The Human Body in Health and Illness, 4th edition

Barbara Herlihy

Chapter 6: Tissues and Membranes

Lesson 6-1 Objectives

• List the four basic types of tissues.• Describe the functions of epithelial tissue.• Explain how epithelial tissue is classified.• Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine

glands.

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Types of Tissues

• Tissues: Groups of cells that are similar to one another in structure and function

• Histology: Study of tissues• Four major types of tissues– Epithelial– Connective– Nervous– Muscular

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Epithelial Tissue Functions

• Protection• Absorption• Filtration• Secretion• Transportation

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Traits of Epithelial Tissue

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• Forms continuous sheets, like floor tiles

• Outer surface unattached• Undersurface attached to

basement membrane• Avascular• Well-nourished,

regenerates quickly

• Forms continuous sheets, like floor tiles

• Outer surface unattached• Undersurface attached to

basement membrane• Avascular• Well-nourished,

regenerates quickly

Types of Epithelial Tissue

• Classification according to shape– Squamous– Cuboidal– Columnar

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Layers of Epithelial Tissue

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• Classified according to number of layers– Simple epithelium– Stratified epithelium

• Classified according to number of layers– Simple epithelium– Stratified epithelium

Location of Epithelial Tissues

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Glandular Epithelia

• Exocrine glands• Endocrine glands

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Lesson 6-2 Objectives

• Describe the functions of connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

• List the types of epithelial and connective tissue membranes.

• Differentiate between mucous and serous membranes.

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Functions of Connective Tissue

• Connection• Support• Protection• Fat storage• Transportation

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Characteristics of Connective Tissue

• Intercellular matrix – Abundant– Varies from liquid to hard

• Most is well vascularized.– Exceptions: Tendons, ligaments, and cartilage

• Presence and amount of protein fibers vary.– Collagen– Elastin– Reticular fibers (fine collagen)

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Types of Connective Tissue

• Loose– Areolar, adipose, reticular

• Dense fibrous• Cartilage– Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

• Bone• Blood and lymph

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Locations of Connective Tissue

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Nervous Tissue

• Makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

• Two types of cells– Neurons– Neuroglia

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Muscle Tissue

• Composed of cells (fibers) that contract to cause movement of a body part.

• Three types of muscle– Skeletal muscle– Smooth muscle– Cardiac muscle

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Locations of Muscle Tissue

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Tissue Repair

• Regeneration: Replacement of tissue via mitosis

• Fibrosis: Replacement of injured tissue with fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)

• Keloid scarring: Excessive fibrosis

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Steps in Tissue Repair

1. Wound2. Clot and scab3. Tissue repair begins4. Scar tissue forms5. Epithelial cells

multiply6. Scab detaches

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Membranes

• Thin sheets of tissue that – Cover surfaces– Line body cavities– Surround organs

• Classification of membranes– Epithelial– Connective

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Cutaneous Membrane: Skin

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Connective Tissue Membranes

• Synovial (lines joints)• Periosteum (lines bones)• Perichondrium (lines cartilage)• Meninges (lines central nervous system)• Fascia (found throughout the body)

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Mucous Membranes

• Line all body cavities that open to the exterior of the body– Respiratory– Digestive– Urinary– Reproductive

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Serous Membranes

• Line ventral body cavities that do not open to the exterior

• Pleura– Parietal and visceral

• Pericardium• Peritoneum– Parietal and visceral

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