THE GRAPHENE & 2D MATERIALS GLOBAL OPPORTUNITY REPORT€¦ · · 2016-06-14THE GRAPHENE & 2D...

APPLICATIONSEnergy, electronics, sensors, bio-medical , composites and many

more.

THE GRAPHENE & 2D MATERIALS GLOBAL OPPORTUNITY REPORTForecast from 2010 to 2025Production volumes, prices, future projections and end user markets.

COMPANIESAll graphene

companies profiled.

MARKETSMarket

opportunities.

TECHCurrent and future

products.

EDITION 1JUNE 2016£1000

FUTURE MARKETSwww.futuremarketsinc.com

© Future Markets, Inc. All rights reserved.

SUMMARY

The Graphene and 2D Materials Opportunity

Two-dimensional (2D) materials are currently one of the most active areas of nanomaterials research, and offer a huge opportunity for both fundamental studies and practical applications, including superfast, low-power, flexible and wearable electronics, sensors, photonics and electrochemical energy storage devices that will have an immense impact on our society.

Graphene is a ground-breaking 2D material that possesses extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties that promise a new generation of innovative devices. New methods of scalable synthesis of high-quality graphene, clean delamination transfer and device integration have resulted in the commercialization of state-of-the-art electronics such as graphene touchscreens in smartphones and flexible RF devices on plastics.

Beyond graphene, emerging elementary 2D materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides, group V systems including phosphorene, and related isoelectronic structures will potentially allow for flexible electronics and field-effect transistors that exhibit ambipolar transport behaviour with either a direct band-gap or greater gate modulation.

Graphene exhibits a unique combination of mechanical, thermal, electronic and optical properties that provide opportunities for new innovation in:

Electronics & photonics

• Conductive electrode films for flexible displays. • 2D printable and transparent ultrathin electronic devices. • 2D transistors and circuits. • RFID tags. • 2D magnetic semiconductors. • Conductive inks for wearable electronics. • 2d MOSFETs. • Inkjet-printed electronics. • Flexible Graphene FETs. • Flexible TMD FETs for digital logic and RF.


• Graphene optical modulators.

Energy

• Li-ion battery additives. • Proton exchange fuel cell membranes. • Hydrogen fuel cells. • Graphene electrodes for supercapacitors • Transparent electrodes in photovoltaic cells.

Automotive

• Tire additives for improved abrasion resistance. • Anti-scratch and anti-corrosion coatings. • Automotive composites. • Anti-fogging coatings.

Aerospace

• De-icing coatings. • Electrically conductive composites. • EMI shielding coatings. • Anti-corrosion coatings. • Glass additives.

Biomedicine and healthcare

• Tissue engineering scaffols to facilitate cell growth and tissue regeneration. • Carriers for drug delivery. • Biosensor chips. • Brain electrodes. • Anti-bacterial materials. • Gene therapy. • Photodynamic therapy. • Cell imaging.

Polymer composites

• Nanocomposites for wind turbines.


• Barrier packaging materials. • ESD and EMI shielding. • Sporting goods composites (e.g. bike tires). • Composites with improved conductive and thermal properties.

Filtration

• Gas separation membranes. • Photocatalytic absorbents. • Ultrathin, high-flux and energy-efficient sieving membranes.

Sensors

• Electrochemical sensors. • DNA detection platforms. • Pressure sensors. • Optical sensors. • Humidity sensors. • Acoustic sensors. • Wireless sensors.

WHAT DOES THE REPORT INCLUDE?

• Comprehensive quantitative data and forecasts for the global graphene and 2D materials market to 2025 including key market opportunities.

• Qualitative insight and perspective on the current market and future trends in end user markets based on interviews with key executives.

• End user market analysis and technology timelines. • Financial estimates for the markets graphene and 2D materials will impact,

including addressable market size, applications and key opportunities. • Patent analysis. • Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes versus graphene. • Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D Materials. • Tables and figures illustrating graphene market size. • Full company profiles of graphene producers and application developers

including technology descriptions and end user markets targeted • Profiles of prominent research centres. • Industry activity and breakthroughs by market 2013-2016.


CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................ 43

1.1 Two-dimensional (2D) materials........................................................... 43

1.2 Graphene.............................................................................................. 43

1.2.1 Short term opportunities.................................................................... 46

1.2.2 Medium-Long term opportunities.................................................... 46

1.2.3 Remarkable properties...................................................................... 47

1.2.4 Global funding.................................................................................. 47

1.2.5 Products and applications............................................................... 49

1.2.6 Production.......................................................................................... 52

1.2.7 Market drivers and trends................................................................. 54

1.2.7.1 Production exceeds demand................................................... 54

1.2.7.2 Market revenues remain small.................................................. 56

1.2.7.3 Scalability and cost................................................................... 57

1.2.7.4 Applications hitting the market................................................ 59

1.2.7.5 Wait and see?............................................................................. 61

1.2.7.6 Asia and US lead the race........................................................ 61

1.2.7.7 Competition from other materials............................................. 61

1.2.8 Market and technical challenges................................................... 62

1.2.8.1 Inconsistent supply quality........................................................ 63

1.2.8.2 Functionalization and dispersion.............................................. 64


1.2.8.3 Cost.............................................................................................. 64

1.2.8.4 Product integration.................................................................... 64

1.2.8.5 Regulation and standards......................................................... 65

1.2.8.6 Lack of a band gap................................................................... 66

2 PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS........................................................... 67

2.1 Categorization...................................................................................... 68

3 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE......................................................................... 71

3.1 History..................................................................................................... 71

3.2 Forms of graphene................................................................................ 73

3.3 Properties............................................................................................... 75

3.4 3D Graphene........................................................................................ 77

3.5 Graphene Quantum Dots.................................................................... 78

4 CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE............................................ 80

4.1 Comparative properties....................................................................... 81

4.2 Cost and production............................................................................ 83

4.3 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids................................................ 85

4.4 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene............ 87


5 OTHER 2D MATERIALS................................................................................. 89

5.1 Phosphorene......................................................................................... 90

5.1.1 Properties............................................................................................ 91

5.1.2 Applications....................................................................................... 93

5.1.3 Recent research news....................................................................... 94

5.2 Silicene................................................................................................... 96

5.2.1 Properties............................................................................................ 97

5.2.2 Applications....................................................................................... 98

5.2.3 Recent research news..................................................................... 101

5.3 Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)............................................................ 102

5.3.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 103

5.3.2 Applications..................................................................................... 103


5.4 Hexagonal boron nitride.................................................................... 109

5.4.1.1 Properties................................................................................... 110

5.4.2 Applications..................................................................................... 111


5.5 Germanene......................................................................................... 113

5.5.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 113

5.5.2 Applications..................................................................................... 114



5.6 Graphdiyne......................................................................................... 116

5.6.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 117

5.6.2 Applications..................................................................................... 117

5.7 Graphane............................................................................................ 119

5.7.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 120

5.7.2 Applications..................................................................................... 120

5.8 Stanene/tinene................................................................................... 121

5.8.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 122

5.8.2 Applications..................................................................................... 122


5.9 Tungsten diselenide............................................................................ 123

5.9.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 124

5.9.2 Applications..................................................................................... 125


5.10 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2............................. 126

5.10.1 Properties...................................................................................... 127

5.10.2 Applications................................................................................. 128

5.11 C2N........................................................................................................ 128

5.11.1 Properties...................................................................................... 129

5.11.2 Applications................................................................................. 130

5.12 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials 132


6 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS............................................................................. 134

6.1 Large area graphene films................................................................. 134

6.2 Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets................... 135

6.3 Production methods........................................................................... 137

6.3.1 Production directly from natural graphite ore.............................. 139

6.3.2 Alternative starting materials.......................................................... 140

6.3.3 Quality.............................................................................................. 141

6.4 Synthesis and production by types of graphene............................ 142

6.4.1 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)................................................... 143

6.4.2 Graphene nanoribbons.................................................................. 144

6.4.3 Large-area graphene films............................................................. 146

6.4.4 Graphene oxide flakes (GO).......................................................... 147

6.5 Pros and cons of graphene production methods........................... 148

6.5.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)................................................ 149

6.5.2 Exfoliation method.......................................................................... 150

6.5.3 Epitaxial growth method................................................................ 151

6.5.4 Wet chemistry method.................................................................... 151

6.5.5 Micromechanical cleavage method........................................... 153

6.5.6 Green reduction of graphene oxide............................................. 154

6.5.7 Plasma.............................................................................................. 155

6.6 Recent synthesis methods.................................................................. 156


6.7 Synthesis methods by company....................................................... 164

7 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION

8 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS........................................................... 172

8.1 Standards............................................................................................ 172

8.2 Environmental, health and safety regulation.................................. 173

8.2.1 Europe.............................................................................................. 173

8.2.2 United States.................................................................................... 174

8.2.3 Asia................................................................................................... 175

8.3 Workplace exposure........................................................................... 176

9 PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS................................................................. 177

9.1 Fabrication processes......................................................................... 177

9.2 Academia........................................................................................... 177

9.3 Regional leaders................................................................................. 178

10 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL........................................................... 183

11 GRAPHENE INDUSTRY NEWS 2013-2016.............................................. 184


11.1 JANUARY 2013..................................................................................... 184

11.2 FEBRUARY 2013.................................................................................... 184

11.3 APRIL 2013............................................................................................ 185

11.4 MAY 2013............................................................................................. 186

11.5 JUNE 2013............................................................................................ 186

11.6 JULY 2013............................................................................................. 187

11.7 AUGUST 2013........................................................................................ 187

11.8 SEPTEMBER 2013.................................................................................. 188

11.9 OCTOBER 2013..................................................................................... 189

11.10 NOVEMBER 2013.............................................................................. 190

11.11 DECEMBER 2013............................................................................... 191

11.12 JANUARY 2014.................................................................................. 192

11.13 FEBRUARY 2014................................................................................. 194

11.14 MARCH 2014.................................................................................... 196

11.15 APRIL 2014......................................................................................... 198

11.16 MAY 2014.......................................................................................... 200

11.17 JUNE 2014......................................................................................... 201

11.18 JULY 2014.......................................................................................... 203

11.19 AUGUST 2014.................................................................................... 204

11.20 SEPTEMBER 2014............................................................................... 205

11.21 AUGUST 2014.................................................................................... 206


11.22 SEPTEMBER 2014............................................................................... 207

11.23 OCTOBER 2014................................................................................. 207

11.24 NOVEMBER 2014.............................................................................. 209

11.25 DECEMBER 2014............................................................................... 210

11.26 JANUARY 2015.................................................................................. 213

11.27 FEBRUARY 2015................................................................................. 214

11.28 MARCH 2015.................................................................................... 215

11.29 APRIL 2015......................................................................................... 215

11.30 MAY 2015.......................................................................................... 217

11.31 JUNE 2015......................................................................................... 218

11.32 JULY 2015.......................................................................................... 220

11.33 AUGUST 2015.................................................................................... 222

11.34 SEPTEMBER 2015............................................................................... 223

11.35 OCTOBER 2015................................................................................. 224

11.36 NOVEMBER 2015.............................................................................. 226

11.37 DECEMBER 2015............................................................................... 230

11.38 JANUARY 2016.................................................................................. 230

11.39 FEBRUARY 2016................................................................................. 232

11.40 MARCH 2016.................................................................................... 233

11.41 APRIL 2016......................................................................................... 235

11.42 MAY 2016.......................................................................................... 236


12 END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS............................................... 237

12.1 Graphene production volumes 2010-2025...................................... 239

12.2 Graphene producers and production capacities.......................... 242

13 ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS............................................................ 250

13.1 TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS............................. 251

13.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................... 251

13.1.1.1 ITO replacement for flexible electronics............................. 251

13.1.1.2 Wearable electronics market growing................................ 255

13.1.1.3 Touch technology requirements......................................... 257

13.1.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................. 258

13.1.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................... 259

13.1.4 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 263

13.1.4.1 Competing materials............................................................ 263

13.1.4.2 Cost in comparison to ITO.................................................... 263

13.1.4.3 Problems with transfer and growth...................................... 264

13.1.4.4 Improving sheet resistance................................................... 265

13.1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS................................................................. 267

13.2 CONDUCTIVE INKS............................................................................... 269



13.2.1.1 Increased demand for printed electronics........................ 269

13.2.1.2 Limitations of existing conductive inks................................ 269




13.3 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS............................................ 279


13.3.1.1 Scaling................................................................................... 279

13.3.1.2 Limitations of current materials............................................ 280



13.3.3.1 Graphene Radio Frequency (RF) circuits........................... 283

13.3.4 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 284

13.3.4.1 Competition from other materials....................................... 284

13.3.4.2 Lack of band gap................................................................. 284

13.3.4.3 Transfer and integration....................................................... 285


13.4 MEMORY DEVICES............................................................................... 289


13.4.1.1 Density and voltage scaling................................................ 289


13.4.1.2 Growth in the smartphone and tablet markets................. 290

13.4.1.3 Growth in the flexible electronics market........................... 290




13.5 PHOTONICS.......................................................................................... 296

13.5.1 Optical modulators...................................................................... 297

13.5.2 Photodetectors............................................................................. 298

13.5.3 Plasmonics.................................................................................... 301

13.5.4 Challenges.................................................................................... 302

14 POLYMER COMPOSITES........................................................................... 303

14.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................ 304

14.1.1 Improved performance over traditional composites............... 304

14.1.2 Multi-functionality........................................................................ 305

14.1.3 Growth in wind energy market................................................... 306

14.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY......................................................... 306

14.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.......................................................... 308

14.3.1 Barrier packaging........................................................................ 310


14.3.2 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding 311

14.3.3 Wind turbines................................................................................ 311

14.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 312

14.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................ 313

15 AEROSPACE............................................................................................... 315


15.1.1 Safety............................................................................................ 315

15.1.2 Reduced fuel consumption and costs....................................... 315

15.1.3 Increased durability..................................................................... 316

15.1.4 Multi-functionality........................................................................ 316

15.1.5 Need for new de-icing solutions................................................. 317

15.1.6 Weight reduction......................................................................... 317

15.1.7 Need for improved lightning protection materials................... 318



15.3.1 Composites................................................................................... 320

15.3.2 Coatings........................................................................................ 321



16 AUTOMOTIVE............................................................................................. 324

16.1 MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS.............................................................. 324

16.1.1 Environmental.............................................................................. 324

16.1.2 Safety............................................................................................ 324

16.1.3 Lightweighting.............................................................................. 324

16.1.4 Cost............................................................................................... 325



16.3.1 Composites................................................................................... 328

16.3.2 Thermally conductive.................................................................. 329

16.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 329


17 BIOMEDICAL & HEALTHCARE................................................................. 332


17.1.1 Improved drug delivery for cancer therapy............................. 333

17.1.2 Shortcomings of chemotherapies............................................... 334

17.1.3 Biocompatibility of medical implants........................................ 334

17.1.4 Anti-biotic resistance................................................................... 335


17.1.5 Growth in advanced woundcare market................................ 335



17.3.1 Cancer therapy........................................................................... 339

17.3.1.1 Gene delivery........................................................................ 340

17.3.1.2 Photodynamic Therapy....................................................... 340

17.3.2 Medical implants and devices................................................... 341

17.3.3 Wound dressings........................................................................... 342

17.3.4 Biosensors...................................................................................... 342

17.3.5 Medical imaging.......................................................................... 344

17.3.6 Dental........................................................................................... 345

17.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 345


18 COATINGS.................................................................................................. 349


18.1.1 Sustainability and regulation...................................................... 349

18.1.2 Cost of corrosion........................................................................... 350

18.1.3 Improved hygiene....................................................................... 351


18.1.4 Cost of weather-related damage.............................................. 352



18.3.1 Anti-corrosion coatings................................................................ 358

18.3.1.1 Marine.................................................................................... 361

18.3.2 Anti-microbial............................................................................... 362

18.3.3 Anti-icing....................................................................................... 363

18.3.4 Barrier coatings............................................................................. 364

18.3.5 Heat protection........................................................................... 366

18.3.6 Anti-fouling................................................................................... 368

18.3.7 Wear and abrasion resistance.................................................... 370

18.3.8 Smart windows............................................................................. 371


19 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION............................................................... 373


19.1.1 Need for improved membrane technology.............................. 373

19.1.2 Water shortage and population growth................................... 373

19.1.3 Contamination............................................................................. 374


19.1.4 Cost............................................................................................... 374


19.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICTIONS............................................................ 375

19.3.1 Water filtration.............................................................................. 376

19.3.2 Gas separation............................................................................. 377

19.3.3 Photocatalytic absorbents......................................................... 378

19.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 379


20 ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION.................... 382

20.1 BATTERIES.............................................................................................. 384


20.1.1.1 Growth in electric vehicles market...................................... 384

20.1.1.2 Continued growth in cellular phones market.................... 384

20.1.1.3 Reduce dependence on lithium........................................ 385

20.1.1.4 Shortcomings of existing battery and supercapacitor technology 385

20.1.1.5 Reduced costs for widespread application....................... 386

20.1.1.6 Power sources for flexible electronics.................................. 386




20.1.4 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 390

20.2 SUPERCAPACITORS.............................................................................. 390


20.2.1.1 Reducing costs...................................................................... 390

20.2.1.2 Demand from portable electronics..................................... 390

20.2.1.3 Inefficiencies of standard battery technology.................. 391

20.2.1.4 Problems with activated carbon........................................ 391



20.2.4 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 395

20.3 PHOTOVOLTAICS.................................................................................. 396


20.3.1.1 Need to improve solar cell efficiency................................. 396

20.3.1.2 Reduce costs......................................................................... 396

20.3.1.3 Varying environmental conditions...................................... 396



20.4 FUEL CELLS............................................................................................ 399

20.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS........................................................................... 399

20.4.1.1 Limitations of platinum......................................................... 399

20.4.1.2 Cost........................................................................................ 400




20.4.3.1 Electrocatalyst supports....................................................... 401

20.4.4 Challenges.................................................................................... 402

20.5 LED LIGHTING AND UVC...................................................................... 402

20.5.1 Market drivers and trends........................................................... 403

20.5.1.1 Improving flexibility............................................................... 403

20.5.1.2 Improving performance and costs...................................... 403

20.5.2 Market size.................................................................................... 403

20.5.3 Properties and applications........................................................ 404

20.6 OIL AND GAS........................................................................................ 404


20.6.1.1 Cost........................................................................................ 404

20.6.1.2 Increased demands of drilling environments..................... 405

20.6.1.3 Environmental and regulatory............................................ 405




21 SENSORS..................................................................................................... 414



21.1.1 Increased power and performance with reduced cost.......... 414

21.1.2 Enhanced sensitivity.................................................................... 415

21.1.3 Replacing silver electrodes......................................................... 415

21.1.4 Growth in the home diagnostics and point of care market.... 416

21.1.5 Improved thermal stability.......................................................... 416

21.1.6 Environmental conditions........................................................... 416



21.3.1 Infrared (IR) sensors....................................................................... 421

21.3.2 Electrochemical and gas sensors............................................... 421

21.3.3 Pressure sensors............................................................................. 423

21.3.4 Biosensors...................................................................................... 424

21.3.5 Optical sensors............................................................................. 427

21.3.6 Humidity sensors........................................................................... 427

21.3.7 Acoustic sensors............................................................................ 427

21.3.8 Wireless sensors.............................................................................. 428

21.4 Challenges........................................................................................... 428



22 3D PRINTING.............................................................................................. 431


22.1.1 Improved materials at lower cost............................................... 431



22.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 434


23 ADHESIVES.................................................................................................. 437


23.1.1 Thermal management in electronics......................................... 437

23.1.2 Environmental sustainability....................................................... 437




24 LUBRICANTS............................................................................................... 440



24.1.1 Cost effective alternatives.......................................................... 440

24.1.2 Need for higher-performing lubricants for fuel efficiency......... 440

24.1.3 Environmental concerns............................................................. 440



24.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 443


25 TEXTILES....................................................................................................... 444


25.1.1 Growth in the wearable electronics market............................. 444

25.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATONS........................................................... 444

25.2.1 Conductive coatings................................................................... 447


26 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS...................... 449-607


TABLES

Table 1: Consumer products incorporating graphene................................... 44

Table 2: Graphene target markets-Applications, stage of commercialization and potential addressable market size...................................................................................................... 50

Table 3: Graphene producers annual production capacities...................... 53

Table 4: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 55

Table 5: Graphene types and cost per kg....................................................... 58

Table 6: Categorization of nanomaterials........................................................ 69

Table 7: Properties of graphene........................................................................ 75

Table 8: Comparative properties of carbon materials.................................... 82

Table 9: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes. 85

Table 10: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2025............................................................................. 87

Table 11: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolyaer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 92

Table 12: Recent phosphorene research news................................................ 94

Table 13: Recent silicene research news........................................................ 101

Table 14: Recent Molybdenum disulfide research news.............................. 107

Table 15: Recent hexagonal boron nitride research news........................... 112

Table 16: Recent germanane research news................................................ 115


Table 17: Recent stanene/tinene research news.......................................... 123

Table 18: Recent tungsten diselenide research news................................... 125

Table 19: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 132

Table 20: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market. 134

Table 21: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market........................................................................................................... 135

Table 22: Main production methods for graphene....................................... 137

Table 23: Graphene synthesis methods, by company................................. 164

Table 24: Graphene market structure............................................................. 168

Table 25: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014............. 178

Table 26: Leading graphene patentees........................................................ 180

Table 27: Industrial graphene patents in 2014............................................... 181

Table 28: Market penetration and volume estimates (tons) for graphene in key applications. 238

Table 29: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 239

Table 30: Graphene producers and production capacity (Current and projected), prices and target markets.......................................................................................................... 242

Table 31: Graphene in the electronics and photonics market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size...................................................................... 250

Table 32: Comparison of ITO replacements................................................... 254


Table 33: Graphene product and application developers in transparent conductive films. 267

Table 34: Comparative properties of conductive inks.................................. 270

Table 35: Opportunities for graphene and 2D materials in printed electronics. 272

Table 36: Graphene product and application developers in conductive inks. 276

Table 37: Graphene product and application developers in transistors and integrated circuits. 286

Table 38: Graphene product and application developers in memory devices. 295

Table 39: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators. 297

Table 40: Dispersion of graphene in polymers................................................ 305

Table 41: Graphene in the polymer composites market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.............................................................................. 307

Table 42: Addressable market size for carbon nanomaterials composites, tons. 308

Table 43: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites. 309

Table 44: Graphene product and application developers in the composites industry. 313

Table 45: Graphene in the aerospace market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.............................................................................. 319

Table 46: Graphene product and application developers in the aerospace industry. 322

Table 47: Graphene in the automotive market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.............................................................................. 327


Table 48: Graphene product and application developers in the automotive industry. 330

Table 49: Graphene in the biomedical and healthcare markets-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size..................................... 336

Table 50: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare. 338

Table 51: Graphene product and application developers in the biomedical and healthcare industry........................................................................................................................ 347

Table 52: Graphene in the coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.................................................................................................... 355

Table 53: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings........... 358

Table 54: Graphene product and application developers in the coatings industry. 372

Table 55: Graphene product and application developers in the filtration industry. 380

Table 56: Graphene in the energy market-Applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.................................................................................................... 383

Table 57: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 394

Table 58: Graphene product and application developers in the energy industry. 407

Table 59: Graphene in the sensors market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.................................................................................................... 414


Table 60: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.............. 419

Table 61: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor. 426

Table 62: Graphene product and application developers in the sensors industry. 429

Table 63: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing....... 433

Table 64: Graphene product and application developers in the 3D printing industry. 435

Table 65: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives........ 438

Table 66: Graphene product and application developers in the adhesives industry. 439

Table 67: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants.................... 441

Table 68: Graphene product and application developers in the lubricants industry. 443

Table 69: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials........................................................................................................................ 445

Table 70: Graphene producers and types produced.................................. 449

Table 71: Graphene industrial collaborations and target markets.............. 452

FIGURES

Figure 1: Global government funding for graphene....................................... 49

Figure 2: Global market for graphene 2010-2025 in tons/year....................... 56


Figure 3: Graphene layer structure schematic................................................ 71

Figure 4: Graphite and graphene..................................................................... 72

Figure 5: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 74

Figure 6: Graphene quantum dots................................................................... 79

Figure 7: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite................................................................................................... 81

Figure 8: Phosphorene structure........................................................................ 91

Figure 9: Silicene structure.................................................................................. 96

Figure 10: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate................................. 98

Figure 11: Silicene transistor................................................................................ 99

Figure 12: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide.......................................... 102

Figure 13: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 105

Figure 14: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge................................................................... 106

Figure 15: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride............................................ 110

Figure 16: Schematic of germanene............................................................... 113

Figure 17: Graphdiyne structure...................................................................... 116

Figure 18: Schematic of Graphane crystal..................................................... 119

Figure 19: Crystal structure for stanene........................................................... 122


Figure 20: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)......... 123

Figure 21: Schematic of tungsten diselenide................................................. 124

Figure 22: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide....................... 127

Figure 23: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal............................................................................................................ 129

Figure 24: Graphene synthesis methods......................................................... 139

Figure 25: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF. 141

Figure 26: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium............................ 145

Figure 27: Roll-to-roll graphene production process...................................... 157

Figure 28: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process........................... 158

Figure 29: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene. 163

Figure 30: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer. 167

Figure 31: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014............ 179

Figure 32: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene........................... 183

Figure 33: Global market for graphene 2010-2025 in tons/year................... 241

Figure 34: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode. 254

Figure 35: A large transparent conductive graphene film (about 20 × 20 cm2) manufactured by 2D Carbon Tech. Figure 24a (right): Prototype of a mobile phone


produced by 2D Carbon Tech using a graphene touch panel............................................................................... 259

Figure 36: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte............. 261

Figure 37: Flexible transistor sheet.................................................................... 262

Figure 38: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene.............................................................................. 266

Figure 39: Vorbeck Materials conductive ink products................................. 272

Figure 40: Graphene printed antenna........................................................... 275

Figure 41: BGT Materials graphene ink product............................................. 276

Figure 42: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)........................................................................ 280

Figure 43: Graphene IC in wafer tester........................................................... 283

Figure 44: Graphene oxide-based RRAm device on a flexible substrate.... 290

Figure 45: Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random access memory (RRAM)................................................................ 293

Figure 46: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt. 294

Figure 47: Prototype graphene photosensor.................................................. 298

Figure 48: Hybrid graphene phototransistors.................................................. 300

Figure 49: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors. 301


Figure 50: Graphene-based automotive components................................. 326

Figure 51: Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel........................................................................................................ 343

Figure 52: Graphene-Oxide based chip prototypes for biopsy-free early cancer diagnosis. 344

Figure 53: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market. 355

Figure 54: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT....................................... 357

Figure 55: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating........................................................................................................................ 366

Figure 56: Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate....... 371

Figure 57: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts. 379

Figure 58: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor........................................... 391

Figure 59: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger......................................... 393

Figure 60: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode.................... 398

Figure 61: GFET sensors...................................................................................... 422

Figure 62: First generation point of care diagnostics..................................... 425

Figure 63: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic................................. 426

Figure 64: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament. 433

Date post:	30-May-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	hoangquynh
View:	272 times
Download:	0 times

THE GRAPHENE & 2D MATERIALS GLOBAL OPPORTUNITY REPORT€¦ · · 2016-06-14THE GRAPHENE & 2D...

Documents