The Industrial Revolution

The Revolution that changed the world forever

By zach & mohammad

• The industrial revolution were in…

EuropeAmerica

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

o ““Coal is more powerful than water. Coal is more powerful than water.

o ““Iron is more powerful than wood.Iron is more powerful than wood.

o ‘’‘’Innovations that make steel feasible.Innovations that make steel feasible.

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

As the number of factories grew people from the countryside began to move into the towns looking for better paid work.

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child ““hurriershurriers””

Richard Arkwright:

spinning frame

Richard Arkwright:

spinning frame

The The ““Water FrameWater Frame””

Also called water frame.It was the first powered, automatic, and continuous textile machine 

Factory ProductionFactory Productiono Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].

o Located near sources of power Located near sources of power

o Requires a lot of capital investmentRequires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

o Was only 10% of English industry in Was only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.

Cotton textileby Richard Arkwright

• the first big industry was cotton textile factories.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

•The textile industry significantly grew during the Industrial Revolution. 

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Hard schedule.Hard schedule.

12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”In May 1733, Kay

invented his "New Engine of Machine for Opening and Dressing Wool". This machine included the Flying Shuttle. Before the invention of the Flying Shuttle, weavers had to pass the shuttle through the warp threads by hand.

Steam LocomotiveSteam Locomotive

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851Crystal Palace

Exhibition: 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.

Problems of Population

Problems of Population

The population of England doubled between 1680 and 1820. The population increase provided the large supply of cheap labor needed by the factories. It also provided an increase in demand for manufactured goods.

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites were people in the 19th-century English textile artisans who violently protested against the machinery introduced during the Industrial Revolution that made it possible to replace them with less-skilled, low-wage labourers, leaving them without work

The “Peoples’ Charter”

The “Peoples’ Charter”• Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.

• Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832.• Votes for all men.Votes for all men.

• Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts.• Abolition of the requirement that Abolition of the requirement that

Members of Parliament [MPs] be Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.property owners.

• Payment for Members of Payment for Members of Parliament.Parliament.

• Annual general elections.Annual general elections.• The secret ballot. The secret ballot.

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

Population growth willPopulation growth willoutpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.

War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.

The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.

Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo

““Iron Law of Wages.Iron Law of Wages.””

When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.

More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

People as a society would operate and own thePeople as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.

Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

Government Response

Government Response Abolition of slavery in the coloniesAbolition of slavery in the colonies

in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].

Sadler Commission Sadler Commission to look intoto look intoworking conditionsworking conditions

Factory Act [1833] – child labor.Factory Act [1833] – child labor.

New Poor Law [1834] – indoor New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.relief.

Poor houses.Poor houses.

Reform Bill Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the[1832] – broadens thevote for the cities.vote for the cities.

1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continent

1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continent Northeast France.Northeast France. Belgium.Belgium. The Netherlands.The Netherlands. Western German states.Western German states. Northern ItalyNorthern Italy East Germany East Germany Saxony Saxony

Industrial revolution By 1850

Industrial revolution By 1850

To America

Francis Cabot Lowell was a business man from Newburyport, Massachusetts who brought the revolution to America.

While on a trip to England in 1810, Francis Cabot Lowell was allowed to tour the British textile factories.

He memorized the blueprint of the textile machines

• Industrial – Having to do with industry, business or manufacturing

• Revolution – a huge change or a change in the way things are done

• Industrial Revolution – a change from making things by hand to making them in factories.

Transportation• Before the Industrial Revolution, people relied

on the horse and their own feet to get around.• With the invention of the steam locomotive,

transportation took a huge step forward.• The first two major railroad companies were

the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads.

Passenger carriers

Leland Stanford

• Leland Stanford was a business tycoon, (a wealthy, powerful person in business or industry) co-founder of the Central Pacific Railroad, creator of Stanford University, and the governor of California.

• With the invention of the spinning jenny and the power loom by James Hargreaves, the textile industry took off.

• Clothes could now be made far faster than ever before.

James Hargreaves

Spinning wheel

• The spinning wheel was the first invention, but it was very slow.

• Threads were spun one at a time, by hand.

The spinning jenny

• The spinning jenny could spin up to eight thread at time. The spinning jenny was much faster than the spinning wheel.

The Spinning Mule

• The spinning mule used water power to spin the thread, which was much faster than doing it by hand.

• More cloth could now be made.

The Power Mule

The power loom

• The power loom used water power to weave cloth

• People could make a lot of cloth quickly.

A cotton factory

Agriculture

• Advances in agriculture were also made.• The invention of the seed drill allowed

farmers to plant many more seeds much more quickly.

• The reaper allowed farmers to harvest their crops more efficiently.

• More crops could now be grown feeding an increasing population.

The seed drill

The reaper

• The reaper was used to cut down the harvest. As you can see, it would take a long time to do it by hand.

The mechanical reaperThe mechanical reaper was a lot faster than doing the hand reaper

Steel

• With the invention of steel, buildings could be made much taller.

• Steel was much harder than iron, which would bend if made too tall.

• The steel industry created many new products, and led to the invention of the car.

Smoke stacks of a factory

A melting plant

Andrew Carnegie

• Andrew Carnegie became a millionaire in the steel business by putting all his competitors out of business.

• He created U.S. Steel in Pittsburg.

Henry Ford

• Henry Ford invented the first practical car, the Model T.

• The car had been invented earlier, but Ford was the first to make the car affordable.

Samuel Gompers

• With all the new businesses being created, someone needed to take care of the workers.

• Gompers created the American Federation of Labor, or organization of other labor unions that had bonded together to protect the rights of workers.

• "Industrial Revolution Inventions Timeline – 1712-1942." The Story of America RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012.

• "When Did the Industrial Revolution Start in the U.s.a.?" Yahoo! Answers. Yahoo!, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012.

• The Luddites were 19th-century English textile artisans who violently protested against the machinery introduced during the Industrial Revolution that made it possible to replace them with less-skilled, low-wage labourers, leaving them without work