Unit 2
THE RISE AND EXPANSION OF ISLAM
CREATION OF THE ISLAMIC RELIGION Islam
“submission to the will of Allah”
Muslim “one who has
submitted” First Followers
Khadija and close friends First sermons
Muhammad began preaching in Mecca
Drew criticism because people feared that monotheism would cause Mecca to lose pilgrims
MUHAMMAD Born in 570 AD Married at 25 to Khadija Religious revelation at
40 Believed Angel Gabriel
spoke to him Mecca and Medina
Kicked out of Mecca for preaching
Converted the people of Medina to Islam
Defeated Mecca in 630 AD Dies in 632
DIVISION OF ISLAM By 750 the Islamic Empire stretched from the Indus River
to the Atlantic Ocean Expanded north vs. weakened Byzantine Empire Many conquered people accepted Islamic faith
Did not have to pay a tax placed on non-Muslims if they did Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) ruled in the East Umayyad Caliphate of al-Andalus(756-976) ruled in Spain Fatimid Caliphate (909-1171) ruled in North Africa Division
Arose after the murder of Ali, son-in-law of Muhammad Opposed by the Shi’a who had supported Ali The Umayyad’s became known as Sunni Sufi Muslims began as an opposition to both
OTTOMAN EMPIRE Orkhan I
Succeeded his father, Osman, as sultan
Conquered Adrianople from the Byzantine Empire
Ruled justly Was kind to conquered
people Used system of local
governments Muslims – served in army but
did not pay tax Non Muslims – did not serve
in army but did pay tax Expansion Halted
Timur the Lame’s invasion Defeated the Turks in 1402 at
Battle of Ankara
What is the status of the islands of Crete and Cyprus in this map? What does this tell you about the Ottoman Empire’s military? Why is this an important distinction given the date this map depicts?
OTTOMAN EXPANSION PEAKS Sultan Mehmed II takes
Constantinople (1453) Selim the Grim takes
Mecca and Medina (1510’s) Suleyman the Great
Takes Belgrade, Tripoli, and parts of Austria and Hungary (1520’s)
Most powerful monarch on earth at that time
Had a splendid court and a well disciplined military
Post Suleyman Ottoman Empire slowly
decays until it ceases to exist after World War I
MUGHAL EMPIRE The Mughals
Mongol group that ruled India after defeating the Turks
Babur Founder of Mughals Brilliant general
Defeated the Turks Victories began
Mughal expansion into India
MUGHAL EMPIRE Akbar
Babur’s grandson Ruled Mughal India from 1556
to 1605 Military leader
Unified a population of 100 million people
Blended cultures Married women who were not
Muslim Allowed freedom of religion Abolished tax on non-Muslims Had Jesuit missionaries teach
his son Bureaucratic government Promoted art, literature, and
architecture
MUGHAL EMPIRE Akbar’s successors
Jahangir Allowed his wife, a Persian named Nur Jahan, to do most
of the ruling Attempted to make Islam the state religion of the
Mughals Son, Khusaru, rebelled against him and joined the Sikhs
Sikh’s blend teachings of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufi Islam Jahangir targeted Sikhs for religious persecution
Shah Jahan – 2nd son and successor to Jahangir Assassinated all rivals for the throne Loved 2 things – beautiful buildings and his wife, Mumtaz
Mahal Did a poor job managing a nation during famine and war
THE TAJ MAHAL
Mumtaz died in 1631 after giving birth to their 14th childJahan had the Taj Mahal built to honor her