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THE CRUSADES – FIGHT FOR THE HOLY LAND
Obj: To understand the consequences of the Crusades by identifying the background & motives that led to them.
BACKGROUND• SPREAD OF ISLAM INTO SPAIN 711• RELATIONS BETWEEN CHRISTIANS &
MUSLIMS DETERIORATE AT DEATH OF ABD AL-RAHMAN III 961
• N. SPANISH CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS MOVE SOUTH
• INCREASED TRADE IN MEDITERRA-NEAN BETWEEN MUSLIMS, BYZ., EUROPEANS
• DISINTIGRATION WITHIN BYZANTINE EMPIRE
• PROBLEMS BETWEEN ROME & CON-STANTINOPLE
TURKS & ALEXIUS I – BYZANTINES ASK FOR HELPBATTLE OF MANZIKERT 1071
• TURKS MUSLIM CONVERTS• 1071 CHALLENGED BY
BYZANTINE EMPEROR• ASKS POPE FOR HELP• POPE AGREES BECAUSE
HE HAS ULTERIOR MOTIVES
• LIBERATE JERUSALEM FROM INFIDEL
• DANGEROUS TIMES IN MIDDLE EAST FOR CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS
POPE URBAN II & THE CALL AT CLAREMONT FRANCE
• UNION B/W EASTERN & WESTERN CHURCHES HIS GOAL
• “TAKE UP WEAPONS AGAINST THE INFIDEL” 1095 FIRST CRUSADE
• ABSOLUTION IN ADVANCE FOR ANY AND ALL SINS MAY BE COMMITTED
• FORGIVENESS OF PRIOR SINS AND ENTRANCE INTO HEAVEN - INDULGENCE
• DEUS VULT – IT IS GOD’S WILL• CRUSADER STATES: EDESSA,
ANTIOCH, JERUSALEM & TRIPOLI
2ND CRUSADE 1144• FALL OF EDESSA – ST. BERNARD OF
CLAIRVAUX • RULERS OF FRANCE & GERMANY
ENLISTED BY ST. BERNARD• TOTAL FAILURE• ARMIES DIDN’T COORDINATE W/
EACH OTHER, NOT WELL ORGANIZED, NO COOPERATION FROM CRUSADERS LIVING IN LEVANT – FOUND A WAY TO MAKE IT WORK FOR THEM
• FAILED PER BERNARD DUE TO LOSS OF GOD’S FAVOR DUE TO HUMAN SINFULNESS
3RD CRUSADE – FALL OF JERUSALEM 1187
• SALADIN TAKES JERUSALEM• KINGS CRUSADE: BARBAROSSA,
RICHARD I OF ENGLAND, PHILIP II AUGUSTUS FRANCE
• RESPONSE OVERWHELMING• BARBAROSSA INITIALLY
SUCCESSFUL BUT DROWNED AFTER BEING THROWN FROM HIS HORSE & ARMY DETERIORATED
• RICHARD & PHILIP SUCCESSES EARLY ALONG COAST BUT INLAND DISASTER STRUCK - POLITICS
• RICHARD I NEGOTIATED SETTLE-MENT W/ SALADIN & SAFE & FREE ACCESS FOR CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS
4TH CRUSADE – DEATH OF SALADIN 1193• SANCTIONED BY INNOCENT III• EGYPT WAS GOAL• ROLE OF VENETIAN TRADERS• ZARA – CHRISTIAN VS. CHRISTIAN• CARELESS PREPARATION &
INADEQUATE FINANCING• DIVERTED TO CONSTANTINOPLE AT
REQUEST OF PATRIARCH• PLUNDERED BY CRUSADERS• CONSTANTINOPLE SACKED 1204,
RELICS, ARTIFACTS, ANYTHING THEY COULD GET THEIR HANDS ON WERE STOLEN & BROUGHT BACK TO EUROPE
TETRARCHS – ST. MARKS, VENICE GRIFFIN – PISA CATHEDRAL, PISA
HAGIA SOPHIA NOW A MOSQUE, ISTANBUL
CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES
• REOPENED TRADE BETWEEN EAST & WEST – DID IT EVER REALLY GO AWAY?
• GROWTH OF ITALIAN PORT CITIES: VENICE, GENOA, PISA• SANCTIFICATION OF VIOLENCE• VISIBLE RELICS IN LEVANT ARE CASTLE RUINS• UNIFICATION OF EASTERN ORTHODOX & ROMAN CATHOLIC
CHURCES NEVER REALIZED• 1ST WIDESPREAD ATTACK ON JEWS EVEN AFTER POPE TOLD
CRUSADERS THEY WERE TO BE LEFT ALONE