21/04/2009 1
The Artemis European tools for estimating the transport
pollutant emissions
M. André et al.
ARTEMIS research project - European Commission, DG TRENCOST346, cooperation action - Heavy duty vehicles emissions
18th International Emission Inventory Conference, Baltimore April 14-17, 2009
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Summary
1. The ARTEMIS research project
2. The tools - principles
3. Applications
4. European context and perspectivesMost results on http://www.inrets.fr/ur/lte/publi-autresactions/fichesresultats/ficheartemis/artemis.html
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1- The ARTEMIS research project• Objective : Harmonized European approaches
for estimating the transports pollutant emissions– At different scales– Road and non-road transports
• 37 partners, 15 countries, 5 years, 8.8 M€• Links with
– A cooperative action COST346 - emissions / consumption from lorries
– On-going National research projects• A significant effort to measure and set-up
European emissions factors• An updated state of the art on transport emissions
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Main works• Real-world emission test procedures
– Driving and test cycles, for PC, HGV, measurement method, uncertainty analysis, recommendation
• Measurements and modelling of the emissions– 130 cars tested, database incl. 3,000 light vehicles– 120 engine maps (lorries, busses) + transient tests– 115 Two-wheelers– Cold-start, A/C, evaporative emissions– Recent vehicles, non-regulated pollutants and particulates
• Traffic characteristics(fleet, usage,
driving conditions)
• Validation in 3 tunnels
0
20
40
60
( )
urban dense congested, stops
flowing, stable
free-flow urban
congested,low speed
start phaseSpeed (km/h)
Artemis urban cycle
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2- The road transport Artemis tools• Structure and content
– Most pollutants - regulated - non regulated– Hot, cold start, evaporative, auxiliaries emissions– Light and Heavy duty vehicles, motorcycles / non-road– By detailed category, technology, fuel – By engine size, HDV weight and configuration – Up to the EURO4 regulation and then, reduction rates
• Scales– Street, regional, national– Aggregation from from Street to upper levels – Hourly - Yearly
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A “Traffic situations” approach for local scale
Strategic network (motorway,major road)
Urb.Motorway, primary distributor
Inner andlocal traffic
Access
Traffic (veh /h)
Speed
30
90
60
2000 6000 80004000
Free-flowHeavy
Congestion
Near saturation
District level 0
30
60
0 200 time
SpeedRepresentative speed curve
timestimes
EmissionEmissionEmission model(per category of vehicle)Emission model
(per category of vehicle)
+ Speed limit, gradient, sinuosity
Road configuration x Traffic conditionUrbanUrban RuralRural
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Different approaches enabled
• Average speed
• Detailed traffic situations– Better taking into account
of the traffic dynamic– Better approach
of the congestion, etc.
• Composite situations– aggregation of Traffic Sit.
NOx emission (g/km)
0,0
0,5
1,0
Diesel-Euro3 Diesel-Euro3
Free-flowing trafficHeavy trafficNear saturationStop & go
Urban trunk road, speed limit: 50 km/h
Urban motorway, speed limit: 110 km/h
Passenger cars
0,0
1,0
2,0
0 50 100km/h
Diesel, Euro 1Diesel, Euro 2Diesel, Euro 3Diesel, Euro 4
NOx, g/km
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Emission model principles- Heavy vehicles -
-0 .20 .0
0 .20 .4
0 .60 .8
1 .0
P e /P _ ra te d 0 .0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1 .0
n _ n o rm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
NO
x[(g
/h)/k
W_r
ated
pow
er]
Transient Correction
Fuel QualityEngine load, FC,
emissions
Normalized Emission Maps
Driving resistances & transmission losses
Gear shift model
Power Engine speed
Engine mapsfrom 102 engines
EURO 0 to EURO 3Transient testsfrom 27 engines
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Emission model principles- Passenger cars -Artemis database
2800 cars, 27,000 testsEURO 0 to EURO 4
217 driving cycles
Artemis database2800 cars, 27,000 tests
EURO 0 to EURO 4217 driving cycles Reference “Test patterns”
and emissions
20 40 60 8010
012
014
0 +A
1 A2 A
3 A4 A
5 A6 A7
0
50
100
% time
speed acceleration
20 40 60 8010
012
014
0 +A
1 A2 A
3 A4 A
5 A6 A7
0
50
100
% time
speed acceleration
Distribution
Factorial Analysis
Factorial Analysis
Urban, Dense
Urban, Congested,low speeds
Urban, Congested
, stops
Urban, Free-flowing
Urban, Free-flow, unsteady
RuralLow speed
Urban, Stop&go
Rural, Main roads
Rural, Steady
Rural, Main r. unsteady
Rural, Unsteady
Motorway,High speed
Motorway
Motorway,
Motorway, Stable0,2
0,5
0,8
0 40 80 120 km/h
Acceleration (m/s2)
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Emission model principles- Passenger cars -
Urban, Dense
Urban, Congested,low speeds
Urban, Congested
, stops
Urban, Free-flowing
Urban, Free-flow, unsteady
RuralLow speed
Urban, Stop&go
Rural, Main roads
Rural, Steady
Rural, Main r. unsteady
Rural, Unsteady
Motorway,High speed
Motorway
Motorway,
Motorway, Stable0,2
0,5
0,8
0 40 80 120 km/h
Acceleration (m/s2)
Reference Test patterns and emissions
0
30
60
0 600 1200 Time (s)
Free-flow Heavy Saturated Stop&Go
km/h Urban, district distributor, 70 km/h
Traffic situations - Speed curves
Traffic situation
Test CyclesAxis i
Axis k
Axis j
Emission for a large range of traffic situations by interpolation of a representative speed curve amongst the reference test patterns
20 40 60 8010
012
014
0 +A
1 A2 A
3 A4 A
5 A6 A7
0
50
100
% time
speed acceleration
20 40 60 8010
012
014
0 +A
1 A2 A
3 A4 A
5 A6 A7
0
50
100
% time
speed acceleration
Distribution
Factorial Analysis
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Emissions modelling principles• Heavy duty vehicles (and railway Diesel engines)
– Model based on Engine emission maps and transient corrections– For a given trip / speed curve, simulation of the vehicle operation – load and gradient simulation, fuel corrections
• Passenger cars– For a given trip / speed curve, Emissions estimated as a linear
combination of 15 reference conditions– Cold start, air conditioning, fuel evaporation
• 2-Wheelers and Light duty vehicles– Emission versus speed curves– Load (LDV), cold start / evaporative emission (2W)
• Maritime: emissions versus speed• Airplanes: emissions by mode
(taking-off, cruise, landing)
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Operational aspects
Fleet model in 3 scenarios• Fleet composition
– Vehicle number per detailed categories
• Traffic activity– Vehicle x Km, per segment in urban, rural,
motorway– (Driving conditions
Average speed / Aggregated traffic situations)– Ambient conditions, starts, trips, parking
characteristics and temporal variations
• Emissions concepts introduction – Years and shares
Fleet model in 3 scenarios• Fleet composition
– Vehicle number per detailed categories
• Traffic activity– Vehicle x Km, per segment in urban, rural,
motorway– (Driving conditions
Average speed / Aggregated traffic situations)– Ambient conditions, starts, trips, parking
characteristics and temporal variations
• Emissions concepts introduction – Years and shares
Emission data set• Hot, Cold start, Evaporative,
regulated / non-regulated emissions data / functions
• Fuel quality• New concepts reduction rates
Emission data set• Hot, Cold start, Evaporative,
regulated / non-regulated emissions data / functions
• Fuel quality• New concepts reduction rates
Traffic Data Set - Case study• Road / Area configuration
and “traffic situations”• Traffic scenarios combining
Fleets, activity, usage and ambient patterns
Traffic Data Set - Case study• Road / Area configuration
and “traffic situations”• Traffic scenarios combining
Fleets, activity, usage and ambient patterns
Emission computation• Total and per vehicle- and road-
categories, traffic conditions, etc.• Hot, cold, evaporative emissions
Emission computation• Total and per vehicle- and road-
categories, traffic conditions, etc.• Hot, cold, evaporative emissions
Emission factors processor• Aggregated and per vehicle
category
Emission factors processor• Aggregated and per vehicle
category
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3- Application - Sweden• National emission
reporting through a traffic situation approach
• Declination of mileage in:– 33 road configurations – 85 traffic situations– 94% in Free-flow– 3% in heavy traffic – 2% in saturated traffic, – 1% in stop&go
• Other applications:– Stockholm urban toll study– Planning tools– SIMAIR (Air quality
modelling)
Road transport emissions in Sweden
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2006
2010
2015
2020
year
COCO2FCHCNOx
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Applications at a city scaleLille, France
• A link by link simulation, using the traffic situation approach
• Traffic modelling (EMME2)
• Objectives: – French tools for road impact
studies– Simulation of the air quality
and exposure– National emission handbook
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4- European context and perspectives• Limits
– Gaps or limits for certain pollutants, evaporative and non-exhaust emissions
– Upgrade needed– Complexity of the Artemis tools– Several European tools (Artemis, Copert4, Handbook, Versit+,
etc.)• Perspectives
– A European Working Group of “Developers” and “Users”– Coordinated measurement programmes
and common basis of emission data– National “Handbook” version, easy to use, with integrated traffic
data• Non-road transports
– implementation and working groups needed
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Conclusions• ARTEMIS - New European tools for emissions
estimation• A significant research effort and a large number
of new measurements– Most vehicle categories, regulated and non-regulated
pollutants– Harmonized approaches at different scales
• A plate-form for assessing various projects and contexts– Local / macroscopic approaches
• Developments through a European working group and emissions measurements coordination
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Thank you for your attention !
• Invitation:
Transport, Air Pollution and EnvironmentInternational symposium, Toulouse, 2-4 June 2009
