Chapter 3Chapter 3

GEE ScienceSummer Remediation

Mr. NashDonnie Bickham Middle School

Room 204

GEE ScienceSummer Remediation

Mr. NashDonnie Bickham Middle School

Room 204

The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms

Atomic Theory – states that all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space.

Atomic Theory – states that all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space.

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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms Atoms are made up of three subatomic particles:

Protons – positive charge Neutrons – no charge; neutral Electrons – negative charge

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons are made up of particles called quarks.

Protons and Neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom

Electrons are located outside the nucleus in random patterns, but clustered in electron shells.

Atoms are made up of three subatomic particles: Protons – positive charge Neutrons – no charge; neutral Electrons – negative charge

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons are made up of particles called quarks.

Protons and Neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom

Electrons are located outside the nucleus in random patterns, but clustered in electron shells.

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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms

Electron Shells The first electron shell has no more than two

electrons. The Second shell can have as many as eight

electrons. The other shells have varying numbers of electrons

depending on the number of electrons in the atom. The last electron shell usually will hold no more

than eight electrons.

Electron Shells The first electron shell has no more than two

electrons. The Second shell can have as many as eight

electrons. The other shells have varying numbers of electrons

depending on the number of electrons in the atom. The last electron shell usually will hold no more

than eight electrons.

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Properties of Elements In the Periodic Table

Properties of Elements In the Periodic Table

The number of protons in an atom gives the atom its identity.

Atoms that have the same number of protons are called elements.

Elements are arranged according to their atomic number on the periodic table. The atomic number corresponds to the number

of protons or electrons in the atom.

The number of protons in an atom gives the atom its identity.

Atoms that have the same number of protons are called elements.

Elements are arranged according to their atomic number on the periodic table. The atomic number corresponds to the number

of protons or electrons in the atom.

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Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table

Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table

The atomic mass is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons found in the atom. Electrons do not contribute to the mass of

the atom because they are so small. Protons + Neutrons = Atomic Mass

The atomic mass is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons found in the atom. Electrons do not contribute to the mass of

the atom because they are so small. Protons + Neutrons = Atomic Mass

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Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table

Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table

Atoms of the same element do not always have the same number of neutrons.

Atoms that have different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.

The atomic mass given on the periodic table is the average of all the isotopes and is not a whole number.

To find the number of neutrons for an element, subtract the number of protons (atomic number) from the atomic mass. Atomic Mass – Atomic Number = Number of Neutrons

Atoms of the same element do not always have the same number of neutrons.

Atoms that have different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.

The atomic mass given on the periodic table is the average of all the isotopes and is not a whole number.

To find the number of neutrons for an element, subtract the number of protons (atomic number) from the atomic mass. Atomic Mass – Atomic Number = Number of Neutrons

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Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table

Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table

The periodic table is made up of elements placed in organized rows and columns according to properties and size.

Rows are called period and are arranged according to the atomic numbers.

Columns are called families and have similar properties and always have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. You can remember that families of people have

similar characteristics or properties and a family tree goes down.

The periodic table is made up of elements placed in organized rows and columns according to properties and size.

Rows are called period and are arranged according to the atomic numbers.

Columns are called families and have similar properties and always have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. You can remember that families of people have

similar characteristics or properties and a family tree goes down.

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Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table

Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table

Elements can all be classified as metals, nonmetals, metalloids, or noble gases.

Metals: Make up the majority of the table and are

located to the left. Hydrogen is the only exception.

Are solids at room temperature, are hard, have luster (shiny), and conduct heat and electricity.

Elements can all be classified as metals, nonmetals, metalloids, or noble gases.

Metals: Make up the majority of the table and are

located to the left. Hydrogen is the only exception.

Are solids at room temperature, are hard, have luster (shiny), and conduct heat and electricity.

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Properties of Elements in the Period Table

Properties of Elements in the Period Table

Nonmetals: Right side of the periodic table. Usually gases or dull, brittle solids at room

temperature. Metalloids:

Elements diagonally between the metals and nonmetals.

Have properties of both metals and nonmetals. Used in semiconductors and computer chips.

Nonmetals: Right side of the periodic table. Usually gases or dull, brittle solids at room

temperature. Metalloids:

Elements diagonally between the metals and nonmetals.

Have properties of both metals and nonmetals. Used in semiconductors and computer chips.

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Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table

Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table

Noble Gases: Located in one family; Family VIIIA Far right column of the periodic table Nonmetal gases that do not react with

any other elements.

Noble Gases: Located in one family; Family VIIIA Far right column of the periodic table Nonmetal gases that do not react with

any other elements.

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Reactivity of Elements in the Periodic Table

Reactivity of Elements in the Periodic Table

An element is most stable when its last electron shell is full.

All elements have outer shells that can hold 8 electrons. Exception: Hydrogen and Helium

An element is most stable when its last electron shell is full.

All elements have outer shells that can hold 8 electrons. Exception: Hydrogen and Helium

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Family VIIIAFamily VIIIA

Noble gases have 8 electrons in their outer shells Exception: Helium, but is complete with

only 2 electrons. Very stable elements Will not react with other elements

Noble gases have 8 electrons in their outer shells Exception: Helium, but is complete with

only 2 electrons. Very stable elements Will not react with other elements

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Family IAFamily IA

Alkali Metals Exception is Hydrogen (non metal)

Very reactive Have only one electron in the outer

shell Give up its one electron forming ions

Alkali Metals Exception is Hydrogen (non metal)

Very reactive Have only one electron in the outer

shell Give up its one electron forming ions

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Family IIAFamily IIA

Alkaline Earth Metals Have 2 electrons out of 8 possible in their

outer shell Very reactive, but less reactive than

the Alkali Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals Have 2 electrons out of 8 possible in their

outer shell Very reactive, but less reactive than

the Alkali Metals

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Family BFamily B

Transition Metals found in the middle of the periodic table.

Reactivity of these metals increases as you go down the periodic table and from right to left.

Transition Metals found in the middle of the periodic table.

Reactivity of these metals increases as you go down the periodic table and from right to left.

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Family VIIAFamily VIIA

Halogens Most reactive nonmetals Have 7 out of 8 possible electrons in

their outer shell Combine with metals to form a salt

Example: Na + Cl → NaCl

Halogens Most reactive nonmetals Have 7 out of 8 possible electrons in

their outer shell Combine with metals to form a salt

Example: Na + Cl → NaCl

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Family VIAFamily VIA

No common name Have 6 of 8 possible electrons in their

outer shell Not as reactive as the halogens

No common name Have 6 of 8 possible electrons in their

outer shell Not as reactive as the halogens

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Family IIIA through VAFamily IIIA through VA

No common name Family IVA is half full making it more

stable than IIIA or VA on either side of it.

No common name Family IVA is half full making it more

stable than IIIA or VA on either side of it.

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Bonding of AtomsBonding of Atoms

Atoms of different elements combine chemically to form compounds Done by sharing or transferring electrons

Electrons in the outer shell of an atom are called valence electrons

Ionic bonds result in the transfer of electrons from atom to atom.

Atoms of different elements combine chemically to form compounds Done by sharing or transferring electrons

Electrons in the outer shell of an atom are called valence electrons

Ionic bonds result in the transfer of electrons from atom to atom.

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Bonding of AtomsBonding of Atoms

Ionic bonds are usually present in compounds which have metal atoms bonded with nonmetal atoms

Covalent bonds are when two or more atoms share electrons

Usually present with two or more nonmetals

Ionic bonds are usually present in compounds which have metal atoms bonded with nonmetal atoms

Covalent bonds are when two or more atoms share electrons

Usually present with two or more nonmetals

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RadioactivityRadioactivity Atoms of the same element can have

different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element that have

different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes

When there are too many neutrons in the nucleus the nucleus becomes unstable.

An unstable isotope will be radioactive and is called a radioactive isotope

Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons.

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes

When there are too many neutrons in the nucleus the nucleus becomes unstable.

An unstable isotope will be radioactive and is called a radioactive isotope

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RadioactivityRadioactivity

Radioactive atoms give off three particles: Alpha Particles – helium nucleus with 2p

and 2n When an alpha particle is given off the atomic

number of the parent nucleus is reduced by two If ingested will do more damage to internal

tissues than other forms of radiation.

Radioactive atoms give off three particles: Alpha Particles – helium nucleus with 2p

and 2n When an alpha particle is given off the atomic

number of the parent nucleus is reduced by two If ingested will do more damage to internal

tissues than other forms of radiation.

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RadioactivityRadioactivity

Beta Particles – electrons emitted Penetrate more than alpha particles but can

be stopped by lead Gamma Particles – high energy x-rays

Can only be stopped by thick lead or concrete All elements with atomic numbers

greater than 83 are radioactive

Beta Particles – electrons emitted Penetrate more than alpha particles but can

be stopped by lead Gamma Particles – high energy x-rays

Can only be stopped by thick lead or concrete All elements with atomic numbers

greater than 83 are radioactive

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RadioactivityRadioactivity A radioactive atom that emits an alpha,

beta, or gamma particles is going through a process called radioactive decay

Radioactive decay causes an atom of one element to become a different element by reducing its atomic number

The half-life of a radioactive atom is the time it takes for ½ of the particles in the nucleus to decay

A radioactive atom that emits an alpha, beta, or gamma particles is going through a process called radioactive decay

Radioactive decay causes an atom of one element to become a different element by reducing its atomic number

The half-life of a radioactive atom is the time it takes for ½ of the particles in the nucleus to decay

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FissionFission

Fission occurs when the nucleus of an atom that is so unstable that it splits into two smaller atoms. Releases a large amount of energy Used in nuclear reactors Reactors use control rods to absorb excess

energy Nuclear bombs have no control rods and release

all of the energy in one blast

Fission occurs when the nucleus of an atom that is so unstable that it splits into two smaller atoms. Releases a large amount of energy Used in nuclear reactors Reactors use control rods to absorb excess

energy Nuclear bombs have no control rods and release

all of the energy in one blast

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FusionFusion

Fusion is when two small atoms are joined together to form a larger atom Produces energy also Requires high temperatures Occurs in the sun when two hydrogen

atoms fuse to form a helium atom Scientists are still working to recreate this

but can’t generate the high temp

Fusion is when two small atoms are joined together to form a larger atom Produces energy also Requires high temperatures Occurs in the sun when two hydrogen

atoms fuse to form a helium atom Scientists are still working to recreate this

but can’t generate the high temp

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