S U B J E C T I N D E X

Aberrations see also chromatic, monochromatic image blur 21 Seidel 20, 21

Accommodation 3 6 - 40 accuracy of response 38, 39 age dependence 30 chromatic aberrations 28 control systems model 37 drifts 40 fluctuation utility 40 ocular fluctuation amplitude 40 response/stimulus curve 38 response times, data 36, 37 retinal imagery 39 reversion to rest 39 speed 36 - 8 stability of response 39, 40 unidirectional effects 40

Acetylcholine in retina antagonists 200 ganglion cell firing 201- 4

carp 202 cat 201,202 rabbit 202 - 4

horizontal cell effects 204 iontophoretically applied 201 light evoked release 198- 200

2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid 199, 200 drug effects 199 flicker frequency 198 muscimol 198

off-centre cell response 203 protecting conditions 196 retina content and species 192 retinal neuron effects 2 0 0 - 5 role in retina 203-5 , 208 synthesis 194

sites in development 196 transmitter 191

Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry in retina 194 inner plexiform layer 194 retinal activity and species 193, 194, 219

Acrosome, vitamin A reservoir 143 Actin

arrowhead complexes 77 assembly and cross-linking regulation 95 cones 7 5 - 8 -dependent cone contraction 78 -dependent retinomotor movements 75, 76

mechanism 75 N-ethylmaleimide binding 78 motility 75 motility related proteins 99, 100 retinal pigment epithelium 86, 87 rod elongation 82, 83

Adenylate cyclase dopamine activation 224, 225 retinal activators 225 visual excitation 234

Adrenaline in retina concentration and species in light/dark 221,222

Age

accommodation 36 chromatic aberration 28

Airy diffraction images 18 Amacrine cells 193

A-I 301 A-If 301, 302 cat retina 301, 302 cholinergic nature 197, 198 dopaminergic 214 excitatory amino acid localization 259, 260 GABAergic 204 kainic acid LDso 252 neurotransmitters 219 proportion of ganglion cell layer 197 recording 308 role of cholinergic 208, 209 starburst position 197 subclasses 252, 301

Ametropia 7 Amino acids, excitatory see also individual amino acids

electroretinogram effects 257, 258 localization in retina 259-61 retinal cell effects 250, 251 retinal receptors 258 retinal transmitters 258 visual information transmission 256, 257

a-Aminoadipic acid (AAA) electroretinogram effects 257 gliatoxicity 116 lentoid destruction 131

y-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) see also GABAergic amacrine cell effects 204 amacrine cell transmitter 219 antagonists 199 dopamine neuron inhibition 226 retinal acetylcholine release 198, 199

2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid glutamic acid agonist effects 251 isomer effects 200 retinal acetylcholine release 199, 200

2-Amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid 249 AMP, cyclic

analogues see dibutyryl AMP cell motility effects 98, 99 dark mimickry 102 levels in retina and photoreceptors 98 light and circadian effects and retinal levels 101 metabolism 98, 99 pigment epithelium phagocytosis 63, 103 pineal variation, control 101 retinomotor movement regulation 9 6 - 101

constant light 96, 97 dark-adaptive 9 6 - 8

Angle alpha 7 Aphakia, short-wave sensitivity 10 Apodization 17 Aqueous humour 2

refractive index 5 Arsenazo III, calcium affinity 237, 238 Aspartate aminotransferase, photoreceptor 259 L-Aspartic acid, retinal content 258 Astyanax mexicanus, circadian pigment ephithelium

movements 93, 94

321

322

Astigmatism 21 oblique, average 23, 24 magnitude 23, 24 skiagram types 24 source 7

ATP and cone contraction 78, 81 ATPase, myosin and actin activation 94 Autoradiography

choline uptake sites 196 muscarinic receptors 207 pigment epithelium receptor sites 168, 169

Avian retina and model system features 112

Benzodiazepines and dopamine 223 Bipolar cells

A, B and C pathways 314 cat retina 299- 301 cone 300, 301 and cones in visual field 312 excitatory amino acid localization 259, 260 flat 300 LD~o kainic acid 252 off-cells 308 rod 300 synapses 299

5-Bromo-2' -deoxyuridine abnormal retinal development 120, 122, 123 cell disorganization 120, 122 cell mismatching 123 histiogenesis inhibition 122, 123 retinal age and sensitivity 122 syndrome 123

Bruch's membrane 68 a-Bungarotoxin

cholinergic receptor localization 205, 206 -horse radish peroxidase in retina 207 retina binding and species 206

Butyrylcholinesterase Miiller cells 194 retinal activity and species 194

Calcium actin cross-linking 95 cell motility effects 94 cone contraction 78, 81 GMP, cyclic effects on photoreceptor discs 237 microtubule processes 95 photoreceptor responses 244 pigment epithelium phagocytosis 96 pigment epithelium taurine accumulation 52, 57 retinomotor movement role 9 4 - 6

pigment epithelium 96 rod and cones 95, 96

Calcium-calmodulin inhibitors 95 Calcium sequestration proteins 100 Calmodulin 94 Carbonic anhydrase-C isoenzyme ( C A - C)

amacrine neurons 121 brain 116 development profile in chick 113, 121, 132 immunostaining in culture 124, 125 lens 121 Mi)ller cell localization 116, 118

SUBJECT INDEX

reactions catalysed 116 regulation 121, 132 retinal content 116 retinal localization in development 119, 121

Carp, ganglion cell firing and drugs 202 Cat retinal ganglion cell

A, B and C pathways 296, 309, 310, 314 area centralis 274 assembly and receptive fields 309- 13 axonal conduction groups 280 7

intraretinal 284, 285 latency overlap 285, 287 single unit studies 285, 286 velocity 281- 3

classes 269 see a /so W-, X- and Y-cells classifications 268 -94

Cleland-kevick (CL) 269-71 , 275 Stone-Fukuda (SF) 269--71

conduction groups 286, 287 construction 294- 314 dichotomies for classification 313 early studies 268, 269 Enroth-Cugell and Robson null test 2 7 5 - 8 lateral geniculate connections 273 multiple receptor types 306 8 network elements 295 - 304 parallel channels 313, 314 physiological recording 3 0 4 - 9 receptive fields 267 - 314 sustained and transient conduction

properties 2 7 3 - 5 sustained/transient with X/Y classification 277 -80 TI-T3 axons 269-71 , 285, 286 W-cells 288 94

recordability 271 - 3 Cellular retinoic acid binding-protein (CRABP) 144, 145

choroid 171 distribution 145, 171 excitation and emission spectra 145, 146 functions 146 properties 145 rabbit retina 175, 176 structural conservation 146

Cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) 144, 171 distribution 171 eye 171 pigment epithelium 171

Choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) development 196 intraretinal localization 192, 193 mudpuppy retina 193 retinal activity and species 192

Cholinergic receptor localization 2 0 5 - 8 Choline uptake in retina

hemicholinium sensitivity 195 high and low affinity 194, 195 light effects 195, 196 site localization 196, 197 subcellular distribution 195

Chondroitinase ABC 57 Choroid

endothelial fenestrations 143 retinol esters 147

Chromatic aberrations 2 6 - 8 and accommodative effort 27

SUBJECT INDEX 323

age 28 longitudinal, measurement 26, 27 transverse 28

Cichlasoma biocellatum, retinomotor movement and light exposure 88, 89 C. citronellum, circadian rhythm and retinomotor

movements 94 Circadian rhythm

Lepomis sp cones 93 retinal AMP levels 101 retinomotor movements 68, 9 2 - 4

damping in darkness 94 Colchicine

cone contraction and elongation 81 microtubule motility 76 pigment transport 87 rod and cone effects 73

Columba livia (pigeon) retinomotor positions 68, 70

Coma 21 Conduction groups

ganglion cells 286, 287 identification 287 optic nerve and tract 280-4

Cones bipolars 300, 301 connection types 297 contraction 78 - 81

before dawn in Lepomis sp 94 calcium 95 kinetics 81

direct recording of cat 306 elongation 81, 82

AMP effects 100 assembly 82 calcium 95 microtubules 81

force production scheme 102 lysed cell models 78 motility-related activities 103 numbers and density in cat 295, 310 retinomotor movements 72 - 4, 76- 82

actin content in teleosts 76, 77 circadian rhythm in dark 93 light and dark adapted 68, 69, 77 mediation 76 microtubules 77, 79 myosin 77 reactivation media 78, 81

types and spectral sensitivity 92 Contrast thresholds 29 Cornea 2 - 5

anterior curvature 3 birefringence 11 components 3 contour plot 4 polarization effects 12, 13 posterior surface 5 refractive index 5 stroma 3

Cortisol glutamine synthetase induction 113, 114, 129

cell culture 123, 124 retinal receptors and glutamine synthetase

induction 114, 129, 130 cell aggregates 129, 130

loss 130 monolayers 129, 130

Crystallin 131 amino acid composition 131 cross-reactivity 131

L-Cysteine, retinal toxicity 255 Cytochalasins

actin-dependent motility 75 actions 75 light-induced cone contraction 78 melanophores 86 pigment aggregation 73 pigment epithelium movements 86 rod contraction 85

Cytoplegia, distant target acuity 40

Descartes corona 28 Diazepam and kainic acid effects on amacrine cells 252,

261 Dibutyryl AMP, retinomotor effects 96, 97, 101

dose - response effects 96 - 8 Diffraction-limited eye

complex object images 19 cut-off frequency 20 dioptric defocus equivalent 20 modulation transfer variation 35 retinal image quality 18 - 20

Digenea simplex 250 Dihydro-fl-eryt hroidine (DHE)

ganglion cell firing 201,202 Disc assembly and detachment 103 see also photoreceptor

disc Dopamine in retina

agonism 223, 224 see also muscimol autoreceptors in rabbit 225 complex visual functions 226, 227 concentrations in species and light/dark 221, 222 depletion effects 227 horizontal cell effects 226, 228 light release 213 receptor types and location 224, 225

fish 225 release systems 225, 226 retinal neuron fluorescence 214 role 213-28 synthesis and breakdown 223 uptake systems 223, 224

Dopaminergic interplexiform cells, occurrence 218 Dopaminergic neurons

amacrine cell connections 217 cell contacts in goldfish and Cebus monkey 217,218 development and identification 220 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine labelling 214, 215 numbers and density 214 plexiform layers, contacts 217, 218 regulatory role 227 species variation 214, 215, 218, 219

Drugs, cholinergic horizontal cell effects 204, 205 photoreceptor effects 204, 205 retinal neurons 200-5

EGTA and rod photoresponses 242, 243 Electroretinogram (ERG)

324 SUBJECT INDEX

cholinergic drug effects 200 excitatory amino acid effects 257, 258 oscillatory potentials 257

Emmetropia 6 skiagrams 24

Eserine and ganglion cell firing 203, 204 Eugerres plumieri, retinal acetylcholine release Eye see also ocular

birefringent properties 12 homocentric system 21 measurement techniques 2, 3 models 7 - 9 optical components 2 - 7 radial symmetry 4 section 2 shape 3 size and radii of curvature 6, 7

Field curvature 21 Filamin 100 Fish, dopamine DI receptors 225 Forskolin 226 Fovea, receptor light transmittance Fresnel loss 9

10, 11

198

time in embryo 115 molecular weight 113 Miiller cell marker 116

y-D-Glutamylglycine 249 Glycine, amacrine neurotransmitters 219 Glycinergic neuron contacts 222 Glycosaminoglycans

characteristics 56 electrophoresis, post mortem eyes 5 6 - 8 enzymic degradation 5 6 - 9 interphotoreceptor matrix 55, 58 pigment epithelium biosynthesis 55 -60 retinitis pigmentosa 58 -60

GMP, cyclic analogues

retinomotor movements 96 rod photoreceptors 241

disc membrane binding 240 ion flux in photoreceptor discs 235 -8 light effects 234 photoreceptor disc effects 238-40 photoreceptor localization 98 pigment epithelium phagocytosis 63, 64 rod outer segment effects 239

GTP binding protein and photoreceptor physiology Guanylate cyclase activators 244

235

GABA see y-aminobutyric acid GABAergic neurone contacts 222 Ganglion cell see also cat retina

alpha, beta and gamma 302 dendrite stratification 303, 304 excitatory amino acid localization 259, 260 morphological types 303 ribbon synapses 304

Ganglion cell firing and acetylcholine 201 - 4 cholinergic drug effects 202, 203 directional sensitivity 204

Gliocytes see also Miiller cells functions 112 S-100 protein synthesis and cell contact 129

Gliotoxic compounds 256 L-Glutamic acid

retinal content 258 retinal lesions 254, 255 retinal uptake system 258

Glutamine synthetase antigenic specificity 113 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine effects 122, 123 cellular localization 115-17, 124, 127 corticosteroid induction 113, 114, 132 cortisol receptors 129, 130 developmental profile in chick 113 distribution in nervous system 112 functions 112 gl ia-neuron contact and induction 124, 126, 129,

130 hormonal induction and cell contact 123-7 immunofluorescence 117, 124, 125, 127 induction

cortisol in culture 123, 124 inhibition 114 kinetics 114 retina 113-15 steroids 114

Haemulon sciurus (blue striped grunt), retinomotor movements 69, 86 AMP and analogue effects 96, 97 cones and pigment epithelium 73 enucleation 72

Haidinger's brushes 11 Horizontal cells

A-type 298 B-type 198, 199, 307 cat retina features 2 9 7 - 9 cholinergic drug effects 204, 205 dopamine effects 226 excitatory amino acid localization 259, 260 kainic acid LDso 252 light-induced polarization 250 photoreceptor connectivity 307 rod and cone segregation 313 three physiological types 308

Huygens eye model 8 Hyalurodinase 57

fungal and testicular 58 Hyaluronic acid 59 6-Hydroxydopamine lesions 262 Hypermetropia skiagrams 23, 24

Immunofluorescence carbonic anhydrase-C 118 glutamine synthetase 117

Indoleamine accumulating neurons 219 Infra-red

hazards 28 optometer record of accommodation 37

Inner plexiform layer excitatory amino acid effects 251 stratification, significance 308, 309

Internal transmitter hypothesis 234 Interphotoreceptor matrix

SUBJECT INDEX 325

extent and composition 149, 174 functions 174, 182

7S Interphotoreceptor retinol-binding protein (IRBP) 171 bovine retina retinol-binding 171, 172 brain 171 characterization 181 composition 181, 182 frog retina in light 173, 174 isolation and analysis methods 180, 181 light/dark binding effects 175 localization 173 molecular weight estimation 180, 181 new born calf retina 172, 173 outer segment fractionation 172 retinitis pigmentosa 173 retinol-binding species 182, 186 Ultrogel p ro te in- retinol binding 181, 183 - 6 unit 146K 181, 182, 186 vortexing 180

lnterplexiform cells 217, 218 cat retina connections 302

Interstitial retinol-binding protein 149 electrophoresis 151 illumination and fluorescence 150 retinol bound 151

lntraocular scattering factors affecting 28 measurements 28, 29 sources 29 and wavelength 29

Intraretinal axons, conduction velocities and groups 282, 284, 285

Iris 2 3-Isobutyl 1-methylxanthine

rod intercellular voltage 242 rod outer segment effects 236, 237 rod responses 2 4 1 - 4

Isoproterenol and pigment epithelium phagocytosis 64

Kainic acid amacrine cell destruction 208 amacrine cell sensitivity 252, 253 antagonists 249 dose and lesion type 261 electroretinogram responses 257 goldfish retina effects 253, 254 horizontal cell effects and potency LDso, chicken retina 252 lesion specificity 260, 262 receptor agonists 261 receptors 255 retinal lesions 2 5 1 - 4

time course 252 tectal evoked responses 256

toxic mechanism 259

250, 251

Lebistes sp, cone types 91 Lens 2

accommodation 6 age and colour 10 birefringence, factors affecting growth and size 5 protein see crystallin

11, 12

refractive index 5 segmented 30 -type gliocytes 131

Lentoids 130 origin and development 131 retinal development stage 131

Lepomis cyanellus (green sunfish) apical projections and pigment epithelium 84 circadian retinomotor movements 93

cycle length 93, 94 cone contraction kinetics 81 retina preparation 78 retinomotor positions 68, 69

Light and retinal AMP levels 101 Light intensity

retinomotor movements 88, 91 standardized exposure 91

Line-spread function double-pass 32 recording apparatus 31, 32

Liposomes composition and ingestion in retinal dystrophy phagocytosis by pigment epithelium culture

Liver, vitamin A mobilization and storage 165 Lucifer yellow 226 Lutjanus griseus (grey snapper)

retinal pigment epithelium movement 86

Macular pigment short wavelength absorption 11, 27 transmittance 10

Magnesium and pigment epithelium taurine accumulation 52, 57

Measurement techniques, ocular 2, 3 N-Methyl-b-aspartic acid 249 Microtubules 75

calcium effects 95 cell elongation 76 colchicine resistance 87 cone elongation 81 -dependent retinomotor activity 76 disruption and rod contraction 85 drugs affecting 76 motility-related proteins 99, 100 pigment epithelium movements 87, 88 teleost cones 7 7 - 9

Models accommodation centre system 37 cones, lysed cell 78 eyes 7 - 9

experimental and predicted 9 features 8 history 8 parameters 9 paraxial 8 predicted and experimental retinal

projection 15, 16 uses 7 wide-angle 14, 15

retinol uptake and transport 182, 183 Modulation transfer function 17, 18

analytical approximations 34 axial ocular 32, 33 calculated from wavefront data 26

63 62, 63

326 SUBJECT INDEX

diffraction-limited optical system 18 estimation from contrast thresholds 29, 30 in-focus, foveal 30 ophthalmoscopic measurements 31 - 4 parameter fluctuations 34 psychophysical methods 31, 33 pupil aberration, predicted and experimental 22, 23 single-pass and final 31 variation in diffraction-limited eye 35

Monochromatic aberrations, regular 2 0 - 4 -off-axis 23, 24

oblique astigmatism 23, 24 variation 23, 24

overall 25, 26 wavefront aberration data 25

small scale, localized refractive anomalies 24, 25 spherical 21, 22

contact lens effect 22 magnitude and predicted 21, 22 unaccommodated eye 21

Monosodium glutamate, retinal lesions 254, 255 Mi.iller glial cells

carbonic anhydrase localization 116, 118, 119, 121 developmental biology and enzymes 111 - 33 functions 112 L-glutamic acid effects 255 glutamine synthetase localization 115-17, 124, 127 identification in culture 124 kainic acid 252, 254, 257 lentoid cell development 131 matrix 112 neuron contact and glutamine synthetase

induction 124, 126, 129, 130 surface 129

Muscimol dopamine agonism 223 light-evoked acetylcholine release 198

Myopia dark-field 39 empty field 39 instrument 39 night 39 skiagrams 24

Myosin 75 contraction regulation 94, 95 pigment movement 87 -P light chain kinase 100

Neuropeptides, retinal 219 Neurotransmitter, criteria for identification 227 Nocodazole, microtubule inhibition 82, 83 Nomarski micrographs 69 Noradrenaline in retina

concentrations in species and light/dark 220, 221 fluorescence 220

Ocular asymmetry 4, 7 meridional 7, 12, 13

Ocular depth-of-focus 3 4 - 6 accuracy of values 36 data comparisons 35 modulation transfer 35

Ocular power, fluctuating 39, 40

Ocular radiometry 12- 16 pathways and eye model 14

Ophthalmoscope modulation transfer function estimation 31- 4

overestimations 34 principle 31

Optical axis, rotational symmetry 22 Optical transfer function 17, 18 Optic disc, conduction waves 280 Optic nerve and tract

conduction groups 280 conduction velocity groups 282- 4 cross-section heterogeneity 283 extraretinal and intraretinal conduction groups fibre segregation 282 latency measurements 283

Ouabain, pigment epithelium taurine accumulation Outer plexiform layer, excitatory amino acid effects

251

Papaverine pigment epithelium phagocytosis 64 rod responses 241

Parkinson's disease 227 Perca thuviatil is (perch), retinomotor positions 68, 70 Phagocytosis

AMP, cyclic effects 63, 64 factors affecting 64 liposomes by pigment epithelium culture 62, 63 phosphodiesterase inhibitors 64 pigment epithelium monolayer 60 rod outer segments by pigment epithelium 60- 3

Phase transfer function 17, 18 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and phagocytosis 64 Phospholamban 190 Photoisomerization, retinal 155, 156 Photokeratoscope 4 Photoreceptor

calcium role 237 cat properties and features 295-7 excitatory amino acid localization 259, 260 GTP role 235 light-dependent electrical properties 240-4 metabolism 234, 235 movements see retinomotor movements off-cells 305 orientation 40 properties 234, 235

Photoreceptor discs calcium and GMP effects 237, 238 GMP, cyclic molecular mechanism 238, 239

membrane binding 240 SH reagents 239 treatments 239

sodium efflux and cyclic GMP 236, 237 Photoresponses, factors affecting rod 240-4 Pineal gland, AMP changes and light 101 Polarization

brightness 12 dichroism 11 ocular media 12, 13 transmittance 11, 12

Potassium ions dopamine release 225, 226

281

52, 56 250,

SUBJECT INDEX 327

pigment epithelium taurine accumulation 52, 56 Proflavine, glutamine synthetase induction inhibition 114 Proteins

motility-related 99, 100 retinoid-binding 144-6

Pupil area of entrance 14, 15

retinal area 16 factors affecting 5

Quiet period and visual impairment in fish 91 Quinuclidinylbenzylate (QNB), retinal binding and

species 206, 207 Quisqualic acid 249

Rana esculenta (frog) development of retinomotor measurements 71 retinomotor positions 68, 70

Rat RCS 60 see also retinal dystrophy Rayleigh's criterion of resolution 18, 19 Receptive fields

cat ganglion cells 267 - 314 centres of X-cells 272 concentric 310- 12 definition 267 fabrication stages 309 functional organization 310 ganglion cell classes 275-80 non-concentric 312 o n - o f f , physiological basis 305, 306 physiological description 304 receptor number variation 311 size measurement and model 311, 312

Receptors bungarotoxin retina sites 205 cortisol in retina, development 114, 115

glutamine synthetase induction 129, 130 dopamine DI and D2 224, 225 multiple types in cat 306, 307 muscarinic localization 207, 208 nicotinic localization 205 - 7 opiate 226 quinuclidinylbenzylate retina sites 206, 207 retinol in pigment epithelium 167, 168 steroid hormone 168 univariance 306

Refractive anomalies, small-scale localized 24, 25 causes 25

Refractive index, eye variability 6 Retina 2

abnormal development 120, 122, 123 acetylcholine release and light 198 AMP, cyclic levels 98 avian gliocytes 112 birefringent properties 11 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and organization 120, 122,

123 carbonic anhydrase in development 119, 121 cell transdifferentiation 130 cholineacetyltransferase localization 192, 193 cholinergic mechanisms 191-209 choline uptake 194-7 cortisol receptors and glutamine synthetase 114, 115

development and lentoid 131 dissociation 123 dopamine role 213-28 embryology 111, 114, 115, 119, 121 excitatory amino acid role 258- 61 foveal thickness 33 functional organization 304

non-mammalian 305, 306 growth and enzyme profiles 113 isomerization site 158 light penetration 33 light scattering 11 parallel channels 313, 314 protein patterns of washings 175, 178 reactivation median 78, 81 wavelength-dependent behaviour 33

Retinal isomerization in dark 156, 157 photoisomerization 154, 155 wiring scheme in cat 296

11-cis-Retinal 137 bleaching conversion 138 generation 155, 156 ocular tissue 138

1 l-c/s-Retinal-binding protein (CRAIBP) 144 liposome ingestion and composition 63 pigment epithelium phagocytosis defect 6 0 - 3

Retinal illumination 12- 16 area of entrance pupil and viewing angle 14, 15 attenuation and direction 15 peripheral 14 units 14

Retinal image quality 16-34 chromatic aberrations 2 6 - 8 diffraction limited eye 18 - 20 final 2 9 - 34 intraocular scattering 28, 29 line-spread function 18 modulation and phase transfer 17 regular monochromatic aberrations 2 0 - 6 retinal irradiance distribution 17 specifications 16- 18 wave front aberration 16, 17

Retinal interference fringes 30 Retinal neurons, cholinergic drug effects 200 -5 Retinal pigment epithelium

apical projections in Lepomis sp 84 frog retinyl ester oil droplets 139, 141 functions 140 glycosaminoglycan synthesis 55 - 60

classes 59 light/dark and binding 175, 176 monolayer phagocytosis 60 motility-related activities 103 oil droplets in rabbit 139, 142 outer segment phagocytosis 60, 61 phagocytosis

calcium 96 defect in retinal dystrophy 6 0 - 3

preparation 143 protein electrophoresis of washings 175, 178 pure preparation 51 receptors for retinol 167, 168

autoradiography 168, 169 competitive displacement 167, 168

328

delivery 168 retinoid binding studies 175 retinoid delivery 140, 143, 144 retinoid transport and binding proteins 144-6 retinol delivery and uptake 143, 144 retinol esterification 147, 148 retinol uptake model 182, 183 retinomotor movements 6 2 - 4

actin 86, 87 AMP effects 100 calcium role 96 circadian 94 cytochalasin effects 86 force production 102 microtubule role 87, 88 particle transport 86 pigment migration and AMP 100

retinyl ester composition 153, 154 retinyl ester synthesis in frog 157 role 155 scanning electron microscopy 175, 176 spectral sensitivity and movement 92 taurine accumulation 52, 56

factors affecting 52, 56 ions required 52, 56, 57 kinetics 52, 57

taurine uptake in culture 5 5 - 7 tissue culture methods 51 - 64 visual cycle retinoid chromatography 144, 145 visual pigments 137 vitamin A content 139

Retinal projection, predicted 15 Retinal surface, dimension and features 6 Retinic acid binding in retinal compartments 175 Retinitis pigmentosa, X-linked

binding proteins 173, 174 glycosaminoglycan electrophoresis 5 8 - 6 0 rodless retina 173

Retino-geniculate conduction times 274 RZG3 cells 274

Retinoic acid 138 binding analysis to photoreceptor 176, 179 effects 138 generation 140

Retinoid-binding proteins 144 - 6 see also cellular 2S cellular 171 ocular 171

Retinoids binding properties 138 composition of stored 139, 140 definition 164 delivery to pigment epithelium 140, 143, 144 exogenous and rhodopsin regeneration 154, 155 flow of visual cycle 138 function of stored 140 isomerizing reactions 155-8 liposome delivery 154 location in dark-adapted eye 137 movement mechanism in retina 186, 187 oil droplets 139, 141, 142 storage in eye 139, 140 supply 137 systems affected 166

Retinol 137 see also binding proteins binding in retinal compartments 175

SUBJECT INDEX

cell membrane penetration 144 intercellular transport 144-6 liver origin 143 pigment epithelium receptors 167, 168 protein binding 143 retina wash binding 179 specificity of binding 179 toxicity 166 all-trans formation 148, 164 all-trans transport to pigment epithelium 148 uptake 143

cis-Ret inol formation 164 Retinol-retinol binding protein complex

pigment epithelium membrane receptors 167 receptors 166- 8

Retinol-binding proteins see also serum, interphotoreceptor intracellular 168, 171 purification 149 -transthyretin interaction and retinol 166

Retinol dehydrogenase 138, 148 species distribution 154

Retinomotor movements see also retinal pigment epithelium adaptive advantages 71 AMP, cyclic regulation 9 6 - 101 animals studied 70 calcium regulation 9 4 - 6 circadian regulation 68, 9 2 - 4 dark-adapted fish 68, 69 development 71 . - L and L-Dra t e s 72 dusk and dawn in trout 92 energetics and excision 71, 72 independence of components 7 2 - 4 intensity thresholds 73 light exposure duration 92 light intensity effects 88, 91, 101 light spot-induced 88, 89 locus of control 88 phylogenetic distribution 68 quiet period 91 rates in trout 72 regulation 8 8 - 101 semiadapted positions 98 space utilization 68 species variation 72 spectral sensitivities 91, 92

Retinomotor movements, force production mechanisms 67, 74 - 88 actin-dependent 75, 76 cell types 73 cones 76-82 , 102 microtubule-dependent 76 pigment epithelium 86--8, 102 rods 82 -5 , 102

Retinyl esters albino rats 144, 153 chromatography of stored human 139, 140 enzymes 147, 148 ester-bearing oil droplets 139, 140 frog pigment epithelium synthesis 157 light and dark adapted 153 synthesis by pigment epithelium 147

Retinyl palmitate 139, 140 dark-adapted frogs 158 rhodopsin regeneration 154

SUBJECT INDEX 329

Retinyl stearate 140 Rhodopsin 138

intermediates 148 regeneration 153

exogenous retinoids 154, 155 Rods see also photoreceptor disc

AMP levels 98 amplification chain 245 bipolars 300 circadian movements 94 contraction 85, 95, 96 dark current physiology 234 dark and light-adapted, shape 85 density in cat 295 development and retinomotor movements 71 elongation 8 2 - 5

actin 82, 85 calcium 96

force production 102 metabolism and permeability 233- 45 microtubule length 82 motility-related activities 103 myoid sections 82, 83 photoresponses, factors affecting 2 4 0 - 4

calcium levels 244 3-isobutyl 1-methylxanthine 241 - 4 metabolic lesions 241, 242

pigment epithelium movements 92 retinomotor movements 7 2 - 4, 8 2 - 5 second input 307 synapses 296, 297

Rod outer segments AMP and mobility 99 AMP substrate 99 GMP cyclic effects 235, 236, 239 retinoid delivery 154 retinol 138 rhodopsin regeneration in frog 154, 155 all-trans retinol formation 148

Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout), retinomovement rates 72 Sarotherodon mossambicus (Tilapia)

AMP analogue and retinomotor effects 96, 97 movement analysis 82 myoid diameter 82 retinomovements 74, 82 rod tier movements 80, 82

Scanning electron microscopy, photoreceptor outer segments 177

Schizophrenia, dopaminergic theory 222 Serum, protein binding properties 164, 165 Serum retinol binding protein 143, 165, 166 see also

transthyretin, retinol-retinol binding protein functions and concentration 143 properties 145, 166

Skiagrams 23 types and incidence 24

Sodium ions and pigment epithelium taurine accumulation 52, 56

Spectral transmittance first reflection losses 9 foveal receptors 10, 11 standard data, human eye 10 variation 10

wavelength-selective light losses 9 Spinules, light-adapted retinas 92 Steroid hormones, serum binding 165 Stiles-Crawford effect 11

apodizing influence 35, 36 polarization-dependence 11

Subretinal space 149, 174 lavage of contents 174, 175

Taurine uptake and release, retinal pigment epithelium 55 kinetics 52, 55

Thyroxine-binding serum protein 166 Tinca tinca (tench), circadian pigment epithelium

movement 93, 94 Tissue culture

monolayers 52, 53 retinal pigment epithelium 5 1 - 64

Transmittance see also spectral angle of viewing 14 polarization 11, 12

Transthyretin 143, 165 composition 166 properties 166 retinol binding protein sites 166

Trifluoperazine 95 Troponin C 94

Ultrogel, interphotoreceptor retinol binding protein characterization 181, 183

Univariance 306

52,

Visul acuity, retinal interference fringes 31 Visual cycle

animals studied 153 pigment epithelium role 155 pigment regeneration 150, 153 - 8 scheme 164 all-trans retinol formation and transport 148- 50

Visual pigments 137, 138 see also individual pigments dichroism 148

Visual processing modes 24 Vitamin A 138 see also retinoids

deficiency 144, 164 distribution 139 eye contents 139 intestinal uptake and transport 165 mobilization of stored 153, 154 roles 164 status 140 storage 165 toxicity 144

Vitreous body 2 features and refractive index 6

W-ceils 269, 288 - 94 activity 271 annular stimuli tests 289, 290 antagonistic surround 290 colour coded heterogeneity 292, 293 direction-selective 291

330

Wave

SUBJECT INDEX

edge-inhibitory-off-centre 292 excited-by-contrast 288 g a m m a cells 293 identification criteria 293, 294 record ability 271 - 3 responsiveness 291 subclass receptive cells 283 suppressed-by-contrast 288, 291, 292 usefulness of concept 293, 294 very slowly conducting concentric cells 289 very slowly conducting non-concentric cells 289, 290 X/Y test 288 front aberration mapping 25 data 25 Foucault knife-edge method 25 sketching 26 Smirnov's technique 25

X-cells 269

brush sustained 272 centre size and visual field 272 conduction groups 269, 270, 275 contrast sensitivity functions 271 identification test 2 7 5 - 8 , 288 impulse frequency 273 single unit studies 285 sluggish units 271 sustained cells 2 7 5 - 80

null test 278 use of term 279

Y-cells 269 conduction groups 269, 270 identification test 275 8, 288 single unit studies 285 transient cells 2 7 5 - 8 0

null test 278 use of term 279