Adequate and Clean Water for Pune

Myth or Reality? 

Anupam Saraph

From: State of the Environment Report 1997-98, A Change Reengineering Study for the Pune Municipal Corporation

From: State of the Environment Report 1997-98, A Change Reengineering Study for the Pune Municipal Corporation

River Ambi: Tanaji Sagar Dam (Panshet)

River Mose: Veer Baji Pasalkar Dam (Varasgaon)

River Mutha: Khadakwasla Dam

More than 750 sq km catchment area to provide water to 450 sq km city

Pune has grown beyond its ability to support its water demand

Pune cannot support any more growth without many dry weeks and a significant reduction in water per person

Huge consumption from Varasgaon leading to shortage for Pune

Water from Varasgaon vanished from October 2011

Clearly good monsoons in 2012 compared to preceding 2 years

Much less water in Varasgaon in Dec 2012 than preceding 2 years

Huge decrease in water in Varasgaon in April 2012 compared to preceding 2 years

Continued dependence on water imports will result in regular water stress and scarcity

For any water security Pune has no option other than to ensure its groundwater is recharged

Pune is destroying its lifeline to water

March 2012

July 2011

January 2010

Before

After “Nalla Cleaning”

1

2

34

1

2

3

4

Pune is loosing its groundwater as it converts its nalas and rivers to gutters

Agent Source Incubation Period Clinical Syndrome DurationViruses:

Astrovirus human feces 1-4 days Acute gastroenteritis 2-3 days; occasionally 1-14 days

Enteroviruses (polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses)

human feces 3-14 days (usually 5–10 days)

Febrile illness, respiratory illness, meningitis, herpangina, pleurodynia, conjunctivitis, myocardiopathy, diarrhea, paralytic disease, encephalitis, ataxia

Variable

Hepatitis A human feces 15-50 days (usually 25-30 days) Fever, malaise, jaundice, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea

1-2 weeks to several months

Hepatitis E human feces 15-65 days (usually 35-40 days) Fever, malaise, jaundice, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea

1-2 weeks to several months

Norwalk-like viruses human feces 1-2 days Acute gastroenteritis with predominant nausea and vomiting 1-3 days

Group A rotavirus human feces 1-3 days Acute gastroenteritis with predominant nausea and vomiting 5-7 days

Group B rotavirus human feces 2-3 days Acute gastroenteritis

Illnesses Caused by Water-Borne Microbes

From: Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply:Assessing the New York City Strategy (2000) The National Academies Press

Agent Source Incubation Period Clinical Syndrome Duration

Bacteria

Aeromonas hydrophila fresh water Watery diarrhea Average 42 days

Campylobacter jejuni human and animal feces 3-5 days (1-7 days)Acute gastroenteritis, possible bloody and mucoid feces

1-4 days occasionally > 10 days

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 human and cattle feces 3-5 days

Watery, then grossly bloody diarrhea, vomiting, possible hemolytic uremic syndrome

1-12 days Average 7-10 days

Enteroinvasive E. coli human feces 2-3 days Possible dysentery with fever 1-2 weeks

Enteropathogenic E. coli 2-6 days Watery to profuse watery diarrhea 1-3 weeks

Enterotoxigenic E. coli human feces? 12-72 hours Watery to profuse watery diarrhea 3-5 days

Plesiomonas shigelloides fresh surface water, fish, crustaceans, animals 1-2 days

Bloody and mucoid diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting

11 days average

Salmonellae human and animal feces 8-48 hours Loose, watery, occasionally bloody diarrhea 3-5 days

Salmonella typhi human feces and urine 7-28 days (average 14 days)Fever, malaise, headache, cough, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain

Weeks to months

Shigellae human feces 1-7 days Possible dysentery with fever 4-7 days

Vibrio cholera O12 human feces 9-72 hours Profuse, watery diarrhea, vomiting, rapid dehydration 3-4 days

Vibrio cholera non-O12 human feces 1-5 days Watery diarrhea 3-4 days

Yersinia enterocolitica animal feces and urine 2-7 daysAbdominal pain, mucoid, occasionally bloody diarrhea, fever

1-21 days average 9 days

From: Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply:Assessing the New York City Strategy (2000) The National Academies Press

Agent Source Incubation Period Clinical Syndrome Duration

Protozoa:

Balantidium coli human and animal feces Unknown

Abdominal pain, occasional mucoid or bloody diarrhea

Unknown

Cryptosporidium parvum

human and animal feces 1-2 weeks Profuse, watery diarrhea 4-21 days

Entamoeba histolytica human feces 2-4 weeks

Abdominal pain, occasional mucoid or bloody diarrhea

Weeks to months

Cyclospora cayetenensis human feces 1 week average

Watery diarrhea, profound fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, bloating, abdominal cramps, nausea

Weeks if untreated

Giardia lamblia human and animal feces 5-25 days

Abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, loose, pale, greasy stools

1-2 weeks to months and years

Algae:Cyanobacteria (Anabaena spp., Aphanizomenon spp., Microcystis spp.)

Algal blooms in water A few hoursToxin poisoning (blistering of mouth, gastroenteritis, pneumonia)

Variable

Helminths:

Dracunculus medinensis2 (Guinea worm)

Larvae8-14 months (usually 12 months)

Blister, localized arthritis of joints adjacent to site of infection

Months

From: Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply:Assessing the New York City Strategy (2000) The National Academies Press

Year Event1829 First well-documented water filter built by James Simpson for the Chelsea Water Company of London.1849 An estimated 110,000 people die from cholera in the UK.1854 John Snow removes the handle from the Broad Street pump in an effort to stop the transmission of cholera in London.1872–1874 First water filtration plants in the U.S. built in Poughkeepsie, NY, and Hudson, NY.1884 Robert Koch identifies Vibrio cholera as the causal agent of cholera and describes the germ theory of disease.

1887 Experiments on water filtration conducted in Lawrence, MA. This leads to the first rapid sand filter in 1893 and an observed 79 percent decrease in typhoid fever mortality over the next 5 years.

1892Rienecke observes that increases in the bacterial content of drinking water in Hamburg, Germany, corresponded to increases in infant mortality and report a 50 percent decline in infant mortality from diarrheal disease in the year after Hamburg started to filter the public water supply.

1893 Chlorination used to treat sewage effluent in Brewster, NY, to protect New York City drinking water.1897 Chlorination of drinking water in Maidstone, Kent, UK, after an outbreak of typhoid fever.1902 First continuous chlorination of a water supply in Belgium.1904 10 percent of U.S. urban population receives filtered water.1907 46 U.S. cities using filtration to treat drinking water.1908 First continuous, large-scale use of chlorination for an urban water supply in the U.S. in Jersey City, NJ.

1914 36 percent of U.S. urban population receives filtered water. Allan Hazen writes enthusiastically about the benefits of water chlorination.

1920 Earliest data on occurrence and causes of waterborne disease outbreaks in the U.S. is collected.1930 27 percent of community water supplies in the U.S. have disinfection facilities.1920–1935 Typhoid fever is the most commonly recognized waterborne disease in the U.S.1936–1961 Shigellosis is the most commonly recognized waterborne disease in the U.S.

1965 Outbreak (16,000 cases) of waterborne salmonellosis in Riverside, CA. First documented waterborne outbreak of giardiasis in the U.S. occurs at Aspen, CO.

1971–1980 Giardiasis becomes the most commonly recognized waterborne disease.1975 First recognized outbreak of waterborne disease caused by toxigenic E. coli in Crater Lake National Park, OR.1984 First recorded waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurs in Texas.1989 First recorded waterborne outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 occurs in Missouri (243 cases, 4 deaths).

1993 Largest recorded waterborne disease outbreak in U.S. history caused by Cryptosporidium in Milwaukee, WI (estimated 400,000 cases).

Sources: Craun (1986), Hunter (1997), ILSI (1993), Long mate (1966), NRC (1977), Sedgwick and MacNutt (1910).

Pune is putting the health of its residents to huge risk

Pune has moved from becoming water stressed to water scarce

From: State of the Environment Report 1997-98, A Change Reengineering Study for the Pune Municipal Corporation

Bishan Park before, with the 2.7 Km Kallang River channelized.

An aerial view of Bishan Park after restoration of the Kallang River in Singapore

Third Generation The Forested Wetland—water quality + tree benefits

Wooded Wetland

Tree Clusters in Stormwater Ponds and Wetlands

tree check dams

tree check dam section tree check dam axon

Bioretention with trees

The Cascade Prototype project at N. 110th St. after most of the construction has been completed and before planting.

Infiltration = 4 inches per hours

What is the way ahead?

1

Enhance Pune’s water carrying capacity by restoring nalas, rivers and lakes to natural form free from human management and intervention

2

Develop waterbodies and their setback regions into perpetual easements for urban forestry and conservation

3

Link all growth permissions to Pune’s water carrying capacity

State Of Pune’s Water Resources1. More than 750 sq km catchment area to provide water to

450 sq km city2. Pune cannot support any more growth without many dry

weeks and a significant reduction in water per person3. Continued dependence on water imports will result in

regular water stress and scarcity4. For any water security Pune has no option other than to

ensure its groundwater is recharged5. Pune is destroying its lifeline to water6. Pune is loosing its groundwater as it converts its nalas

and rivers to gutters7. Pune is putting the health of its residents to huge risk8. Pune has moved from becoming water stressed to water

scarce

Recommendations

1. Enhance Pune’s water carrying capacity by restoring nalas, rivers and lakes to natural form and free them from human management and intervention

2. Develop waterbodies and their setback regions into perpetual easements for urban forestry and conservation

3. Link all growth permissions to Pune’s water carrying capacity