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Status of Terrestrial and Wetland Birds in Kawardha,
Kabirdham District in Chhattisgarh, India
Anurag Vishwakarma*Avinash Hemrom
*, K. C. Yadav
**
*Junior Research Fellow, State Forest Research & Training Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh (India)** APCCF & Director, State Forest Research & Training Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh (India)
Abstract- Birds as best indicators of wetland function or as
measures of success in wetland management, restoration and
creation. This study was conducted during Jan to March 2014;
totally 09 selected wetlands were surveyed in Kawardha,
Kabirdham District of Chhattisgarh. Species diversity and
dominance of birds were calculated. Totally 64 birds belonging
to 36 families were recorded, out of these 64 species 35 water
birds and 29 terrestrial bird species. Maximum diversity of birds
was recorded in Sutiyapath dam. Bird abundance and vegetation
cover were recorded. The highest numbers of birds were
recorded in Chhirbandha lake (21) followed by Sutiyapath dam(19), Sarodha dam (15) and Lalpur Nursery (13). Three near
threatened species, namely Threatened Egyptian vulture,
Indian Black Ibis and Oriental White Ibis were recorded. In
most of the wetlandsIpomea carnea (15.28 %) was the dominant
species. This pond has abundant maximum occasionally birds
and maximum number of birds. Sutiyapath dam has good
population of birds and this site could be protected for the birds.
I ndex Terms- Wetland Water birds Abundance
Conservation
I.
INTRODUCTION
etland birds provide us with some of natures most
wonderful sights, from vast flocks wheeling overhead to
newly hatched chicks drying in the sun. Apart from their beauty
and recreational and economic importance, these birds are
excellent indicators of water quality and measures of
biodiversity. Wetlands are extremely important areas throughout
the world for wildlife protection, recreation, sediment control,
flood prevention. Wetlands are important birds habitats and
birds use them for feeding, roosting, nesting and rearing their
young. Wetlands have been defined as swamps and other
damp areas of land but in common parlance the word is used
interchangeably with Lakes which denotes a large body of
water surrounded by land, However, internationally acceptedterm of wetlands describes them as Area of Marsh, Fen, Peat
land or water whether natural or artificial, permanent or
temporary with water, that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or
salt including areas of marine water
II.
STUDYSITE
Kabirdham district is one of the 27 administrative district of
Chhattisgarh states in central India. The district was earlier
known as Kawardha district. The district is known as Kawardha
district. The district is located between 21.32 to 22.28 north
latitude and 80.48 to 81.48 east. The wetlands consist o
Ipomea carnea biomass and some micro and macro fauna which
support the migratory birds species. Ecologically it is an
important wetland providing habitat to migratory and local bird
species. Dense vegetation and pollution free environment in
wetlands has attracted the large number of birds in winter season
The migratory birds like Gadwall, Pintail, Pochard, Shoveller &
Herons etc. visit in winter season.
III.
MATERIALANDMETHODS
Bird watching and recording has been carried out for a period of
one year January 2014 to March 2014 and observation were
made with the aid of binocular. Identification was done with the
help of field guides given by Ali and Ripley (1995), Ali Slim
(1996) and Grimith and Inskipp (1999).The study was carried out
in eight wetland habitats namely Sing pond, Bhoramdev pond
Chhir pond, Sarodha dam, Sutiyapath dam, Karranala dam and
Lalpur Nursery. Regular surveys were done by systematically
walking on fixed routes through the study area. Birds were
mostly observed during the most active period of the day, i.e.
from 6:00 to 9:00 hr and from 16:00 to 18:00 hr. However,
observations were also made during other timings according toconvenience. Observations were carried out with the aid of
Canon camera with high zoom. Birds seen were recorded along
with habitat type, season and frequency of occurrence
Identification of birds was done using field guides (Ali and
Ripley, 1987; Grimmet et al., 1999) and only those species with
confirmed identity are reported in this paper. For making the list
of birds, photographs as well as visit reports and actually
observed birds were used as evidence. According to the status
birds were categorized as Resident (R), Seasonal Local Migran
(LM) and Winter Migrant (WM) (Ali Salim 2001).
W
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Table: 1 Checklist birds recorded in Gidhwa and Parsada Wetlands with their residential movement
status.
S.
No.Family Name of birds Scientific Name Status Abundance
1 Accipitridae Black shouldered kite Elanus caeruleus R O
2 Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus R UC
3 Alaudidae
Ashy crowned sparrow-
Lark Eremopterix griseus R A
4 Alcedinidae Lesser pied kingfisher Ceryle rudis R O
5 Small blue kingfisher Alcedo atthis R O
6 White throated kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis R A
7 Anatidae Brahmny selduck Tadorna ferruginea M O
8 Common pochard Aythya ferina LM UC
9 Cotton teal(M/F) Anus crecca R O
10 Gadwall Anus strepera M O
11 Garganey Anas querquedula M O
12 Lesser whistling duck Dendrocygna javanica R O
13 Northern Pintail Anus acuta M O
14 Northern shoveller Anus clypeata M O
15 Red crested pochard Netta rufina LM O
16 Ardeidae Greater egret Ergetta alba R C
17 Indian pond heron Ardeola grayii R C
18 little egret Egretta garzetta R C
19 Yellow bittern Ixobrychus minutus R C
20 Bucerotidae Indian Grey hornbill Ocyceros birostris LM UC
21 Capitonidae Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala R UC
22 Chloropseidae Blue-winged Leafbird
Choloropsis
cochinchinensis LM UC
23 Charadriidae Common ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula M UC
24 Red wattaled lapwing Venellus indicus R A
25 Ciconiidae Aasian openbill stork Anastomus oscitans LM O
26 Columbidae Spotted dove Strepopelia chinensis R C
27 Laughing dove Streptopelia senegalensis R A
28 Corvidae Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda R O
29 Coraciidae Indian roller Coracius benghalensis R A
30 Cuculidae Greater coucal Centropus sinensis R C
31 Diguridae Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus R C
32 Estrildidae Red Avadavat Amandava amandava R O
33 Jacanidae Bronzed wing jacana Metopidius indicus R A
34 Laniidae Brown shrike Lanius cristatus LM A
35 Meropidae Green bee eater Merops orientalis R C
36 Monarchidae Asian paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi R UC
37 Motacillidae Olive backed pipit Anthus hodgsoni R O
38 White wagtail Motacilla alba M O
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39 Yellow wagtail Motacilla flava M O
40 Muscicapidae Asian Brown flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica R O
41 Indian black robin Saxicoloides fulicola R A
42 Oriental magpie robin Copsychus saularis LM O
43 Nectariniidae Purple sunbird Nectarinia asiatica R A44 Oriolidae Black hooded Oriole Oriolux xanthornus R O
45 Phalacrocoracidae Little cormorant Phalacrocorax nigar R A
46 Picidae Greater flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus R UC
47 Podicipedidae Little grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis R O
48 Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus R O
49 Psitteuidae Plum headed parakeet Psittaaculla cyanocephala R A
50 Pycnonotidae Red vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer R O
51 Rallidae Common moorhen Gallinula chloropus LM O
52 Eurasian Coot Fulica atra LM O
53 Recurvirostridae Black winged stilt Himantopus himantopus R O
54 Scolopacidae Common redshank Tringa totanus LM UC
55 Common sandpiper Aclilis hypoleucos R O
56 Marsh sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis LM O
57 Wood sandpiper Tringa glareola M O
58 Sturnidae Asian pied starling Grawpila Contra R A
59 Brahminy Myna Temenuchus pagodarum M UC
60 Threskiornithidae Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus LM UC
61 Indian black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa LM UC
62 Oriental White IbisThreskiornismelanocephalus LM UC
63 Timaliidae Jungla babbler Turdoides striatus R A
64 Upupidae Common hoopoe Upupa epops R O
O - Occasionally AAbundance UCUncommon C - Common
IV. RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
A total of 64 species of wetland birds
belonging to 36 families distributed have been
recorded from the study area. Details such ascommon and scientific names, status and abundance
of the wetland birds are presented in. Based on the
frequency of sightings, Northern Shoveller (Anas
clypeata), Northern Pintail (Anas acuta), White-
Throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis),
Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), Black-Winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus), Red-
Wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus), Cattle Egret
(Bubulcus ibis) and Indian Pond-Heron (Ardeola
grayii) were the common species inhabiting these
ponds/ water bodies, while Purple Heron (Ardea
purpurea) Asian Openbill Stork ,Lesser Pied
Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis), Oriental white Ibis
(Threskiornis melanocephalus),Indian Black Ibis
(Pseudibis papillosa), Glossy Ibis (Plegadis
falcinellus) and Egyptian Vulture(Neophron
percnopterus) were rarely sighted. These water birds
were found to utilize different wetland habitats
extensively for foraging, nesting and roosting on the
emergent and fringed vegetation. Water birds, being
generally at or near the top of most wetland foodchains are highly susceptible to habitat disturbances
and are therefore good indicators of generalcondition of aquatic habitats (Kushlan, 1992; Jayson
and Mathew, 2002; Kler, 2002). The rich diversity
of the wetland birds documented during the present
study may be because of availability of varied
sources of feed as well as foraging. The wetland
birds are in general being heterogeneous in theirfeeding habits (Ali and Ripley, 1987). Thus wetland
birds exploit a variety of habitats and depend upon a
mosaic of microhabitats for their survival. Paddy
fields with stray trees and scattered vegetation cover
might have extended comfortable shelter andsuitable foraging grounds for the wetland birds. The
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number of occasionally birds found is more here
because the climate condition, food and shelter are
suitable in those particular wetlands.
Figure: 1 showing the frequency of the bird in the study site
V. THREATSANDCONSERVATION
This heritage is today threatened by the increased
human interference, direct and indirect, resulting in
habitat destruction and fragmentation. In plate 1 I
have added some of the Bird like Egyptian Vulture,White Ibis, Red Crested Pochard, Grey heron and
Northern Pintail are the near threatened species
which is needed to conserve so proper scientific
methodology is required for upkeep of these birds.
One of the most important part of these pond is thatwe have identified many migratory birds here
because of (i) lack of human interference and non
polluted water bodies and I have observe that their
basic need i.e. food and shelter (ii) was in sufficient
in there. Bird conservation can also highlight thediversity of different habitats. All birds cannot live
in the same habitats, and understanding the needs
and requirements of different species can lead us tohave more compassionate tolerance for different
peoples and cultures. Climate has an enormous
influencing factor on where birds survive and
reproduce. In the short term, weather can influence
the timing of migration, territory establishment,
breeding, and egg lying. Over the long term, species
have adapted to seasonal weather trends. As global
climate pattern change, many harbingers of spring
are occurring earlier each year. We combined data
from citizen-science projects with long-term data on
weather to examine climates role in the change we
are seeing in the ranges of some bird species, as well
as the timing and outcomes of breeding.
Water birds require (iii) a cluster of platforms
within the water bodies in order to sit there for baskduring the winters. There are no platforms available
within the village ponds observed during the study.
Hence the suitable measures should be taken, to
ensure that artificial platforms should be madeavailable within the ponds with thick cover of
aquatic vegetation.
VI. CONCLUSION
The study proved that, if the present ecological
characteristics of this wetland continuous, the birds
were unable to inhibit this habitat in the immediate
future. Proper awareness class regarding the
importance of birds and vital role in daily life to thelocal peoples through different massive programs
will ultimately help the protection of birds of this
region. Being this area is one the main habitat ofwetland birds in polar zone of India, coastal region,
and sub-continent coastal zone of Asia and it should
be declared as a protected area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our endeavor to publish this paper is to create
awareness to teach young ornithologists a little
about birds found in Chhattisgarh State. We
acknowledge our indebtedness in the writing of this
paper. We are highly grateful to Shri Ram Prakash(PCCF Wildlife), Chhattisgarh Forest for his
valuable cooperation to carry out the research work.
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We express our sincere thanks to Shri Vishvesh
Kumar Rai Divisional forest officer, Kawardha
Division, Chhattisgarh and also thankful to the local
informer and regular bird watcher Shri Horilal
Dhurve of Kawardha of his healthy cooperation and
support during the research study.
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Plate: 1
A. Northern Pintail B. Red Crested Pochard
C.
Egyptian Vulture D. Grey Heron
E. Oriental White Ibis
Figure: 2 Some Resident, Local migratory and Migratory bird of Kawardha forest division Chhattisgarh.
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AUTHORS
First AuthorAnurag Vishwakarma, Junior Research Fellow,
State Forest Research & Training Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh,
India; e-mail: [email protected]
Second AuthorAvinash Hemrom, Junior Research Fellow,
State Forest Research & Training Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh,
India. e-mail: [email protected]
Third AuthorR. K. Patley, Technical Assistant, State Forest
Research & Training Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India; e-
mail: [email protected]
Fourth AuthorK.C. Yadav, Director, State Forest Research &
Training Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India; e-mail:
Correspondence AuthorAnurag Vishwakarma, Junior
Research Fellow, State Forest Research & Training Institute,
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India; e-mail: [email protected]