19
TAURINE 6
TAURINE 6
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo
IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute
RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan
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ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
ABEL LAJTHA, N.S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
Edited by
and
TAURINE 6
Simo S. Oja
Tampere, Finland
University of TampereTampere, Finland
Pirjo Saransaari
Tampere University Hospital
Simo S. Oja Pirjo Saransaari
Brain Research Center
Medical School
Proceedings of the 15th International Taurine Meeting, “Taurine Today,” held in Tampere, Finland, June 12–15, 2005
ISSN: 0065 2598 ISBN-10: 0-387-32356-2 e-ISBN 0-387-33504-8 ISBN-13: 978-0387-32356-5
Printed on acid-free paper.
2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if the are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
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The Center for Laboratory Medicine
v
PREFACE
The 15th Taurine Meeting, “Taurine Today,” was held June 12–15, 2005, in Tampere, Finland. Tampere is the third largest city (200,000 inhabitants) in Finland and the largest inland city in Scandinavia, located 109 miles north of Helsinki, capital of Finland. The meeting venue was the Scandic Hotel Rosendahl on the shores of the Lake Pyhäjärvi, located about two miles from the city center on a hillside of the highest sand ridge in the world. This narrow ridge was formed by the Ice Age between two large lakes, embracing the present-day city of Tampere. Approximately 80 individuals attended this meeting from twenty-one countries and four continents. The present meeting continued the prestigious series of taurine meetings, regularly gathering together most of the prominent investigators in the field. The scientific program consisted of thirty-three platform and forty-seven poster presentations. This volume is based on these presentations given at the meeting. The topics range from the presence and metabolism of taurine in microorganisms to the applicability of taurine derivatives in clinical medicine. Characterization of the significance of taurine in nutrition and of the putative functions in the organisms was also emphasized, among several other aspects of taurine. The Finnish Physiological Society and Tampere University Brain Research Center were the official organizations sponsoring the meeting. The Program Committee, Professors Junichi Azuma, Laura Della Corte, J. Barry Lombardini, Stephen W. Schaffer, Simo S. Oja, and Pirjo Saransaari, cooperated in composing the meeting program. The heaviest burden of all practical matters was on the shoulders of the Organizing Committee, including Prof. Simo S. Oja, Prof. Pirjo Saransaari, Assoc. Prof. Kirsi-Marja Marnela, Assoc. Prof. Vince Varga, Dr. Satoshi Abe, Dr. Sirpa Rainesalo, and Ms. Svetlana Molchanova, MSci. The organizers of the meeting are indebted to the Academy of Finland; Tampere University Research Fund; Taisho Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Japan; Red Bull GmBh, Austria; Korean Taurine Society; Dong-A Pharmaceutical Company, Korea; and the organizer of the previous taurine meeting, Prof. Stephen Schaffer, for their generous
Pasi Puumala, BMed; and Mr. Róbert Dohovics, MSci, for their skilful technical help with computers, Power Point shows, and microphones during the meeting. The excellent professional competence of the staff of the TAVI Congress Bureau, in particular that of, the managing director, Ms. Anja Hakkarainen, and the kind cooperation of the personnel of the Scandic Hotel Rosendahl, were greatly appreciated. Ms. Sari Luokkala gave us expert advice and technical help in editing the manuscripts.
financial support. The organizers likewise thank Ms. Svetlana Molchanova, MSci; Mr.
PREFACE
Finally, the organizers wish to thank all the participants of the meeting and the authors of the papers in this volume. Their invaluable contributions made everything worth our efforts. The presentations at the meeting and the articles in this volume shed bright light on the various aspects of the significance and role of taurine, although many questions still remain unanswered. This calls for the next taurine meeting to be organized in about two years’ time.
Simo S. Oja Pirjo Saransaari
University of Tampere
vi
vii
PARTICIPANTS
Satoshi Abe Taurine Project Team Taisho Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd Tokyo, Japan [email protected]
Elmira Anderzhanova University of Athens Medical School Athens, Greece [email protected]
Junichi Azuma Clinical Evaluation of Medicines and Therapeutics Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka, Japan [email protected]
Laura Bianchi Dipartimento di Farmakologia Preclinica e Clinica Università degli Studi di Firenze Florence, Italy [email protected]
David Brouchier-Hayes Department of Surgery Royal College of Surgeons Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Ireland [email protected]
John Browne Department of Surgery Royal College of Surgeons Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Ireland [email protected]
Marie-Louise Bülow Institute of Molecular Biology University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [email protected]
Kyung Ja Chang Department of Food and Nutrition Inha University Incheon, South Korea [email protected]
Aisa Chepkova Institute of Neurophysiology Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany [email protected]
Russel W. Chesney Department of Pediatrics University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Le Bonheur Children’s Medical Center Memphis, TN, USA [email protected]
PARTICIPANTSviii
Alasdair Cook Department of Biological Sciences University of Constance Constance, Germany [email protected]
Robért Dohovics Brain Research Center Medical School University of Tampere Tampere, Finland [email protected]
John Dominy Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA [email protected]
Abdeslem El Idrissi Department of Biology and Center for Development College of Staten Island/CUNY Staten Island, NY, USA [email protected]
Mario Fontana Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Università di Roma “La Sapienza” Rome, Italy [email protected]
Kjell Fugelli Department of Molecular Biosciences University of Oslo Oslo, Norway [email protected]
Ludmila Gavrovskaya Research Institute of Experimental Medicine Russian Academyof Medical Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia [email protected]
Jingchun Guo Department of Integrative Medicine Shanghai Medical College Fudan University Shanghai, China [email protected]
Ramesh Gupta SASRD Nagaland University Medziphema, India [email protected]
Xiaobin Han Department of Pediatrics University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Le Bonheur Children’s Medical Center Memphis, TN, USA [email protected]
Svend H. Hansen Department of Clinical Biochemistry Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark [email protected]
Antonio Herranz Servicio de Neurobiología Hospital Ramón y Cajal Madrid, Spain [email protected]
Wojciech Hilgier Department of Neurotoxicology Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland [email protected]
Tuomas Huttunen Brain Research Center Medical School University of Tampere Tampere, Finland [email protected]
PARTICIPANTS ix
Takashi Ito Clinical Evaluation of Medicines and Therapeutics Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka, Japan [email protected]_u.ac.jp
Réka Janáky Brain Research Center Medical School University of Tampere Tampere, Finland [email protected]
Young-Sook Kang College of Pharmacy Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea [email protected]
Tomie Kawada Pharmacy Division Niigata University Hospital Niigata, Japan [email protected]
Chaekyun Kim
Ha Won Kim Department of Life Sciences University of Seoul Seoul, South Korea [email protected]
Vija Kluša Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine University of Latvia Riga, Latvia [email protected]
Ewa Kontny Department of Pathophysiology & Immunology Institute of Rheumatology Warsaw, Poland [email protected]
Irina B. Krylova Research Institute of Experimental Medicine Russian Academy of Medical Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia [email protected]
Nien Vinh Lam School of Food and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka Shizuoka, Japan [email protected]
Ian Henry Lambert Department of Biochemistry Institute for Molecular Biology and Physiology Copenhagen, Denmark [email protected]
Cesar Lau-Cam Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions St. John’s University Jamaica, NY, USA [email protected]
Robert Law Department of Preclinical Sciences University of Leicester Leicester, UK [email protected]
Florence Ledeque Unite de Biochimie Universitè Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium [email protected]
Center for Advanced MedicalEducation by BK21 Project
[email protected] Incheon, 400-712, KoreaInha University College of Medicine
PARTICIPANTSx
Dong-Hee Lee Department of Life Sciences University of Seoul Seoul, South Korea [email protected]
Natalia Levinskaya Department of Biology and Center for Development College of Staten Island/CUNY Staten Island, NY, USA [email protected]
Lucimey Lima Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas Caracas, Venezuela [email protected]
J. Barry Lombardini Department of Pharmacology Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock, TX, USA [email protected]
Janusz Marcinkiewicz Department of Immunology Jagiellonian University Medical College Cracow, Poland [email protected]
Kirsi-Marja Marnela University of Tampere Tampere, Finland [email protected]
Antti Antero Mero Department of Biology and Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä, Finland [email protected]
Dietrich V. Michalk Department of Pediatrics University of Köln Cologne, Germany [email protected]
Tadaomi Miyamoto Research Department Kokura Memorial Hospital Kitakyushu-City, Japan [email protected]
Svetlana M. Molchanova Brain Research Center Medical School University of Tampere Tampere, Finland [email protected]
Mikio Nakazawa Department of Medical Technology School of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine Niigata University Niigata, Japan [email protected]
Naoyoshi Ogawa Taisho Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd Tokyo, Japan [email protected]
Simo S. Oja Center for Laboratory Medicine Tampere University Hospital Tampere, Finland [email protected]
James E. Olson Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology Wright State University School of Medicine Dayton, OH, USA [email protected]
PARTICIPANTS xi
Mitri Palmi Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Università di Siena Siena, Italy [email protected]
Taesun Park Department of Food and Nutrition Yonsei University Seoul, South Korea [email protected]
Levon Poghosyan Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry National Academy of Sciences Yerevan, Armenia [email protected]
Pasi Puumala Brain Research Center Medical School University of TampereTampere, [email protected]
Sirpa Rainesalo Department of Neurology University of Tampere Tampere, Finland [email protected]
Yudhachai Rajtasereekul Osotspa Co, Ltd Bangkok, Thailand [email protected]
Sanya Roysommuti Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen, Thailand [email protected]
Chaichan Sangdee Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai, Thailand [email protected]
Nikolay Sapronov Research Institute of Experimental Medicine Russian Academy of Medical Sciences St.Petersburg, Russia [email protected]
Pirjo Saransaari Brain Research Center Medical School University of Tampere Tampere, Finland [email protected]
Stephen W. Schaffer Department of Pharmacology University of South Alabama Mobile, AL, USA [email protected]
David B. Shennan Hannah Research Institute Ayr, Scotland [email protected]
Jose M. Solís Servicio de Neurobiología Hospital Ramón y Cajal Madrid, Spain [email protected]
Ruzanna Stepanyan Heratsi Yerevan State Medical University,Yerevan, Armenia [email protected]
PARTICIPANTSxii
Martha Stipanuk Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA [email protected]
Kyoko Takahashi Department of Clinical Evaluation of Medicines and Therapeutics Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka, Japan [email protected]
Teisuke Takahashi Medicinal Research Laboratories Taisho Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd Tokyo, Japan [email protected]
Andrey Taranukhin Brain Research Center Medical School University of Tampere Tampere, Finland [email protected]
Yoriko Uozumi Clinical Evaluation of Medicines and Therapeutics Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka, Japan [email protected]
Vince Varga Brain Research Center Medical School University of Tampere Tampere, Finland [email protected]
Roberta Ward Unite de Biochimie Universitè Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium [email protected]
Michal Wegrzynowicz Department of Neurotoxicology Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland [email protected]
Fei Zhou Department of Integrative Medicine Shanghai Medical College Fudan University Shanghai, China [email protected]
xiii
CONTENTS
Part 1. Taurine Metabolism and Taurine Transporter
Metabolism of Taurine in Microorganisms:
A Primer in Molecular Biodiversity? .............................................................................3 Alasdair M. Cook and Karin Denger
The Reactivity of Hypotaurine and Cysteine
Sulfinic Acid with Peroxynitrite ..................................................................................15 Mario Fontana, Silvestro Duprè, and Laura Pecci
Cysteamine Dioxygenase: Evidence for the Physiological
Conversion of Cysteamine to Hypotaurine in Rat and Mouse Tissues .....................25 Relicardo M. Coloso, Lawrence L. Hirschberger, John E. Dominy, Jeong-In Lee, and Martha H. Stipanuk
In Vivo Regulation of Cysteine Dioxygenase via the
Ubiquitin-26S Proteosome System................................................................................37 John E. Dominy, Jr., Lawrence L. Hirschberger, Relicardo M. Coloso, and Martha H. Stipanuk
Osmosensitive Gene Expression of Taurine Transporter
and Cyclin C in Embryonic Fibroblast Cells...............................................................49 Changkyu Oh, Yun Jaie Choi, Hyung Gee Kim, and Dong-Hee Lee
Is TauT an Anti-Apoptotic Gene?.................................................................................59 Xiaobin Han and Russell W. Chesney
Gene Expressions of Taurine Transporter and
Taurine Biosynthetic Enzyme during Mouse and
Chicken Embryonic Development ................................................................................69 Ha Won Kim, Seung Hyun Yoon, Taesun Park, Byong Kak Kim, Kun Koo Park, and Dong Hee Lee
CONTENTS xiv
Mechanisms of Regulation of Taurine Transporter Activity:
A Complex Interplay of Regulatory Systems ..............................................................79 Xiaobin Han and Russell W. Chesney
TauT Gene Expression Is Regulated by
TonEBP and Plays a Role in Cell Survival ..................................................................91 Takashi Ito, Yasushi Fujio, Yoriko Uozumi, Takahisa Matsuda, Makiko Maeda, Kyoko Takahashi, and Junichi Azuma
Multiple PLA2 Isoforms Regulate Taurine
Release in NIH3T3 Mouse Fibroblasts ........................................................................99 Ian Henry Lambert and Stine Falsig Pedersen
Properties of Volume-Activated Taurine Efflux
from Human Breast Cancer Cells ............................................................................. 109 David B. Shennan, Jean Thomson, James Davidson and Iain F. Gow
Part 2. Metabolic Effects of Taurine
Taurine-Induced Changes in Transcription Profiling of
Metabolism-Related Genes in Human Hepatoma Cells HepG2 ............................. 119 Sung-Hee Park, Haemi Lee, Kun Koo Park, Ha Won Kim, Dong Hee Lee, and Taesun Park
The Important Role of Taurine in Oxidative Metabolism ...................................... 129 Svend Høime Hansen, Mogens Larsen Andersen, Henrik Birkedal, Claus Cornett, and Flemming Wibrand
Characterization of Taurine as Inhibitor
of Sodium Glucose Transporter ................................................................................. 137 HaWon Kim, Alexander John Lee, Seungkwon You, Taesun Park, and Dong Hee Lee
Taurine Attenuates Pyridoxal-Induced Adrenomedullry
Catacholamine Release and Glycogenolysis in the Rat ............................................ 147 Jagir P. Patel and Cesar A. Lau-Cam
Cytotoxicity of Taurine Metabolites Depends on the Cell Type ............................. 157 Ewa Kontny, Magdalena Chor y-Massalska, Weronika Rudnicka, Janusz Marcinkiewicz, and W odzimierz Ma li ski
Effects of Dietary Salt and Fat on Taurine Excretion
in Healthy and Diseased Rats ..................................................................................... 173 Mahmood S. Mozaffari, Rafik Abdelsayed, Champa Patel, and Stephen W. Schaffer
CONTENTS xv
Clinical Significance of Plasma Taurine
Part I. Plasma Taurine Reflects Sympathetic Tone ....................................................... 181
Tadaomi A. Miyamoto and Masumi R. Miyamoto
Effects of Taurine on mRNA Levels of Nuclear
Receptors and Factors Involved in Cholesterol
and Bile Acid Homeostasis in Mice ............................................................................ 193 Nien Vinh Lam, Wen Chen, Kazuhito Suruga, Naomichi Nishimura, Toshinao Goda, Hiroaki Oda, and Hidehiko Yokogoshi
Comparison of the Effects of Taurine with Those
of Related Sulfur-Containing Compounds on
Pyridoxal-Induced Adrenomedullary Cateholamine
Release and Glycogenolysis in the Rat ...................................................................... 203 Cesar A. Lau-Cam and Jagir P. Patel
Accumulation of Taurine in Tumor and
Chaekyun Kim
Part 3. Effects of Taurine Supplementation
Effects of Garlic Powder and Taurine Supplementation
on Abdominal Fat, Muscle Weight, and Blood
Amino Acid Pattern in Ovariectomized Rats ........................................................... 221Sun Hee Cheong, Chai Hyeock Yu, Mi-Ja Choi, and Kyung Ja Chang
Effects of Garlic Powder and Soy Protein Supplementation
on Blood Lipid Profiles and Amino Acid Concentrations
in Postmenopausal Hyperlipidemic Model Rats ....................................................... 227 Sun Hee Cheong, Mi-Ja Choi, and Kyung Ja Chang
The Effect of Dietary Taurine Supplementation on
Plasma and Liver Lipid Concentrations and Free Amino Acid
Concentrations in Rats Fed a High-Cholesterol Diet ............................................... 235 Mi-Ja Choi, Jung-Hee Kim, and Kyung Ja Chang
The Effect of Dietary Taurine Supplementation on
Plasma and Liver Lipid Concentrations and
Mineral Metabolism in Rats Fed Alcohol ................................................................. 243 Mi-Ja Choi, Min-Ji Kim, and Kyung Ja Chang
Part II . Spontaneously High Plasma Taurine Concentration Presages Bad Outcome If Challenged with Ischemia ................................................................. 188
Inflammatory Lesions ................................................................................................. 213
CONTENTS xvi
Effects of Taurine Supplementation on Cholesterol Levels
with Potential Ramification in Atherosclerosis ........................................................ 251 John B. Lombardini and Julius D. Militante
Part 4. Taurine in Heart and Muscles
Molecular Mechanisms of Cardioprotection by Taurine
on Ischemia-Induced Apoptosis in Cultured Cardiomyocytes ................................ 257 Kyoko Takahashi, Tomoka Takatani, Yoriko Uozumi, Takashi Ito, Takahisa Matsuda, Yasushi Fujio, Stephen W. Schaffer, and Junichi Azuma
Myogenic Induction of Taurine Transporter Prevents
Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy ................................................................ 265 Yoriko Uozumi, Takashi Ito, Kyoko Takahashi, Takahisa Matsuda, Tomomi Mohri, Yasushi Kimura,Yasushi Fujio, and Junichi Azuma
Regionally Perfused Taurine
Part I. Minimizes Lactic Acidosis and Preserves CKMB and Myocardial Contractility after Ischemia/Reperfusion ............................................ 271Part II. Taurine Addition to St Thomas’ Solution Prevents DNA Oxidative Stress and Maintains Contractile Function .......................................... 279 Wnimunk Oriyanhan, Tadaomi A. Miyamoto, Kazuhiro Yamazaki, Senri Miwa, Kiyoaki Takaba, Tadashi Ikeda, and Masashi Komeda
Part 5. Taurine in Brain and Retina
The Effect of Oxidative Stress on the Transport of
Taurine in an in Vitro Model of the Blood Brain Barrier ........................................ 291 Young-Sook Kang
Neuroprotection by Taurine and Taurine Analogues .............................................. 299 Roberta Ward, Tanya Cirkovic-Vellichovia, Florence Ledeque, Gunars Tirizitis, Gunars Dubars, Krishna Datla, David Dexter, Paul Heushling, and Robert Crichton
Taurine Transporter Regulation in Hippocampal Neurons .................................... 307 James E. Olson and Eduardo Martinho, Jr.
Taurine and Brain Excitability .................................................................................. 315 Abdeslem El Idrissi
CONTENTS xvii
Systematically Administered Taurine
Part I. Central Nervous System Effects ......................................................................... 323 Koho J. Miyamoto, Masumi R. Miyamoto, and Tadaomi A. Miyamoto Part II. Systematically Administered Taurine Protects in Hypothermia and Normothermia ................................................................ 330 Tadaomi A. Miyamoto, Koho J. Miyamoto, and Masumi R. MiyamotoPart III. Systemically Administered Taurine: Pharmacologically Activated Mechanisms ................................................................... 335 Tadaomi A. Miyamoto, Koho J. Miyamoto, and Masumi R. Miyamoto
Effects of Taurine on Cerebral Blood Flow Perfusion, Cell Apoptosis, and Infarct Volume in Acute Cerebral Ischemic Rats ........................... 353 Fei Zhou, Jingchun Guo, Ru Yang, Jing Gu, Hongbin Jin, Gencheng Wu, and Jieshi Cheng
The Mechanisms of Taurine’s Protective Action
against Acute Guanidino Neurotoxicity .................................................................... 359 R. O. Law
Properties of Basal Taurine Release in the Rat Striatum in Vivo ........................... 365 Svetlana M. Molchanova, Simo S. Oja, and Pirjo Saransaari
Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Taurine in Vivo ..................................................... 377Elmira Anderzhanova, Pirjo Saransaari, and Simo S. Oja
Taurine Participates in the Anticonvulsive Effect of Electroacupuncture ..................................................................................... 389 Ru Yang, Qing Li, Jing-Chun Guo, Hong-Bing Jin, Jun Liu, Bu-Er Wang, and Jie-Shi Cheng
Involvement of Taurine in Cerebral Ischemia and
Electroacupuncture Anti-Ischemia ............................................................................ 395 Jingchun Guo, Peng Zhao, Yan Xia, Fei Zhou, Ru Yang, and Jieshi Cheng
Mechanisms of Long-Lasting Enhancement of
Corticostriatal Neurotransmission by Taurine ........................................................ 401 Aisa N. Chepkova, Olga A. Sergeeva, and Helmut L. Haas
Increased GAD-Positive Neurons
in the Cortex of Taurine-Fed Mice ............................................................................ 411 Natalia Levinskaya, Ekkhart Trenkner, and Abdeslem El Idrissi
Tumoral, Peritumoral, and Extratumoral Tissue .................................................... 419 Suzana Cubillos, Francisco Obregón, María Fernanda Vargas, Luis Antonio Salazar, and Lucimey Lima
Taurine Concentration in Human Gliomas and Meningiomas:
CONTENTS xviii
Taurine Transport and Transporter Localization
in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Controls
and Major Depression Patients .................................................................................. 423 Fili Fazzino, Mary Urbina, Salvador Mata, and Lucimey Lima
Retina and Optic Tectum Interact to Modulate Taurine
Effect on Goldfish and Rat Retinal Explants Outgrowth ........................................ 427 Lucimey Lima and Suzana Cubillos
Neuritic Outgrowth from Goldfish Retinal Explants,
Interaction of Taurine and Zinc ................................................................................ 435 Sonia Nusetti, Francisco Obregón, and Lucimey Lima
Part 6. Taurine Derivatives
Taurine, Taurine Analogues, and Taurine Functions: Overview ........................... 443 L. Bianchi, M .A. Colivicchi, C. Ballini, M. Fattori, C. Venturi, M. G. Giovannini, J. Healy, K.. F. Tipton, and L. Della Corte
Taurine Analogues and Taurine Transport: Therapeutic Advanges ..................... 449 R. C. Gupta
Taurine, Taurine Analogues, and Mitochondrial
Function and Dysfunction .......................................................................................... 469
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Taurine Derivatives
(Taurine Chloramine, Taurine Bromamine, and Taurolidine)
Are Mediated by Different Mechanisms ................................................................... 481 Janusz Marcinkiewicz, Maria Kurnyta, Rafa Biedro ,Ma gorzata Bobek, Ewa Kontny, and W odzimierz Ma li ski
Taurine Chloramine Inhibits the Production of
Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Anion by Modulating
Specific Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ............................................................. 493 Chaekyun Kim, Hyung Sim Choi, and Jun Woo Kim
Anti-Neurotoxic Effects of Tauropyrone,
a Taurine Analogue ..................................................................................................... 499 Vija Klusa, Linda Klimaviciusa, Gunars Duburs, Janis Poikans, and Alexander Zharkovsky
Taurinamide Derivatives – Drugs with the
Metabolic Type of Action
Minireview .................................................................................................................... 509Nikolay S. Sapronov and Ludmila K. Gavrovskaya
M. Palmi, G. Davey, K. F. Tipton, and A. Meini
CONTENTS xix
Potential Antiatherosclerotic Drugs:
Novel N-Substituted Taurinamide Derivatives ......................................................... 515 Nikolay S. Sapronov, Ludmila K. Khnychenko, Irina V. Okunevich, and Ludmila K. Gavrovskaya
Antihypoxic Properties of Taurinamide Derivatives:
The Experimental Study ............................................................................................. 523Ludmila K. Gavrovskaya, Irina B. Kr lova, Elena N. Selina, Albina F. Safonova, Natalia N. Petrova , and Nikolay S. Sapronov
The Influence of a Taurinamide Derivative on
Skin Wound Healing in Rats:
The Experimental Study ............................................................................................. 529 Ludmila K. Gavrovskaya, Elena N. Selina, Olga M. Rodionova, Galina I. Nezhinskaya, and Nikolay S. Sapronov
The Experimental Study ............................................................................................. 535 Irina B. Krylova, Nataliya R. Evdokimova, Ludmila K. Gavrovskaya, and Nikolay S. Sapronov
Neuroprotective Effect of a New Taurinamide
Derivative – Taurepar ................................................................................................ 543Irina B. Krylova, Valentina V. Bulion, Ludmila K. Gavrovskaya, Elena N. Selina, Nataliya N. Kuznetzova, and Nikolay S. Sapronov
Index ............................................................................................................................. 551
Cardioprotective Effect of Taurhythman:
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