The 1990’sCarolina, Carley, Cheyenne, Ethan, and Peter

The Persian Gulf WarCauses, Course, and Consequences

Causes August 2, 1990- 80,000 Iraqi troops invaded and occupied

Kuwait, which is rich in oil

Saddam Hussein, Iraq’s leader, justified the invasion by saying Kuwait was a historic part of Iraq

He also accused Kuwait of intentionally depressing world oil prices

Invasion gave Hussein direct control over a significant portion of the world’s oil supply, which disrupted the balance of power

August 6- President George H.W. Bush declared, “This aggression will not stand.” dispatched 180,000 troops

Course Allies: US, Great Britain, France, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia

November, 1990- Bush doubled the size of the American forces deployed in the Persian Gulf

Bush would use force if Iraq did not withdraw by January 15, 1991bombing began on the 16th

Although Iraqi army is the world’s 4th largest and heavily equipped, the coalition (allied) forces had achieved air supremacy after a month of allied bombing

Destroyed tanks and artillery pieces, supply routes, and communication lines

Limited ability to produce nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons

Course Allies relied on deception, mobility, and overwhelming air

superiority

Operation Desert Storm: the name of the ground offensive which began Feb. 23rd

Mislead Iraqis that attack would occur along the Kuwait coastline and Kuwait’s border with Saudi Arabia shifted into western Saudi Arabia in order to strike deep into Iraq

Only 100 hours after the ground campaign started, the war ended

http://www.history.com/videos/operation-desert-storm-vet-jon-custer#operation-desert-storm-vet-jon-custer

Consequences Most popular US war since WWII

Restored American confidence in its position as the world’s sole superpower and ended the doubt, drift, and demoralization that started with the Vietnam War and the Watergate Scandal

Saddam still in power, but less control over regional events

Casualties: Americans: 150 killed and 450 wounded Iraqis: 100,000 killed

Bush’s approval rating soared

Won almost entirely by using high-tech weapons

http://www.history.com/shows/modern-marvels/videos/gulf-war-weaponry-pounds-iraq#gulf-war-weaponry-pounds-iraq

Clinton & the 1992 Presidential Election

Campaign came on the heels of an economic slowdown

Bush’s greatest strength, foreign policy, was no longer as important during the peaceful time after defeating Iraq in the Gulf War along with the dissolution of the Soviet Union

Clinton decided on his political career after meeting JFK in 1963

“Two for the price of one” if he was elected

Social IssuesClinton received allegations the he “dodged the

draft” as well as smoked marijuana but “didn’t inhale”

Accused of meeting with communists in Russia

Most well known scandal: Clinton’s affair with a white house employee, Gennifer Flowers

“Don’t ask, don’t tell” Policy

Allowed homosexual men and women to serve in the armed forces as long as their sexuality remained a secret

This policy was criticized from both sides, with people stating that Clinton was being too tentative in promoting gay rights as well as others who believed that Clinton was being insensitive to military life

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993

Cut taxes for 15 million low income families,

made tax cuts available to 90% of small

businesses, and raised taxes on the

wealthiest 1.2% of tax payers

Mandated the budget be balanced over a

number of years through the implementation

of spending restraints

Clinton and the Congressional Republicans

• Mid term elections of 1994, the Republicans won control of both houses for the first time in 40 years.•They proposed lower taxes, welfare reform, tougher anti-crime laws, term limits for Congress, revised rules in Congress and a balanced budget amendment.•Analysts have suggested many causes for the drastic change in political sentiment in the country between 1992 and 1994; among the causes suggested were voter disgust at Congressional scandals mainly implicating Democrats, voter distrust of Clinton after the presentation and defeat of the Clinton health care reform proposal--dubbed "Hillarycare"; the nationalization of the election by Gingrich's "Contract with America", and more skilled framing of issues by the Republicans in 1994.In their first 100 days the House did pass the Contract with America, however, the GOP Senate failed to go along and Clinton's vetoes defeated the Contract.•In 1995 President Clinton and Congressional Republicans fought a bitter battle over the new federal budget. Clinton vetoed the Republican budget bill, claiming that it cut social programs. Speaker Gingrich believed that Clinton would back down and approve the budget. Soon afterword, Clinton and the Congress reached an agreement to a balanced budget.

Clinton Scandal Initial Case

1994 Paula Jones sues Clinton on Sexual Harassment Charges.

Through the investigation Jones’ lawyers called to question a White House employee at the time, Monica Lewinsky, to see if Clinton has had a pattern of this behavior.

Lewinsky was told by Clinton to lie under oath about any relationship of this kind.

Clinton Scandal Cont.News of the scandal reaches the American

people January 18, 1998.

January 26 Clinton makes speech denying the allegations against him.

Clinton finally admits that the allegations are true on August 17, 1998 in a taped grand jury testimony.

Clinton claims he had not committed perjury

Charges Against ClintonClinton was being charged for

Committing perjury before a Grand JuryObstructing Justice

Was voted to be impeached by the House of Representatives on December 20, 1998.

Acquitted of the charges by the US Senate February 12, 1999

Columbine Shooting

•Tuesday April 20, 1999; Columbine High School•Two high school students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, embarked on a massacre, killing 12 students, 1 teacher and directly injuring an additional 21 innocent victims.•After the shooting, they committed suicide•It is considered to be the 4th deadliest school massacres in US history•Early warning signs began to surface in 1996, when Eric Harris first created a private website on America Online. He initially created the site to host a video game called Doom. However, Dylan soon began a blog, which included jokes and small journal entries concerning his thoughts on parents, school, and friends. By the end of the year, the site contained instructions on how to cause mischief, as well as instructions on how to make explosives and logs in which he described the trouble he and Klebold were causing.•The massacre provoked debate regarding fire arm laws, the availability of fire arms in the US, and gun violence involving •Also, much discussion arose on the nature of high school cliques, subcultures, bullying, as well as the role of violent movies and video games in society.

Technology in the 1990’s

Impact and Inventions

Clinton and TechnologyIn 1992 during Clinton’s campaign, technology

such as television and radio was used to answer questions from the public.

After being elected, Clinton was persistent on getting classrooms connected to the internet.

This would provide a resource for students that was broader and more advanced than any textbook.

New WealthDuring this period of time, the stock market was

booming.

The value of technology stocks skyrocketed which created an extreme decrease in unemployment rates.

In the 90’s, unemployment, the rate of inflation, and interest rates remained low.

Public interest and fascination with technology encouraged innovation.

SpaceNASA started to focus more on commercial and

scientific projects rather than military ones.

The Hubble Space Telescope was built in 1990 and was repaired in 1993.

It transmitted crucial information and photos from space.

ComputersThe personal computer or PC evolved rapidly

during the 90’s.

Bill Gates was and still is the executive of Microsoft Corporation.

By the mid 1990’s most businesses and public institutions were computerized.

40% of households contained computers.

World Wide WebIn the early 1990’s Swiss scientists created the

World Wide Web(WWW).

This incredible invention linked Internet sites and created a resource with an infinite amount of topics to browse upon.

Anyone with access to a computer, modem, and telephone line could connect to huge databases at anytime in the world.

World Wide Web(cont.)Information on any topic was available at any

time of the day.

Some people felt that they were drowning in information.

Others said that the internet brought people closer together but at the same time they were spending countless hours in front of a screen.

Positive Aspects of the Internet

E-mail was a new, convenient, and cheap way to communicate with others.

This made it easier for companies to do business because they could connect with other companies by simply comprising a digital letter and sending it with a click of a button.

Online shopping became available with websites such as EBay, Amazon, Priceline, etc.

Also, people started using online banking to pay their bills.

Negative Aspects of the Internet

Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to try to regulate indecency on the Internet.

Although this seemed reasonable, a federal court removed key components of this act because it violated the 1st amendment.

Social problems arose such as laziness and false identification.

Some worried that a fully computerized society would not need human workers.

Negative Aspects(cont.)Chat rooms helped to protect users’ identities

but criminals could win over their victims using a fake name.

Also, online privacy became an issue because other criminals could gain access to credit card numbers and obliterate one’s financial standing.

Anyone could post information on the Internet although some of it was completely false.

Y2KThe Y2K bug or the Millennium bug was a major

worry because programs were not updated for the year 2000.

The problem was the practice of abbreviating a 4 digit year into a 2 digit number.

Computers would confuse the year 1900 with the year 2000.

CloningScientists announced the first successful cloning

of a mammal, Dolly the sheep.

She was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Scotland.

She was born in 1996 and died in 2003

This gave new hope for the future that maybe one day humans could be cloned.

Bill Gates

•Bill Gates is the former CEO and current chairman of Microsoft, and has been ranked among the world’s wealthiest.•This status had made him one of the world’s most influential people.•Microsoft is considered one of the most recognizable brands in the computer industry with nearly every desk top computer using at least one of its programs.•In July of 1995, Gates becomes the richest man in the world with $12.9 billion•Later that summer, Microsoft introduced the Internet Explorer to the world as part of Windows 95.•Many criticize Gates not just for his success, but because they feel he tries to unfairly (maybe even illegally) dominate the market. As a result of Microsoft's market control, the U.S. Department of Justice brought an antitrust lawsuit against the company in 1998, saying the company had an illegal stronghold on the software industry.•Gates maintained Microsoft's success over rivals such as Oracle and IBM was simply the result of smart, strategic decision making. U.S. District Judge Thomas P. Jackson did not agree, and in November 1999, he found Microsoft to be a monopoly that used its market power to harm competing companies. Because of the ruling, Gates faced the prospect of breaking up Microsoft.•Gates also has distinguished himself as a philanthropist. He and wife Melinda established the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which focuses on helping to improve health care and education for children around the world. The foundation has donated $4 billion since its start in 1996. •In November 1998 Gates and his wife also gave the largest single gift to a U.S. public library, when they donated $20 million to the Seattle Public Library

Steve Jobs

•Steve Jobs was a businessman, designer, and inventor; co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Apple Inc.•He also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios, and in 1995 he was credited as the executive producer of Toy Story.•In the 1990’s, his coworkers had claimed he was an erratic and temperamental manager and thought he was the wrong person to leave the company.•After he left, he created NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets.•This creation was touted as the first interpersonal computer.•Then in 1996 Apple announced it wound buy NeXT for $427 million. The deal was finalized later in the year, bringing Jobs back to the company he cofounded•They bought NeXt to us the NeXTSTEP as the basis for what became known as the Mac OS X.•As part of the deal Jobs was named Apple advisor. As Apple floundered, Jobs took control of the company and was named "interim CEO" in 1997, or as he jokingly referred to it, "iCEO". Under his leadership, Apple was saved from near bankruptcy, and became profitable by 1998.

Oprah Winfrey Talk show has become the highest rated program of its

kind in history

Lasted for 25 seasons and altogether had 4,561 episodes

Richest African American of the 20th century, the greatest black philanthropist in American history, and for a time was the world’s only black billionaire

By the mid 1990s, Oprah had reinvented her show with a focus on literature, self improvement, & spirituality

CEO of Harpo Productions

Co-founded the women’s cable television network, Oxygen

EntertainmentTV, Film, Theater, and Radio

Television Aside from growing popularity of cable TV, satellite was starting

to become more accessible to the mainstream audience

Former top 3 networks (who continued with their brand of least offensive, predictable formula shows) had to compete with the WB, UPN, and FOX

FOX had new, controversial shows with a soap opera formula to hook teen and young adult audience Ex.) Married With Children and The Simpsons

UPN and WB struggled to compete with FOX but they eventually found their niche among teens

Still tried to stay as clean as possible

Television Comedy Central pushed the envelope of good taste and created

shows who wanted television without restriction Ex.) South Park and The Man Show were praised and criticized for going

beyond what was considered appropriate

Court TV allowed the average person to see how the court system works and gave us a real look at the Senate, Congress, a police case, autopsies, and other things

Charmed, Chicago Hope, 7th Heaven, Everybody Loves Raymond, Spin City, America’s Most Wanted, JAG, Spongebob Squarepants, Full House, Power Rangers, Kenan and Kel, Saved by the Bell, Beverly Hills 90210, Boy Meets World, Friends, Seinfeld, and Home Improvement

Movies “The Era of Mainstream Films and ‘Indie’ Cinema, the Rise

of Computer-Generated Imagery, the Decade of Re-makes, Re-releases, and more sequels”

Average movie ticket: $4.25 at beginning, $5 by the end of decade

Average film budget was $53 million by 1998 although most cost over $100 million to produce and some were even more

High-Cost demanding stars: Arnold Schwarzenegger, Tom Cruise, Sylvester Stallone, Mel Gibson, Eddie Murphy, Kevin Costner, Harrison Ford, Robin Williams, Jim Carrey, Demi Moore, Julia Roberts, and others

Movies Rentals and purchase of videotapes were big business, much

larger than sales of movie tickets (VCR—popular)

By 1997, Digital video discs (DVDs) had emerged in stores, featuring sharper and better quality and durability than video tape sales would surpass VCR in just a few years

Forrest Gump (1994) used digital photo trickery to insert a person into historical footage, to erase the legs of amputee Gary Sinese, and to enhance the ping-pong game

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB41zC3R_hA

Movies Schindler’s List (1993): a story of when Jews in Nazi-occupied

Krakow were first dispossessed of their businesses and homes, then placed in ghettos and forced labor camps in Plasvow, and finally resettled in concentration camps for execution Directed by Steven Spielberg Won 7 Academy Awards and 5 other nominations

Disney movies, like The Lion King, Toy Story and Beauty and the Beast

Space Jam, Titanic, Braveheart, Home Alone, Jurassic Park, and the Sandlot along with many other movies

TheaterMusicals dominated Broadway

Andrew Lloyd Webber’s Cats (1982-2000) in 1997 broke the record for longest running production in Broadway history, beating A Chorus Line

Others include Les Misérables and Phantom of the Opera

RadioTalk radio shows across the nation were

dominated by conservatives who attacked everything from feminism and welfare to gun control and the president

Mid-decade, talk radio was the second most pervasive radio format in the nation, following only country music

Increased to 1000 stations from 200 only 10 years before

Music in the 90’s Spice Girls, Guns n’ Roses, Backstreet Boys, Metallica,

Mariah Carey, Celine Dion, Nirvana, Hootie and the

Blowfish, Pearl Jam, Will Smith, Snoop Dog, Nsync,

Hanson, Boyz II Men and Janet Jackson

Songs such as “Bye Bye Bye” – Nsync, “I Want It That

Way” – Backstreet Boys, “I Will Always Love You” –

Whitney Houston, & “Wannabe” – Spice Girls

Fashion in the 90’shttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E5-wrVo1h08

Beanie Babies

•First made by Ty Warner Inc.•Each Beanie Baby has an inner posable lining and is stuffed with plastic pellets rather than conventional stuffing, giving them a flexible feel.•They were a superb example of a marketing fad that exhausted itself.•The original nine Beanie Babies launched in 1993 were Legs the Frog, Squealer the Pig, Spot the Dog, Flash the Dolphin, Splash the Whale, Chocolate the Moose, Patti the Platypus, Brownie the Bear, and Punchers the Lobster•Ty, Inc. stopped producing the product in 1999; but consumer demand led them to reconsider. In 2000, a Beanie Baby named "The Beginning" was introduced to remind people of Beanie Babies' comeback.

Sports in the 1990sMost Famous teams in the 1990s

Chicago Bulls- 6 NBA Championships New York Yankees- 3 World Series ChampionshipsDallas Cowboys- 3 Super Bowl Victories

Michael JordanMichael Jordan- Regarded as one of the greatest

basketball players of all-time.Career flourished during the 1990sWon 6 NBA Championships with the Chicago Bulls

in the 90sWon the MVP award 4 times

Homerun ChaseMark McGwire vs. Sammy Sosa

1998 season

To break Roger Maris’ 37 year homerun record of 61 homeruns

McGwire broke the record on September 8, 1998

McGwire finished with 70, Sosa 66

OJ Simpson TrialInfluential Running Back for the Buffalo Bills in the

70s

June 12, 1994 Simpsons girlfriend and her friend were found dead at Simpson’s house

Simpson failed to turn himself in, resulting in a low speed chase on a LA inter-state

Simpson surrender later at his house

Was found not guilty