Table 12-1. Chapter 12: Social Mobility, Outline

I. Social Mobility

A. Class

B. Race

C. Gender

D. Historical and Comparative

II. The Attainment Process

A. Models

1. Blau and Duncan

2. Wisconsin

B. Education

1. Attainment models

2. Critical perspectives

C. The Conflict Perspective on Status Attainment

Table 12-2. Outflow Mobility, Father to Son Occupation, 1962 and 1973 (Kerbo , p. 392)

Father's

Occup

Son's Current Occupation

Up NonM Lo NonM UpManual LoManual Farm Total

1962 (N=10,550)

Up NM 56.8% 16.7% 11.5% 13.8% 1.2% 100%

Low NM 43.1% 23.7% 14.6% 17.0% 1.7% 100%

Up Man 24.7% 17.0% 28.6% 28.8% 1.2% 100%

Low Man 17.9% 14.8% 21.9% 43.4% 1.9% 100%

Farm 10.3% 12.3% 19.3% 35.9% 22.2% 100%

Total 24.5% 15.9% 20.2% 31.7% 7.7% 100%

1973 (N=20,850)

Up NM 59.4% 11.4% 12.8% 15.5% .9% 100%

Low NM 45.1% 16.6% 16.4% 20.7% 1.2% 100%

Up Man 30.9% 12.2% 27.7% 28.1% 1.2% 100%

Low Man 22.9% 12.1% 23.9% 40.1% 1.0% 100%

Farm 16.4% 9.0% 22.9% 37.1% 14.5% 100%

Total 31.2% 11.8% 21.9% 31.0% 4.1% 100%

Table 12-3. Inflow Mobility, Father to Son Occupation, 1962 and 1973 (Kerbo , p. 392)

Father's

Occup

Son's Current Occupation

Up NonM Lo NonM UpManual LoManual Farm Total

1962 (N=10,550)

Up NM 25.4% 11.6% 6.2% 4.8% 1.7% 11.0%

Low NM 23.1% 19.6% 9.5% 7.0% 2.9% 13.1%

Up Man 19.0% 20.2% 26.3% 17.1% 2.9% 18.8%

Low Man 20.1% 25.6% 29.7% 37.6% 6.8% 27.4%

Farm 12.5% 23.0% 28.3% 33.6% 85.7% 29.7%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

1973 (N=20,850)

Up NM 29.3% 14.8% 9.0% 7.7% 3.2% 15.4%

Low NM 16.7% 16.2% 8.6% 7.7% 3.3% 11.5%

Up Man 20.2% 21.0% 25.8% 18.5% 5.8% 20.4%

Low Man 21.8% 30.5% 32.6% 38.5% 7.0% 29.7%

Farm 12.1% 17.5% 24.0% 27.5% 80.7% 22.9%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Figure 12-1. Percent Upward, Downward, Mobile, Immobile, Structural and Exchange Mobility in 1962 and 1973 (Based

on Kerbo, pp. 393-394)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1962 47.6 15.3 66.9 33.1 22 44.9

1973 50.9 17.2 68.1 31.9 18.8 49.3

Up Down MobileNot

MobileStructrl Xchnge

Figure 12-2. Father's and Son's Occupational Distributions, 1962 and 1973 (Based on Kerbo, pp. 391-392)

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

UpNM LoNM UpMan LoMan Farm

Father 62

Son 62

Father 73

Son 73

Table 12-4. Percent of Fathers and Sons Across Occupations in 1962 and 1973 (Based on Kerbo, pp. 391-392)

Occupations

UpNonM LO NonM UpManual LoManual Farm Total

Father's 1962

11.0% 13.1% 18.8% 27.4% 29.7% 100%

Son's 1962

24.5% 15.9% 20.2% 31.7% 7.7% 100%

Father's

1973

15.4% 11.5% 20.4% 29.7% 22.9% 100%

Son's 1973

31.2% 11.8% 21.9% 31.0% 4.1% 100%

Figure 12-3. Intergenerational Income Inheritance in the U.S., 1950-2000 (Kerbo, p. 395)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Percent 40% 35% 34% 32% 46% 58%

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Figure 12-4. Comparative Income Inheritance in the U.S. and European Union (Kerbo, p. 396)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Percent 22% 23% 28% 34% 43% 57%

Finland Canada Sweden Germany U.S. U.K.

Table 12-5. Black Outflow Mobility, Father to Son Occupation, 1962 and 1973 (Kerbo , p. 400)

Father's

Occup

Son's Current Occupation

Up NonM Lo NonM UpManual LoManual Farm Total

1962

Up NM 13.3% 10.0% 13.7% 63.0% 0.0% 100%

Low NM 8.3% 14.0% 14.0% 63.7% 0.0% 100%

Up Man 8.2% 10.9% 10.9% 67.0% 3.0% 100%

Low Man 6.7% 9.1% 11.1% 71.0% 2.1% 100%

Farm 1.2% 5.4% 7.1% 66.3 19.9% 100%

Total 4.5% 7.7% 9.4% 67.9% 10.5% 100%

1973

Up NM 43.9% 11.8% 8.3% 36.0% 0.0% 100%

Low NM 19.5% 20.8% 13.4% 45.5% .8% 100%

Up Man 16.3 13.9% 15.8% 53.7% 0.2% 100%

Low Man 12.1 12.2% 13.7% 61.0% 1.0% 100%

Farm 5.1 6.8% 16.5% 63.2% 8.4% 100%

Total 11.6 10.8% 14.7% 59.4% 3.5% 100%

Table 12-6 Father to Son Movement Bottom and Top Income Quartiles for Blacks and Whites in 2000 (Kerbo, p. 403)

Bottom to Top Top to Bottom

All 7.3% 9.2%

White 10.2% 9.0%

Black 4.2% 18.5%

Black-White -6.0% 9.5%

Figure 12-5. Comparative Son and Daughter Income Inheritance in the U.S. and European Union (Kerbo, p. 406)

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

Sons 24.7% 27.8% 28.2% 25.8% 30.3% 42.2%

Daughters 23.5% 23.8% 23.5% 23.9% 23.2% 25.6%

Dnmrk Finlnd Norwy Swedn U.K. U.S.

Table 12-7. Kerbo's Summary of Major Points on Mobility (Based on pp. 413-414)

• Occupational inheritance in the U.S. is fairly high at the top (upper non-manual) and the bottom (lower manual)

• We have very limited data on upper class mobility, but there obviously is some sponsored mobility

• Mobility seems to have been pretty stable from 1910 to 1973, especially clear for 1960-1973, but may be declining since the 1980s

• Mobility patterns for white women and black men are very different and very different from white men

• Women seem to inherit father’s occupation through husband and tend to be more mobile than men, through marriage

Figure 12-6. Blau and Duncan's Path Model (Kerbo, p. 415)

Father'sEducation

Father'sOccupation

Son'sEducation

Son'sFirst Job

Son'sOccupation.516

.310

.279.115

.753

X

.224

.440

.394

.281

.818

X

X.859

Figure 12-7. Wisconsin School Path Model (Kerbo, p. 417)

Parents'sSES

MentalAbility

OccupationalAspirations

Academicperformance

Occupational Status.288

.246

.179.320

.859

X

.589

.152

.808

X

SignificantOthers

Educational Aspirations

EducationalAttainment

.522

.441

.261

.218

.218

.457

.227

.792 .768

X X.627

.508

X

.654

.778

X

Figure 12-8. Percent of University and Community College Students from Bottom to Top Income

Quartiles (Kerbo, p. 422)

Figure 12-9. College Completion Rates by Entrance Test Scores Family Income (Kerbo, p. 423)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Low score

Mid Score

Hi Score

Low income

Middle Income

High Income

Figure 12-10. Structural and Individual Variables Affecting Income Attainment (Kerbo, p. 407)

Income

Industry:Core/Periphery

Firm Characteristics

AuthorityPosition

PropertyRelations

Global EconomicChanges

OccupationalStatus

OccupationalSkill Level

Racism andSexism