Suitability of Steel Slag and E-Sand in Glass Fiber Fly...

3762

www.ijifr.com Copyright © IJIFR 2015

Research Paper

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN (Online): 2347-1697

Volume 2 Issue 10 June 2015

Abstract Glass-fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is a concrete which consists cementitious matrix made up of cement, aggregates (coarse and fine), water and admixtures with addition of glass fibers dispersed in it. However studies on use of steel slag, E-sand and various other admixtures such as fly ash, chemicals etc. that are industrial by products in production of GFRC are limited. The present study shows that high strength concrete can be produced with the replacement of natural coarse aggregate by steel slag and replacement of conventional river sand by E-sand. In this experimental study, concrete of M60 grade is tried using fly ash as partial replacement for cement at constant 30% replacement level for all trial mixes also steel slag as varying replacement for coarse aggregate at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and E-sand as varying replacement for sand at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% with addition of constant 0.2% glass fibers by the volume of concrete. The study aims to compare the results of the same with conventional concrete. Tests on workability, strength and durability properties will be conducted on GFRC with steel slag and E-sand as the two types of aggregates along with fly ash as mineral admixture. The test results will be used to arrive at the conclusion, to recommend the suitability of steel slag and E-sand as replacement of natural aggregates in GFRC. From all the test results obtained, we can finally conclude that the optimum replacement of natural aggregates by steel slag and E-sand is 75%, along with partial replacement of cement by fly ash at constant 30% with addition of 0.2% glass fibers.

Suitability of Steel Slag and E-Sand in

Glass Fiber Fly Ash Based Concrete

Paper ID IJIFR/ V2/ E10/ 069 Page No. 3762-3772 Subject Area Civil

Engineering

Key Words Glass Fibers, Fly Ash, Steel Slag, E-Sand

Received On 15-06-2015 Reviewed On 25-06-2015 Published On 29-06-2015

Anil Kumar M 1

M.Tech. Student

Department of Civil Engineering

Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

Prof. Virendra Kumara K N 2

Professor & Head,



Dr. S B Anadinni 3

Principal



3763

ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 2, Issue - 10, June 2015 22ndEdition, Page No: 3762-3772

Anil Kumar M , Prof. Virendra Kumara K N , Dr. S B Anadinni : Suitability of Steel Slag and E-Sand in Glass Fiber Fly Ash Based Concrete

1. Introduction

Concrete is one of the most widely utilized construction materials in the world, with around two

billion tons placed overall every year. It is extensively used in light of the fact that it offers

significant strength and quality at a reasonable cost. It is assessed that present utilization of concrete

globally is 14 billion tons per year. To meet this prerequisite extensive amounts of natural resources

are needed and these natural resources are getting exhausted every day. Fiber Reinforced Concrete

(FRC) is a concrete made principally of cement, aggregates and discrete fibers which acts as

reinforcement material. . Fibers are typically utilized in concrete to control cracking because of

plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage. Because of the vicinity of these consistently scattered

fibers, the cracking strength of concrete is expanded and the fibers acts as crack arresters. They

likewise decrease the permeability of concrete and consequently diminish bleeding of water.

Fly ash is a waste produced from burning pulverized coal in a thermal power station. In particular,

it is the unburned deposit that is diverted from the burning zone in the kettle by the vent gasses and

afterward gathered by either mechanical or electrostatic separators. Fly ash is a pozzolanic material.

Fly ash is for the most part utilized as substitution of cement, as an admixture in concrete and in

production of concrete. Though concrete containing fly ash as fractional substitution of concrete

stances issues of delayed early strength development however will upgrade its strength on long

term basis. Steel slag, a by-product of steel manufacturing, is produced amid the partition of molten

steel from the impurities in the steel-production furnace. While a large portion of the furnace slag is

recycled for reuse as a aggregate, overabundance steel slag from different operations is typically

sent to landfills for disposal. E-Sand (M-Sand) is crushed stone sand obtained in aggregate

production process. These are fine particles, a by-product of aggregate production process which

can be utilized to improve productivity in concrete. E-Sand is finely powdered crystalline powder

which can supplant up to a certain percentage of river sand utilization in concrete and mortars. Its

micro-filling ability lessens pores in concrete and gives better moisture resistivity and also

durability. This study is aimed at assessing the performance of concrete regarding its strength

properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and durability

properties like water absorption, density, acid resistance and sorptivity with steel slag as

substitution to natural coarse aggregate, E-sand as substitution to river sand as fine aggregate in

concrete and fly ash as constant partial substitution to cement and furthermore utilization of glass

fibers as reinforcement material in concrete and comparing its behavior with that of a normal

concrete.

2. Previous Works

Substitution of natural sand with crushed rock powder [1] was studied. As per the test results

crushed rock powder can be viably used to supplant natural sand, without diminishment in the

strength of concrete with crushed rock powder substitution level up to 40%. A study was done on

the properties of fiber reinforced concrete with partial substitution of coarse aggregate by steel slag

[2] the result showed that 1% amassing of polyester fiber is discovered to be the ideal dose. Study

on strength and durability properties of concrete by replacement of fine aggregate by crushed sand

[3] was done, the conclusion obtained was strength and durability properties of concrete would be

better with crushed sand substituting natural sand. Effect of use of glass fibers on conventional

concrete [4] was experimentally studied; the results showed that addition of glass fibers of 0.1% to

concrete shows better result in strength and durability properties. An experimental investigation on

strength properties of glass fiber reinforced concrete [5] was done, as per test results increase in

3764




mechanical properties of concrete by addition of glass fibers. Experimental study on the assessment

of the use of steel slag in concrete [6] was conducted; the results showed that steel slag up to 25%

can be used as replacement for coarse aggregates. Concrete properties by partial substitution of

steel slag as coarse aggregate [7] was studied, as the test results indicated that chemical constituents

of slag force the increase in mechanical properties in concrete. Effect of inclusion of glass fiber on

characteristics of fly ash based concrete[8] was studied, as results showed that volume portion of

glass fiber 0.3% gives better strength values keeping pace with normal mix. So for the present

study, cement is replaced by fly ash by constant 30% for all mix variations, along with steel slag

and E-sand as replacement for coarse aggregate and fine aggregate respectively at varying

percentage of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% along with glass fiber of 0.2% by volume of concrete.

3. Materials Used

3.1 Cement & Fly Ash

In the present study, Birla Super 53 Grade OPC & Fly Ash from Raichur Thermal Power Station is

used. The physical properties are given in Table 1.

Table 1: Physical Properties of Cement & Fly Ash

Physical Properties Test Results

of OPC

Test Results

of Fly Ash

Requirements as per

IS:12269-1987

Specific gravity 3.14 2.1 -

Fineness of cement (%) 4.6 5.5 Not more than 10%

Standard consistency (%) 30 31 -

Initial setting time(min) 46 - Not less than 30 min

Final setting time(min) 192 - Not more than 600 min

3.2 Coarse Aggregate & Steel Slag

The aggregates were procured from Bharathi Cements aggregate plant, Bangalore. Steel Slag is

procured from JSW Steel Plant, Bellary. The tests have been conducted to understand the physical

characteristics given in Table 2.

Table 2: Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregate & Steel Slag

Physical Properties Test Results of

Coarse Aggregate

Test Results of

Steel Slag

Shape Angular Angular

Bulk density of compacted aggregate 1562 kg/m3 1758 kg/m

3

Bulk density of loose aggregate 1368 kg/m3 1521 kg/m

3

Specific Gravity 2.67 3.34

Water absorption 0.2% 1.62%

3.3 Fine Aggregate & E-Sand

River sand which is locally accessible has been selected for the present work. E-Sand is procured

from Bharathi Cements aggregate plant, Bangalore for the present work. Table 3 shows the

comprehensive physical characteristics of the river sand which were determined by experiments

conducted in the laboratory.

3765




Table 3: Physical Properties of Fine Aggregate & E-Sand

Physical Properties Test Results of

Fine Aggregate

Test Results of

E-Sand

Bulk density of loose sand 1428 kg/m3 1898 kg/m

3

Bulk density of compacted sand 1624 kg/m3 1645 kg/m

3

Specific gravity 2.62 2.61

Water Absorption 0.9% 3.6%

3.4 Glass Fibers

For the present work, Cem-Fil Anti-Crack HP, 12 mm long alkali resistant glass fibers are used.

3.5 Super plasticizer

For the present work, Glenium 8233 super plasticizer is used.

Figure 1: Steel Slag & E-Sand

4. Methodology

4.1 Mix Design

Mix design is done as per ACI method for M60grade concrete of code ACI 211.4R-93.

4.2 Mix Proportions

As per the mix design the mix proportion obtained is as follows

(Cement: Fly ash): Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate: w/c ratio

(0.70: 0.30):1.04:2.09:0.29

Table 4: Mix Proportions of M60 grade

SS and ES

variation

Mix Proportion (kg/m³) W/C

ratio

SP

(%)

GF

(%) C F FA ES CA SS

C.C 527.37 0 552.03 0 1104.32 0 0.29 0.60 0.2

A0 369.21 158.21 552.03 0 1104.32 0 0.29 0.70 0.2

A25 369.21 158.21 414.02 138.01 828.34 276.08 0.29 0.85 0.2

A50 369.21 158.21 276.01 276.01 552.16 552.16 0.29 1.10 0.2

A75 369.21 158.21 138.01 414.02 276.08 828.34 0.29 1.25 0.2

A100 369.21 158.21 0 552.03 0 1104.32 0.29 1.40 0.2

C-Cement, F- Fly ash, CA- Coarse Aggregate, SS- Steel Slag, FA- Fine Aggregate, ES - E-Sand,

W/C- Water-Cement Ratio, SP- Super plasticizer, GF- Glass Fibers

3766




5. Results & Discussions

5.1 Slump Test

Slump test was conducted for all mix variations. The results are tabulated in Table 5.

Table 5: Slump Test Results

% Replacement of SS and ES Slump Value (mm) % of super plasticizer

CC 110 0.60

A0 104 0.70

A25 97 0.85

A50 93 1.10

A75 90 1.25

A100 95 1.40

As the replacement level of coarse aggregate by steel slag and fine aggregate by E-sand increased

the slump value reduced. So the required slump is obtained by increasing the % of super plasticizer.

The reduction in slump is due to the water absorption by steel slag and E-sand, since they have

more water absorption capacity than natural aggregates, which hinders the hydration of cement due

to lack of water content and also glass fiber content could be reason because it cause hindrance to

the aggregates to freely slip past the next to be aggregate because of their geometry in concrete.

5.2 Strength Tests

5.2.1 Compressive Strength

Compressive strength test for all mix variations were done for 7, 28, 56 & 90 days and test results

obtained are tabulated in Table 6.

Table 6: Compressive Strength Test Results

% Replacement

of

SS and ES

Compressive Strength in N/mm2

7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days

CC 40.29 61.62 61.62 67.69

A0 42.21 64.58 64.58 69.18

A25 42.95 65.03 65.03 69.62

A50 43.55 68.43 68.43 72.73

A75 46.21 72.29 72.29 76.44

A100 44.22 69.48 69.48 73.18

3767




Figure 2: Compressive Strength Results of M60 Grade

5.2.2 Split Tensile Strength

Split tensile strength test for all mix variations were done for 7, 28, 56 & 90 days and test results


Table 7: Split Tensile Strength Test Results

% Replacement of

SS and ES

Split Tensile Strength in N/mm2

7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days

CC 4.16 5.72 6.29 6.54

A0 4.68 6.43 6.93 7.06

A25 4.83 6.78 7.21 7.53

A50 4.90 7.32 7.91 8.05

A75 5.11 7.87 8.71 9.04

A100 4.73 7.23 8.03 8.59

Figure 3: Split Tensile Strength Results of M60 Grade

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

CC 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Co

mp

ress

ive

Str

eng

th i

n N

/mm

2

% Variation of Steel Slag & E-Sand

7 days

28 days

56 days

90 days

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

CC 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Sp

lit

ten

sile

Str

eng

th i

n N

/mm

2

% Variation of Steel & E-Sand

7 days

28 days

56 days

90 days

3768




5.2.3 Flexural Strength

Split tensile strength test for all mix variations were done for 28, 56 & 90 days and test results


Table 8: Flexural Strength Test Results

% Replacement of

SS and ES

Flexural Strength in N/mm2

28 days 56 days 90 days

CC 5.32 5.54 5.68

A0 5.49 5.66 5.77

A25 5.58 5.71 5.80

A50 5.75 5.88 5.92

A75 5.90 6.02 6.08

A100 5.81 5.91 5.95

Figure 4: Flexural Strength Results of M60 Grade

Compressive, split tensile & flexural strength of concrete made with steel slag and E-sand as

replacement of natural aggregates and replacement of cement with fly ash at constant 30%

replacement level for all variations with addition of glass fibers was determined. The 28 days target

compressive strength is achieved for the replacement level up to 100% but optimum value is

obtained for 75% replacement level. The compressive strength of concrete slightly increases with

addition of 0.2% glass fibers but splitting tensile & flexural strength shows more increase in

strength with addition of glass fibers. The strength achievement is delayed because at early age fly

ash reacts slowly with calcium hydroxide liberated during hydration of cement and does not

contribute significantly to the densification of concrete matrix at early ages. Then the strength is

achieved at later age of 56 and 90 days due to the late strength gain by the fly ash which is added as

partial cement replacement also as the age of concrete increases, the formation of the secondary

calcium silicate hydrated (CSH) gel will be initiated, leading to higher strength. The improvement

in strength was also due to good adhesion between crystallized steel slag, E-sand and cement paste

due to rough surface of slag aggregate and fineness of E-sand.

4.8

5

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

6

6.2

CC 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Fle

xu

ral

Str

ength

in

N/m

m2

% Variation of Steel Slag & E-Sand

28 days

56 days

90 days

3769




5.3 Durability Tests

5.3.1 Density of Concrete

Density for all mix variations are calculated and tabulated in Table 9.

Table 9: Density of Concrete Mix Variations

% Replacement of

SS and ES Density of Concrete (kg/m

3)

CC 2474

A0 2421

A25 2503

A50 2540

A75 2601

A100 2655

5.3.2 Sorptivity of Concrete

Sorptivity test for all mix variations were done for 28, 56 & 90 days and test results obtained are

tabulated in Table 10.

Table 10: Sorptivity Test Results for M60 grade

% Replacement of

SS and ES

Sorptivity in ( mm/√min)

28 days 56 days 90 days

CC 0.140 0.139 0.143

A0 0.153 0.160 0.121

A25 0.176 0.189 0.139

A50 0.145 0.134 0.160

A75 0.143 0.162 0.166

A100 0.180 0.194 0.190

Figure 5: Sorptivity Test

5.3.3 Acid Resistance of Concrete

Acid resistance test for all mix variations were done for 28 days by immersing in H2SO4 & HCl

solution and test results obtained are tabulated in Table 11.

3770




Table 11: Acid Resistance Test Results for M60 grade

% Replacement of

SS and ES

H2SO4 acid effect HCl acid effect

% loss in

weight

% loss in

strength

% loss in

weight

% loss in

strength

CC 7.18 14.37 0.62 3.22

A0 6.31 12.36 0.43 2.87

A25 5.19 9.85 0.37 2.56

A50 4.63 8.25 0.22 2.12

A75 3.41 7.54 0.18 1.84

A100 2.90 6.12 0.14 1.55

a b c

Figure 6: (a) before immersing in acid; (b) after immersing in H2SO4;(c) after immersing in HCl

5.4 Non Destructive Tests

5.4.1 Rebound Hammer & Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

Non destructive tests such as rebound hammer & ultrasonic pulse velocity for all mix variations

were done for 28 days and test results obtained are tabulated in Table 12.

Table 12: Rebound Hammer & Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test Results for 28 days

% Replacement of

SS and ES

Rebound

Number

Ultrasonic Pulse

Velocity (km/sec)

Concrete quality

grading as per

IS: 13311- Part 1

CC 35 4.21 Good

A0 38 4.52 Excellent

A25 39 4.35 Good




3771




From durability & nondestructive test results concrete mix made with steel slag and E-sand as

replacement of natural aggregates and replacement of cement with fly ash at constant 30%

replacement level for all variations with addition of glass fibers, up to 100% replacement level

showed good durability as conventional concrete.

6 Conclusions

The following conclusions can be drawn from the results of the present study:

The workability of glass fiber reinforced concrete has been reduced with the increase in

percentage of steel slag and E-sand.

The compressive strength of concrete for 7, 28, 56 & 90 days of curing with vaying %

replacement of steel slag and E-sand has been increased and have achieved target strength

upto 75% replacement level in GFRC

The split tensile strength of concrete for 7, 28, 56 & 90 days of curing with varying %

replacement of steel slag and E-sand has been increased and have achieved target strength

upto 75% replacement level in GFRC.

The flexural strength of glass fiber fly ash based concrete maintained good result upto 75%

with addition of glass fibers.

By the addition of glass fibers, mechanical properties of glass fiber fly ash based concrete

has been slightly improved compared to the conventional concrete.

Concrete mix variations with Concrete mix variations with % replacement of steel slag and

E-sand have showed lower values in case of Sorptivity and acid resistance and density of

concrete is increased as % replacement of steel slag and E-sand as increased.

From the nondestructive tests like rebound hammer & ultrasonic pulse velocity, the

concrete mix variations with % replacement of steel slag and E-sand have showed good

uniformity when compared to conventional concrete.

Finally, we can conclude that the optimum % replacement of steel slag and E-sand in glass

fiber fly ash based concrete is 75%, up to this level the strength and durability properties

increased, as the replacement level beyond 75%, the strength and durability properties

decreased.

References

[1] Nagabhushana and H. Sharada bai , “Use of Crushed Rock Powder as Replacement of Fine Aggregate in

Mortar and Concrete” , Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 8 (Aug 2011),

[2] N. Manoj and N.Nandhini, “Study on Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial Replacement

of Coarse Aggregate by Steel Slag”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Civil, Structural,

Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering and Developing, Vol. 1, Issue: 2, 08-Mar-2014, ISSN

No: 2320-723X.

[3] B Balapgol, S A Kulkarni and K M Bajoria, “Strength and Durability of Concrete with Crushed Sand”,

OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE & STRUCTURES: 29 - 30 August 2002, Singapore, ISSN No:

100027021.

[4] Deshmukh S.H, Bhusari J.P and Zende A.M, “Effect of Glass Fibers on Ordinary Portland Cement

Concrete”, IOSR Journal of Engineering, June 2012, Vol. 2(6), pp: 1308-1312.

[5] Chandramouli K, Srinivasa Rao P, Pannirselvam N, Seshadri Sekhar T and Sravana P, “Strength

Properties of Glass Fiber Concrete”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 4,

April 2010, ISSN No:1819-6608.

[6] Mahmoud Ameri, Hossein Shahabishahmiri and Sanaz Kazemzadehazad, “Evaluation of the Use of

Steel Slag in Concrete”, 25th ARRB Conference – Shaping the future: Linking policy, research and

outcomes, Perth, Australia 2012.

3772




[7] P.S.Kothai and R. Malathy, “Enhancement of Concrete properties by Steel slag as a Partial Replacement

Material for Coarse Aggregates”, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(12) Oct 2013, pp:

278-285.

[8] Rama Mohan Rao. P , Sudarsana Rao.H and Sekar.S.K, “Effect of Glass Fibers on Fly ash Based

Concrete”, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2010,ISSN No:

0976 – 4399.

[9] IS 456: 2000, Plain and Reinforced Concrete.

[10] SP: 23-1982, Handbook on Concrete Mixes (Based on Indian Standard).

[11] IS: 2386:1963, Tests on Aggregates.

[12] IS: 516-1959(Reaffirmed 2004), Indian Standard Method of Test for Strength of Concrete.

[13] IS: 383-1970 (Reaffirmed 2007), Indian Standard Specifications for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from

Natural Sources for Concrete.

[14] IS: 12269-1987 (Reaffirmed 2004), Indian Standard Specifications for 53 Grade Ordinary Portland

cement.

[15] IS: 9103: 1999, Indian Standard Code for Super plasticizer.

[16] ACI 211.4R-93. American Concrete Institute Code for high grade mix design.

[17] A M Neville, “Properties of Concrete”, Pearson Education, 4th

edition, 2009.

[18] M S Shetty, “Concrete Technology”, S. Chand & Company Ltd, 26th

edition, 2005.

Date post:	18-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	dinhnhan
View:	222 times
Download:	4 times

Suitability of Steel Slag and E-Sand in Glass Fiber Fly...

Documents