course3.52 Assessment and feedback3.82 Academic support3.79 Organisation and management4.08 Learning resources4.02 Personal development4.01 Overall satisfaction
NSS scarcely addresses space and facilities
teaching30%
research15%support
21%
other8%
balance26%
How is space allocated? UK HEIs excluding residential
Source: HEFCE (2007/8), Performance in Higher Education Estates. EMS Report 2006 Annex A Table 11
HE space norms decreasing for twenty years
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Pre
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ical
Clin
ical
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NOCAG (1987)
SMG (2006)
Source: Space Management Group (2006) Review of Space Norms
FE space norms are decreasing
Source: Space Management Group (2006) Review of Space Norms
PCFC (1990)
SMG (2006)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
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TE
Wide range of area eg research workstations
From HEFCE (2006) Promoting space efficiency in building design, p 18
2.2 1.91.4 1.4 1.2 1 0.9
4 3.73 2.8
2.1 2.11.2
7.9
4.43.6 3.5
3
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Cambridge Birkbecktype 1
Oxford Sussex ImperialCollegetype 1
Birkbecktype 2
ImperialCollegetype 2
sqmDesk surface
Workstation footprint
Room average
Utilisation of teaching space
college university
Actual 32% 25%
Target 31% 30%
Utilisation = frequency x occupancy
Actual: e-Mandate 2005/6 and EMS 2006/7
all teaching facilities are underused
out of term (30%)
weekends (20%)
evenings (30%)
available for use (20%)
recommended utilisation (7%)
What should university and colleges space be doing?
• improve space management• extend teaching hours• flex the academic year• introduce more activities• multi-functional spaces• explore distance learning
• build to last for low carbon economy• radical retrofit• unite research and action• deliver 80% CO2 reduction projects
now• localised demonstration projects
• signpost the future to all students
“take action to influence the leaders of tomorrow by creating a sustainable future today”
Professor Lord Stern of Brentford, LSE in Sustainable Development in HE, (2009)
