Spiritual DirectionSpiritual DirectionAn Introductory Course An Introductory Course

for Priests, Deacons, for Priests, Deacons, and Candidatesand CandidatesCommunity of Jesus Community of Jesus

CrucifiedCrucified

Our Lady of Sorrows Our Lady of Sorrows Retreat CenterRetreat Center

Fr. Michael Champagne, Fr. Michael Champagne, CJCCJC

Tentative Schedule January 22 Introduction to Nature and

Need for Spiritual Direction January 29 Some Guiding Principles in

Giving and Seeking Spiritual Direction

February 5 Using Well the Means to Holiness (at Knight Hall

Fatima) February 12 Understanding the

Supernatural Organism – The Three Ages of the Spiritual Life

Schedule (cont.)

February 19 Directing a Person who is Discerning the Priesthood

or Religious Life (Fr. Joe Palermo)

February 26 Pastoral Counseling and Spiritual Direction: Respecting Differences (Mario Sacasa, Ed.S, LMFT)

March 5 No Class (Priestly Association) March 12 Learning to Pray and

Progressing in Prayer

Schedule (cont.)

March 19 The Role of Actual Grace in the Spiritual Life

March 26 Dealing with Extraordinary Phenomena in Spiritual Direction

Select QuestionsSelect Questions What is Spiritual Direction?What is Spiritual Direction? Is Spiritual Direction necessary?Is Spiritual Direction necessary? Why does one need Spiritual Direction?Why does one need Spiritual Direction? Is Spiritual Direction spoken of in the Bible?Is Spiritual Direction spoken of in the Bible? What do the Saints say about Spiritual What do the Saints say about Spiritual

Direction?Direction? What does the Church say about Spiritual What does the Church say about Spiritual

Direction?Direction? What are the differences between Counseling What are the differences between Counseling

and Spiritual Direction?and Spiritual Direction?

Is there a difference between the Office Is there a difference between the Office of Confessor and the Office of Spiritual of Confessor and the Office of Spiritual Director?Director?

What are the technical qualities of a What are the technical qualities of a good Spiritual Director?good Spiritual Director?

What are the moral qualities of a good What are the moral qualities of a good Director?Director?

What are some of the duties of the What are some of the duties of the Spiritual Director?Spiritual Director?

What are the qualities to be expected in What are the qualities to be expected in the one directed?the one directed?

What are some classes of directees What are some classes of directees where good spiritual direction is crucial?where good spiritual direction is crucial?

How does one choose a Spiritual How does one choose a Spiritual Director?Director?

When is it advisable/permissible to When is it advisable/permissible to change directors?change directors?

Can one consult a number of Can one consult a number of spiritual directors?spiritual directors?

Can I do spiritual direction in Can I do spiritual direction in cyberspace?cyberspace?

What are some solid resources on What are some solid resources on Spiritual Direction?Spiritual Direction?

What is Spiritual Direction?What is Spiritual Direction? Definition: “the art of leading souls Definition: “the art of leading souls

progressively from the beginning of progressively from the beginning of the spiritual life to the height of the spiritual life to the height of Christian perfection” (Royo, 593).Christian perfection” (Royo, 593). it is an art – a practical scienceit is an art – a practical science it is progressive – according to it is progressive – according to

the strength and disposition of the strength and disposition of the soul directedthe soul directed

it is oriented toward the it is oriented toward the perfection of the Christian lifeperfection of the Christian life

Is Spiritual Direction Is Spiritual Direction necessary?necessary? Not absolutely necessary, Not absolutely necessary,

morally necessarymorally necessary Not needed if one is not Not needed if one is not

serious about living the serious about living the spiritual life – waste of spiritual life – waste of director’s timedirector’s time

most saints had a director most saints had a director or someone who gave them or someone who gave them spiritual counselspiritual counsel

Why does one need it?Why does one need it? Necessity of a “third” personNecessity of a “third” person

To be an observerTo be an observer For objectivityFor objectivity ““Dose of reality”Dose of reality” God uses mediatorGod uses mediator

More knowledge and experience in a guideMore knowledge and experience in a guide To diagnose where you areTo diagnose where you are To lead you to the “next step”To lead you to the “next step” Part of Prudence to seek counselPart of Prudence to seek counsel

Merit of humility and obedienceMerit of humility and obedience Protection from the pitfalls of self and the devilProtection from the pitfalls of self and the devil

Is it in the Bible?Is it in the Bible? Eccl. 4:10 “If the one falls, the other will help Eccl. 4:10 “If the one falls, the other will help

the fallen one. But woe to the solitary person! the fallen one. But woe to the solitary person! If that one should fall, there is no other to If that one should fall, there is no other to help.”help.”

Tobit 4:18 “Seek counsel from every wise Tobit 4:18 “Seek counsel from every wise man, and do not think lightly of any advice man, and do not think lightly of any advice that can be useful.”that can be useful.”

Sirach 32:18-19 “The thoughtful man will not Sirach 32:18-19 “The thoughtful man will not neglect direction…Do nothing without neglect direction…Do nothing without counsel, and then you need have no regrets.”counsel, and then you need have no regrets.”

2 Cor. 5:20 “So we are ambassadors for 2 Cor. 5:20 “So we are ambassadors for Christ, as if God were appealing through us.”  Christ, as if God were appealing through us.” 

What do the Saints say about Spiritual What do the Saints say about Spiritual Direction?Direction? ““To believe that one does not need To believe that one does not need

counsel is a great pride” St. Basilcounsel is a great pride” St. Basil ““Do not be your own master and do Do not be your own master and do

not set out upon a way that is not set out upon a way that is entirely new for you without a entirely new for you without a guide; otherwise you will soon go guide; otherwise you will soon go astray” (St. Jerome)astray” (St. Jerome)

““As a blind man cannot follow the As a blind man cannot follow the good road without a leader, no one good road without a leader, no one can walk without a guide” (St. can walk without a guide” (St. Augustine)Augustine)

““He who constitutes himself his own He who constitutes himself his own director, becomes the disciple of a fool” director, becomes the disciple of a fool” (St. Bernard)(St. Bernard)

““Our Lord, without whom we can do Our Lord, without whom we can do nothing, will never grant His grace to nothing, will never grant His grace to one who, having at his disposition a man one who, having at his disposition a man capable of instructing and directing capable of instructing and directing him, neglects this powerful means of him, neglects this powerful means of sanctification, believing that he is sanctification, believing that he is sufficient to himself and that he can by sufficient to himself and that he can by his own powers seek and find the things his own powers seek and find the things useful to salvation” (St. Vincent Ferrer)useful to salvation” (St. Vincent Ferrer)

John of the Cross, John of the Cross, Living Flame of LoveLiving Flame of Love, , Cant. 3, n. 56Cant. 3, n. 56

Teresa of Avila, Teresa of Avila, Book of LifeBook of Life, c. 4 “I , c. 4 “I had no master—I mean, no confessorhad no master—I mean, no confessor—who understood me, though I —who understood me, though I sought for such a one for twenty sought for such a one for twenty years afterwards: which did me years afterwards: which did me much harm, in that I frequently went much harm, in that I frequently went backwards, and might have been backwards, and might have been even utterly lost; for, anyhow, a even utterly lost; for, anyhow, a director would have helped me to director would have helped me to escape the risks I ran of sinning escape the risks I ran of sinning against God.”against God.”

Francis de Sales, Francis de Sales, Introduction to a Devout LifeIntroduction to a Devout Life, , Bk. I, c. 4 “A faithful friend,” we are told in Holy Bk. I, c. 4 “A faithful friend,” we are told in Holy Scripture, “is a strong defense, and he that hath Scripture, “is a strong defense, and he that hath found such an one hath found a treasure;” and found such an one hath found a treasure;” and again: “A faithful friend is the medicine of life; again: “A faithful friend is the medicine of life; and they that fear the Lord shall find him.” These and they that fear the Lord shall find him.” These sacred words have chiefly reference, as you see, sacred words have chiefly reference, as you see, to the immortal life, with a view to which we to the immortal life, with a view to which we specially need a faithful friend, who will guide us specially need a faithful friend, who will guide us by his counsel and advice, thereby guarding us by his counsel and advice, thereby guarding us against the deceits and snares of the Evil One:—against the deceits and snares of the Evil One:—he will be as a storehouse of wisdom to us in our he will be as a storehouse of wisdom to us in our sorrows, trials and falls; he will be as a healing sorrows, trials and falls; he will be as a healing balm to stay and soothe our heart in the time balm to stay and soothe our heart in the time of spiritual sickness,—he will shield us from evil, of spiritual sickness,—he will shield us from evil, and confirm that which is good in us, and when and confirm that which is good in us, and when we fall through infirmity, he will avert the deadly we fall through infirmity, he will avert the deadly nature of the evil, and raise us up again.”nature of the evil, and raise us up again.”

What about the What about the Magisterium?Magisterium?

“ “It is part of the ordinary law It is part of the ordinary law that as God in His Providence that as God in His Providence has ordained that men for the has ordained that men for the most part should be saved by most part should be saved by men, so He has appointed that men, so He has appointed that those whom He calls to a higher those whom He calls to a higher degree of holiness should be degree of holiness should be guided thereto by men” (guided thereto by men” (Pope Leo Pope Leo XIII, XIII, Testem benevolentiaeTestem benevolentiae, Jan. 22, , Jan. 22, 1899)1899)

“ “Moreover, it should be added that Moreover, it should be added that those who strive to sanctify themselves, those who strive to sanctify themselves, by the very fact that they strive to follow by the very fact that they strive to follow a way that is little frequented, are more a way that is little frequented, are more exposed to deceive themselves and exposed to deceive themselves and therefore they, more than others, need a therefore they, more than others, need a doctor and guide. And this method of doctor and guide. And this method of procedure has always been seen in the procedure has always been seen in the Church. This doctrine was unanimously Church. This doctrine was unanimously taught by all those who, in the course of taught by all those who, in the course of centuries, flourished in wisdom and centuries, flourished in wisdom and sanctity. And those who reject it shall sanctity. And those who reject it shall not do so without temerity and danger” not do so without temerity and danger” (Pope Leo XIII, (Pope Leo XIII, Testem benevolentiaeTestem benevolentiae, , Jan. 22, 1899)Jan. 22, 1899)

Is Spiritual Direction Is Spiritual Direction addressed in Recent addressed in Recent

Magisterial Documents?Magisterial Documents? Optatam TotiusOptatam Totius (1965) par. 3, (1965) par. 3,

1919 Codex Iuris CanoniciCodex Iuris Canonici (1983) par. (1983) par.

239.2, 240.2239.2, 240.2 Pastores Dabo VobisPastores Dabo Vobis (1992) par. (1992) par.

40.3, 50.4, 66.1, 66.4, 81.340.3, 50.4, 66.1, 66.4, 81.3 Catechism of the Catholic Catechism of the Catholic

ChurchChurch (1992) par. 1435, 2690, (1992) par. 1435, 2690, 26952695

Codex Iuris CanoniciCodex Iuris Canonici (1983) (1983) Can. 239 §2. Every seminary is to have at Can. 239 §2. Every seminary is to have at

least one spiritual director, though the least one spiritual director, though the students remain free to approach other students remain free to approach other priests who have been designated for priests who have been designated for this function by the bishop.this function by the bishop.

Can. 240 §2. When decisions are made Can. 240 §2. When decisions are made about admitting students to orders or about admitting students to orders or dismissing them from the seminary, the dismissing them from the seminary, the opinion of the spiritual director and opinion of the spiritual director and confessors can never be sought.confessors can never be sought.

Catechism of the Catholic ChurchCatechism of the Catholic Church 14351435 Conversion is accomplished in  Conversion is accomplished in

daily life by gestures of reconciliation, daily life by gestures of reconciliation, concern for the poor, the exercise and concern for the poor, the exercise and defense of justice and right, by the defense of justice and right, by the admission of faults to one's brethren, admission of faults to one's brethren, fraternal correction, revision of life, fraternal correction, revision of life, examination of conscience, spiritual examination of conscience, spiritual direction, acceptance of suffering, direction, acceptance of suffering, endurance of persecution for the sake endurance of persecution for the sake of righteousness. Taking up one's of righteousness. Taking up one's cross each day and following Jesus is cross each day and following Jesus is the surest way of penance. the surest way of penance.

26902690 The Holy Spirit gives to certain of the  The Holy Spirit gives to certain of the faithful the gifts of wisdom, faith and faithful the gifts of wisdom, faith and discernment for the sake of this common good discernment for the sake of this common good which is prayer (which is prayer (spiritual directionspiritual direction). Men and ). Men and women so endowed are true servants of the women so endowed are true servants of the living tradition of prayer. According to St. John living tradition of prayer. According to St. John of the Cross, the person wishing to advance of the Cross, the person wishing to advance toward perfection should "take care into whose toward perfection should "take care into whose hands he entrusts himself, for as the master is, hands he entrusts himself, for as the master is, so will the disciple be, and as the father is so so will the disciple be, and as the father is so will be the son." And further: "In addition to will be the son." And further: "In addition to being learned and discreet a director should be being learned and discreet a director should be experienced. . . . If the spiritual director has no experienced. . . . If the spiritual director has no experience of the spiritual life, he will be experience of the spiritual life, he will be incapable of leading into it the souls whom God incapable of leading into it the souls whom God is calling to it, and he will not even understand is calling to it, and he will not even understand them."them."

Encouragement to Priests and Deacons to do Spiritual

Direction “Would it be rash for us to fear that

many priests will receive a frightful shock at the Last Judgment when they find out that they are, to a certain extent, responsible for the mediocrity and even the loss of souls, because they neglected to study the art of spiritual direction and would not take the trouble to practice it?” (Dom Chautard, The Soul of the Apostolate, p. 172)

“Hardly ten in a thousand called by God to perfection heed the call; of a hundred called to contemplation, ninety-nine fail to respond. It must be acknowledged that one of the principal causes is the lack of spiritual directors. Under God, they are the pilots who conduct souls through this unknown ocean of the spiritual life. If no science, no art, how simple so ever, can be learned well without a master, much less can anyone learn this high wisdom of evangelical perfection, wherein such great mysteries are found. This is the reason why I hold it morally impossible that a soul could, without a miracle or without a master, go through what is the highest and most arduous in the spiritual life, without running the risk of perishing” (Godinez, Praxis theologicae mysticae).

What is the Difference What is the Difference between Counseling and between Counseling and

Spiritual Direction?Spiritual Direction? Client-centeredClient-centered Concerned with Concerned with

“problem”“problem”

About relationships About relationships with others, selfwith others, self

Seeks resolution of Seeks resolution of emotional conflictemotional conflict

Personal well-being is Personal well-being is desired resultdesired result

Self = center of personSelf = center of person Relationships with Relationships with

others viewed as others viewed as affecting selfaffecting self

God-centeredGod-centered Concerned with Concerned with

spiritual progressspiritual progress About relationship with About relationship with

GodGod

Seeks intimacy with GodSeeks intimacy with God

Doing God’s Will for me Doing God’s Will for me is desired resultis desired result

God = center of personGod = center of person All relationships are All relationships are

viewed as God-centeredviewed as God-centered

CounselingCounseling Spiritual Spiritual DirectionDirection

““Being real” is being “in Being real” is being “in touch with myself”touch with myself”

Purpose is self-Purpose is self-actualizationactualization

Result is achieved Result is achieved through behavior changethrough behavior change

By guidance and group By guidance and group dynamicsdynamics

Enlightened by results of Enlightened by results of research studiesresearch studies

Frees self to enjoy Frees self to enjoy pleasures of this-world pleasures of this-world existenceexistence

““Being real” is opening Being real” is opening up to Godup to God

Purpose is coming in Purpose is coming in possession of Godpossession of God

Result is achieved by Result is achieved by release of force of Gracerelease of force of Grace

By responding to actual By responding to actual gracesgraces

Enlightened by Enlightened by revelations of Jesus’ revelations of Jesus’ TeachingTeaching

Frees person to Frees person to encounter pleasure of encounter pleasure of God’s LoveGod’s Love

CounselingCounseling Spiritual Spiritual DirectionDirection

Protective of a strong Protective of a strong “ego center”“ego center”

To experience the most To experience the most of my time on earthof my time on earth

To make most of what To make most of what others can mean to meothers can mean to me

To avoid pain and To avoid pain and displeasure (displeasure (dis-easedis-ease))

To love others for To love others for myselfmyself

To love others so I can To love others so I can love my “higher power”love my “higher power”

Displace “ego center” to Displace “ego center” to “God-within” as center“God-within” as center

To experience the To experience the deepest of my reality/calldeepest of my reality/call

To sacrifice myself to To sacrifice myself to make life meaningful for make life meaningful for othersothers

To be unafraid to suffer To be unafraid to suffer for lovefor love

To love others as myselfTo love others as myself To love God so that I can To love God so that I can

love otherslove others

Is there a Difference between Is there a Difference between the Office of Confessor and the Office of Confessor and

the Office of Spiritual the Office of Spiritual Director?Director?

judge vs. teacher, guide, and judge vs. teacher, guide, and counselorcounselor

fittingness of priest as directorfittingness of priest as director fittingness of same priest as fittingness of same priest as

confessor and directorconfessor and director obligation of priest to hear obligation of priest to hear

confessions and freedom of confessions and freedom of priest to refuse office of spiritual priest to refuse office of spiritual director for any given souldirector for any given soul

What are the Technical What are the Technical Qualities of a Good Qualities of a Good

Director?Director? Learning – knowledge of Learning – knowledge of

spiritual life and soulsspiritual life and souls prudence in decisionsprudence in decisions clarity in counselingclarity in counseling firmness in exacting firmness in exacting

obedienceobedience experienceexperience

What are the Moral Qualities of a Good What are the Moral Qualities of a Good Spiritual Director?Spiritual Director?

holiness – holiness – nemo dat quod non habet!nemo dat quod non habet! Zeal for souls – Zeal for souls – Amor Christi urget nos!Amor Christi urget nos! Humility – readiness to consult others Humility – readiness to consult others

when needed, to prayerfully reflect when needed, to prayerfully reflect and avoid rash decisions, to receive and avoid rash decisions, to receive graces needed to be apt director of graces needed to be apt director of soulssouls

Disinterested – “Feed Disinterested – “Feed mymy sheep!” sheep!”

Essentials for the Direction of Souls

(Charles Doyle, Guidance in Spiritual Direction)

Adequate Seminary TrainingManual of Spiritual TheologyReading of the MastersPractice of the Virtues

What are some of the Duties What are some of the Duties of a Spiritual Director?of a Spiritual Director?

to know the soul being directedto know the soul being directed to be a good listenerto be a good listener

to give instructionto give instruction to encourage the soulto encourage the soul to direct the spiritual life of the to direct the spiritual life of the

soulsoul to correct defectsto correct defects to direct by to direct by progressiveprogressive stages stages to observe confidentialityto observe confidentiality to practice what he preaches – get to practice what he preaches – get

direction for himselfdirection for himself

What are Some of the Qualities that What are Some of the Qualities that Should be Present in the One Who seeks Should be Present in the One Who seeks Direction?Direction?

Qualities necessary for directionQualities necessary for direction sincerity – director should know all that sincerity – director should know all that

pertains to one’s spiritual lifepertains to one’s spiritual life there is freedom in choosing the director there is freedom in choosing the director

and freedom in discontinuing direction, but and freedom in discontinuing direction, but there must be obedience with regard to the there must be obedience with regard to the spiritual direction receivedspiritual direction received

vow of obedience – its acceptability and vow of obedience – its acceptability and cautionscautions

Perseverance – give relationship timePerseverance – give relationship time Discretion in revealing content of your Discretion in revealing content of your

spiritual direction to others – it may not spiritual direction to others – it may not apply to themapply to them

Classes of SoulsDom Jean-Baptiste Chautard, The Soul of the

Apostolate Hardened in Sin

Mortal sin – stubborn persistence

Prayer – deliberate refusal Surface Christianity

Mortal sin – trifling evil, easily forgiven

Prayer – mechanical and selfish

Mediocre Piety Mortal sin – weak resistance

by contrite Venial sin – accepts it Prayer – at times prays with

fervor Intermittent Piety

Mortal sin – resists & avoids near occasions and deep regrets when happens

Venial sin – sometimes commits deliberate venials. Has superficial sorrow.

Prayer – gives up meditation when it becomes difficult

Sustained Piety Mortal sin – never or rare Venial sin – rarely deliberate,

fights Imperfections – not too concerned Prayer – always faithful, often

affective Fervor

Venial sin – never deliberate Imperfections – doesn’t want them Prayer – prolonged; affective or

simple Relative Perfection

Imperfections – energetically guards

Prayer – infused, faithful even with much activity, great renunciation

Heroic Perfection Imperfections – only first impulse Prayer – contemplation, some

extra-ordinary phenomena, passive purgation intense

Complete Sanctity Imperfections – hardly apparent Prayer – transforming union; thirst

for sufferings and humiliations

Points to be taken up in the Direction of Beginners(Dom Chautard, The Soul of the

Apostolate, p. 180)PeaceHigh IdealPrayerSelf-Denial“All the essentials of

direction come down to these four points”

Peace

“Find out if the soul has genuine peace, not simply the peace which the world gives, or the peace that results from absence of struggle. If it has none, try to give the soul a relative peace, in spite of all its difficulties. This is the foundation of all direction. Calmness, recollection, and confidence also come in here.”

A High Ideal “As soon as you have collected enough

material to clarify the soul and to recognize its weak points, as well as its strength of character and temperament and its degree of striving for perfection, find out the best means of reviving its desire to live more seriously for Jesus Christ and of breaking down the obstacles which hinder the development of grace in it. In a word, what we want here is to get the soul to aim higher and higher all the time: always excelsior.”

Prayer

“Find out how the soul prays, and in particular, analyze its degree of fidelity to mental prayer, its method of mental prayer, the obstacles met with, and the profit drawn from it. What value does it get out of the Sacraments, the liturgical life, particular devotions, ejaculatory prayers, and the practice of the presence of God?”

Self-Denial

“Find out on what point, and especially how the particular examen is made, and in what manner self-denial is practiced, whether through hatred of sin or love of God. How well is custody of the heart kept: in other words, what amount of vigilance is there in the spiritual combat, and in preserving the spirit of prayer throughout the day?”

Some Points for Consideration

Boundaries Not friend, but director

Recreation, vacations, socialization Superior in office

Appropriate times and places Young directors and directing of women Use of discretion in assuming direction

and discontinuing direction

Best man, not the Bridegroom

Jesus to first Pope: “Feed my sheep; tend my lambs”

Like at Annunciation, action of Holy Spirit essential on both parties, but relationship is between God and soul

Avoid cultivating a dependence Limit time and frequency of visits Use obedience sparingly yet demand

responsivity Respect the integrity of the directee’s

intellect

Spiritual Direction Relationship is Mutually Free

Not all requests should be granted Young associate Busy pastor Retired priest

Not always a fit Need to keep objective in my judgment and

giving direction Someone of a different spirituality is often a

good fit Suggest a 3-month/3-session trial

Confidentiality “The spiritual director is obligated to observe

absolute secrecy in regard to the confidences he has received from the persons he directs, not only because many of these things are in some way connected with the internal forum, but also because the office of spiritual director obligates him to natural secrecy. The obligation to secrecy is especially important when it is a question of advanced souls who have experienced certain extraordinary phenomena and supernatural charisms. Although a director who comes into contact with such phenomena may have a strong inclination to discuss these things, he should remember that, as a rule, the narration of such things does nothing more than arouse morbid curiosity in others and dispose the director himself to feelings of pride and self-complacency” (J. Aumann, Spiritual Theology).

Catechism on Professional Secrets (CCC 2491)

Professional secrets - for example, those of political office holders, soldiers, physicians, and lawyers - or confidential information given under the seal of secrecy must be kept, save in exceptional cases where keeping the secret is bound to cause very grave harm to the one who confided it, to the one who received it or to a third party, and where the very grave harm can be avoided only by divulging the truth. Even if not confided under the seal of secrecy, private information prejudicial to another is not to be divulged without a grave and proportionate reason.

What are some classes of What are some classes of directees where direction is directees where direction is

crucial?crucial? Young man or woman discerning a Young man or woman discerning a

vocationvocation A beginner in the spiritual life coming off A beginner in the spiritual life coming off

a conversion retreat or weekend needing a conversion retreat or weekend needing help in entering into the spiritual lifehelp in entering into the spiritual life

Person experiencing strong temptations Person experiencing strong temptations and/or scruplesand/or scruples

Person in transition toward illuminative Person in transition toward illuminative way (passive night of sense)way (passive night of sense)

Person in transition toward unitive way Person in transition toward unitive way (passive night of spirit)(passive night of spirit)

Some Other Related Questions about Some Other Related Questions about Spiritual DirectionSpiritual Direction

How does one choose a Director?How does one choose a Director? Can I change my Director? And if so Can I change my Director? And if so

when is it permissible/advisable?when is it permissible/advisable? useless directionuseless direction harmful direction (“Bad direction harmful direction (“Bad direction

is worse than no direction”)is worse than no direction”) Can one have a number of spiritual Can one have a number of spiritual

directors?directors? Can I do spiritual direction by Can I do spiritual direction by

email?email?

What are Some Resources What are Some Resources on Spiritual Direction?on Spiritual Direction?

Garrigou-Lagrange, Reginald. Garrigou-Lagrange, Reginald. The Three Ages of The Three Ages of the Interior Lifethe Interior Life, vol. I, pp. 256-264., vol. I, pp. 256-264.

Parente, Pascal. Parente, Pascal. Spiritual DirectionSpiritual Direction. Abbey . Abbey Press, 1950.Press, 1950.

Doyle, Charles. Doyle, Charles. Guidance in Spiritual DirectionGuidance in Spiritual Direction. . Newman Press, 1959.Newman Press, 1959.

Royo, Antonio and Jordan Aumann. Royo, Antonio and Jordan Aumann. The Theology The Theology of Christian Perfectionof Christian Perfection, pp. 593-614., pp. 593-614.

Dubay, Thomas. Dubay, Thomas. Seeking Spiritual DirectionSeeking Spiritual Direction. . Servant Books, 1993.Servant Books, 1993.

Aumann, Jordan. Aumann, Jordan. Spiritual TheologySpiritual Theology, pp. 380-398., pp. 380-398. Tanquerey, Adolphe. Tanquerey, Adolphe. The Spiritual LifeThe Spiritual Life, pp. 257-, pp. 257-

270.270.