THERMODYNAMICS
DEFINED
And
DISCUSSED
Thomas E. Eaton, CFI, PE, ScD
EATON ENGINEERING CO.
Harrodsburg, Kentucky
• Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMICS
WHAT ? ? ?
IS ? ? ?
THERMODYNAMICS
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? • Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
WHY IS THERMODYNAMICS OF INTEREST
IN FIRE INVESTIGATION ? ? ?
NFPA
921 [ A GUIDE ]
NFPA
1033 [ A STANDARD ]
• Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THE TECHNICAL “TOPICS” OF NFPA 1033: 2014 - Professional Qualifications for Fire Investigator
FIRE SCIENCE
FIRE CHEMISTRY
FIRE INVESTIGATON
FIRE ANALYSIS
FIRE INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY
FIRE INVESTIGATION TECHNOLOGY
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
THERMODYANMICS
THERMOMETRY
FIRE DYNAMICS
EXPLOSION DYNAMICS
COMPUTER FIRE MODELING
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
FAILURE ANALYSIS AND ANALYTICAL TOOLS
EVIDENCE DOCUMENTATION, COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION
• Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
NFPA 921 – 2014: “Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations”
NFPA 1033 – 2014: “Standard for Professional Qualifications of Fire Investigator”
•NFPA 1033 – 2014: THERMODYNAMICS: NOT DEFINED
•NFPA 921 – 2014: THERMODYNAMICS: NOT DEFINED
The Dictionary of Thermodynamics
Dr. A.M. James, 1976, 262 pp. John Wiley & Sons
“Thermodynamics” - NOT DEFINED
MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY Eleventh Edition, 2009, p. 1297
• “thermodynamics \ (1854)
• 1: physics that deals with the mechanical action or relations to heat.
• 2: thermodynamic processes and phenomenon…. “
THERMODYNAMICS - - - Once Defined, It’s NOT SO STRANGE
• THERMODYNAMICS IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO FIRE INVESTIGATION.
• THERMODYNAMICS APPLIES TO ANY PROCESS WHERE ENERGY CONVERSION IS INVOLVED.
• GENERALLY, ENERGY CONVERSION IS INVOLVED WHERE THERE IS CHANGE.
• WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS, THERMODYNAMICS IS INVOLVED.
• CONSEQUENTLY, FIRE INVESTIGATORS ARE FAMILIAR WITH
“THERMODYNAMICS"
Thermodynamics Defined, Copyright 2016. Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMICS - - - It’s NOT SO STRANGE
• IGNITION INITIATES COMBUSTION IS A THERMODYNAMICS PROCESS
– Open Flames, Pilot Flames, Electrical Sparks (Transient Discharges), – Electrical Arcs (Sustained Discharges), Electric Resistance Heating, Chemical Reactions, – Friction, etc.
• COMBUSTION IS A PROCESS THAT CONVERTS CHEMICAL ENERGY IN FUELS TO THERMAL ENERGY, i.e., A THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS…
• THERMODYNAMICS IS A SCIENTIFIC SUBJECT ROUTINELY UTILIZED IN FIRE INVESTIGATION
• FIRE INVESTIGATORS ARE ALREADY FAMILIAR WITH “THERMODYNAMICS”
• Note Also: FIRE INVESTIGATORS ARE FAMILIAR WITH “FIRE DYNAMICS”. THIS IS BECAUSE ORIGIN DETERMINATION IS THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT OF A FIRE FROM EXTINGUISHMENT (As Found) BACK TO IGNITION (First Fuel Ignited)
THERMODYNAMICS
THE BRANCH OF THERMAL
SCIENCE CONCERNING
THE
CONVERSION OF ENERGY
FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER
THERMODYNAMICS
DEFINED AND DISCUSSED
WITHOUT
EQUATIONS, MATHEMATICS, COMPUTIONS,
AND OTHER CONFUSING ASPECTS
THERMODYNAMICS
THE STUDY OF
THE PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION,
THE INHERNET RESTRICTIONS REGARDING ENERGY
CONVERSION,
THE TEMPERATURE OF SUBSTANCES, AND
THE THERMAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
SUBSTANCES
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
Definition Methodology
Find and Quote
“ Thermodynamics is … ” in Engineering, Scientific, and Technical
Literature (Textbooks, Treatises, Technical Papers, Handbooks, Encyclopedias, Journals,
Publications, etc.)
Discussion Methodology
Describe What
“ Thermodynamics is … ”
And the “Laws of Thermodynamics”
Without Equations, Mathematics
WHAT IS
THERMODYNAMICS
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
The DEFINITION is --- Surprisingly Elusive,
Sometimes Confused,
Sometimes Inaccurate,
Often Not Mentioned
“Thermodynamics is . . .”
THERMODYNAMICS
SOME TEXTBOOK DEFINITIONS
• “Thermodynamics is the science of the relationship
between heat, work, and the properties of systems,”
– Keenan, Thermodynamics, 1941
• “One very excellent definition of thermodynamics is
that it is the science of energy and entropy….”
– Van Wylen and Soontag, Fundamentals of Classical
Thermodynamics, 1965
THERMODYNAMICS
SOME SCIENTIST’S DEFINITIONS
• “The subject matter of thermodynamics is based
essentially on two fundamental postulates (or laws)
which summarize actual experience with regard to the
interconversion of different forms of energy. These
are called the first and second laws of
Thermodynamics,”
• Samuel Glasstone, Thermodynamics for Chemists,
1947
THERMODYNAMICS
SOME SCIENTIST’S DEFINITIONS
“THERMODYNAMICS is mainly concerned with the
transformations of heat into mechanical work and the
opposite transformations of mechanical work into heat.
Only in comparatively recent times have physicists
recognized that heat is a form of energy that can be
changed into other forms of energy.”
– Enrico Fermi, Thermodynamics, 1936
THERMODYNAMICS
SOME SCIENTIST’S DEFINITIONS
“Thermodynamics is the science of the relationship
between heat, work, and other forms of energy in
combination with the physical properties of the
substances involved.”
- Clark S. Robinson, Thermodynamics of Firearms,
1943.
THERMODYNAMICS
SOME SCIENTIST’S DEFINITIONS
“… As it has become apparent that thermodynamics
goes much deeper than the consideration of steam
engines associated with its historical beginnings, it
has also become apparent that biology is at its roots
is a profoundly thermodynamic subject.”
Harold J. Morowitz, Entropy for Biologists, 1970
FIELDS OF THERMODYNAMIC STUDY
• THERMAL PHYSICS
• METALLURGY
• BIOLOGY
• GEOLOGY
• MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
• ENERGY SYSTEMS
• CHEMISTRY • MATERIALS • MOLECULES • HYDROCARBONS • CHEMICAL ENGINEERING • ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING • FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING • NATURAL SYSTEMS • ASTRONOMY • BIOMECHANICS • ELECTRICITY • MAGNETISM • FIRE SCIENCE
THERMODYNAMICS
ENGINEERING DEFINITION
“ THERMODYNAMICS is
the study of energy,
its transformations, and
its relation to the states of matter.”
--- “Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles,”
Chapter 2, 2013 ASHRAE HANDBOOK: FUNDAMENTALS
(ASHRAE, 2013), p. 2.1
APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS OF INTEREST TO FIRE INVESTIGATORS
• COMBUSTION
• IGNITION
• PYROLYSIS
• PHASE CHANGE
• HYDRAULICS
• INSTRUMENTATION
• PHOTOGRAPHY
• WATER PUMPS
• GASOLINE / DIESEL ENGINES
• ELECTRICITY GENERATION
• TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• ELECTRONICS
THERMODYNAMICS
SOME ENCYCLOPEDIA DEFINITIONS
• “Thermodynamics is the science
of the Transformation of Energy.”
• McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Physics, 2005
In Lord Kelvin’s Words …
• “… Hence, Thermo-dynamics falls naturally into two Divisions, of which the subjects are respectively,
the relation of heat to the forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical energy ….” *
* Thompson, William (Lord Kelvin), “Fundamental Principles of General Thermo- Dynamics Recapulated,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburg, Vol. XX1,Part I, 1856, pp. 123 – 171.
THERMODYNAMICS WHERE DOES IT COME FROM ? ? ?
BASED ON
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION USING THE
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
What is SCIENCE ? ? ?
From the Latin: “scientia” ……
“KNOWLEDGE” “SCIENCE: knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation….” * * www.meriam-webster.com/dictionary/science
Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
HEATING CAUSED BY BORING CANNON (A RISE IN COOLING WATER TEMPERATURE)
“Heat is a Form of Motion…”
Philosophical Transactions, V88, 1798
THE RUMFORD FIREPLACE
HEAT TO WORK THE OBSESSION OF EARLY
THERMODYNAMICS -------- Common Examples -------
GASOLINE ENGINES
DIESEL ENGINES
STEAM ENGINES
STEAM TURBINES
GAS TURBINES
FIREARMS
ARTILLERY
EXPLOSIVES
ROCKETS
BOMBS
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES OF INTEREST TO FIRE INVESTIGATORS
• Combustion / Fire --------- Chemical to Thermal
• Explosion --------------------- Chemical to Thermal/Mechanical
• Pyrolysis ---------------------- Thermal to Chemical
• Ignition Source ------------- Flames, Sparks, Arcs, Resistance Heating, etc.
• Radiation --------------------- Thermal to Electromagnetic
• Pumping ---------------------- Mechanical to Kinetic (Fluid Flow)
• Braking ------------------------ Kinetic to Mechanical
• Power Generation --------- Mechanical to Electric
• Communication ------------- Electrical to Electromagnetic
• Corrosion --------------------- Chemical to Chemical
• Control ------------------------ Electrical to Electrical
• Phase Change ------ Thermal to Physical State
• Arcs & Sparks ------- Electrical to Thermal
• Illumination --------- Electrical to Electromagnetic
THERMODYNAMICS Some Historical Observations
• The Conversion of Heat Produced by burning wood or coal in a boiler into mechanical work using a steam engine was of much interest.
• Into the early nineteenth century, “heat” was thought to be a substance called “Caloric.”
• Thermodynamics was primarily concerned with “Heat and Work” for well over a century. In many fields, it still is today.
• In the early Twentieth Century, Statistical thermodynamics develops
• In the mid-Twentieth Century, Non-Linear Thermodynamics is proposed.
• In the mid-Twentieth Century, thermodynamics expands into numerous scientific fields beyond “heat and power” of interest to engineers
• Classical Thermodynamics accomplishes great advances based on systems in equilibrium --- which restricts thermodynamic analysis to only energy conversion and deliberately ignores energy transport --- in order to simplify the analysis.
• Today, non-equilibrium thermodynamics addresses complex energy conversion and energy transport processes simultaneously: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Combined
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
• ZEROTH --- TEMPERATURE (of Energy)
• FIRST --- CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• SECOND --- LIMITATIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION
TEMPERATURE
The “Zeroth” Law of
Thermodynamics
ENERGY INTENSITY
CREATED BY THE
KINETIC MOTION OF MATTER:
ATOMS, MOLECULES, PARTICLES
ROOM TEMPERATURE: 70-F
70 degrees F =
21 degrees C, Celsius
294 degrees K, Kelvin
530 degrees R, Rankine
0.025 eV, electron-Volts
ABSOLUTE ZERO
=
- 459.67 F ---- Fahrenheit
- 273.15 C --- Celsius
0.0 K ----------- Kelvin
0.0 R ----------- Rankine
0.0 eV -------- electron-Volts
TEMPERATURE
The Electron Volt - eV
1 electron Volt, 1 eV
=
11,604 Kelvin, degrees K
11,331 Celsius, degrees C
20,888 Rankine, degrees R
20,428 Fahrenheit, degrees F
TYPES OF ENERGY
• THERMAL
• CHEMICAL
• MECHANICAL
• GRAVITATIONAL
• KINETIC
• VIBRATIONAL*
• ROTATIONAL*
• ELECTRICAL
• MAGNETIC
• ELECTROMAGNETIC
• NUCLEAR
• MASS
TEMPERATURE
IS
ENERGY ! ! !
KE = ½ mV² = 3/2 kT
KE - mean particle energy
T -- temperature equates to E -- energy
PRESSURE
IS ALSO
ENERGY
---Example: Pneumatic Tire ---
PRESSURE = ENERGY INTENSITY
VOLUME OF AIR = ENERGY QUANTITY
PRESSURIZED
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS - - - BEGIN WITH SYSTEM SELECTION
SYSTEM
BOUNDARY
THERMODYANMIC SYSTEM SURROUNDINGS
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
• A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM IS AN OBJECT SELECTED TO APPLY THE LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS • - The Subject of Thermodynamic Investigation • Examples: room, molecule, atom, battery, boiler, lamp, planet, nozzle,
planet, engine, heater, etc.
• CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS DEFINES THE STATE (PHYSICAL) CONDITIONS THROUGHOUT THE THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM TO BE IN EQUILIBRIUM, I.E., UNIFORM AT ANY GIVEN TIME
• Transfer processes driven by non-equilibrium conditions are not considered
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
• THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS --- SYSTEM SELECTION
• THE THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM IS SELECTED FOR THE TASK AT HAND
• SELECT THE SYSTEM WISELY --- THE THERMODYANMICS SYSTEM IS USER SELECTED
• THE THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM IS TYPICALLY THE OBJECT, REGION, ITEM, ETC.
BEING STUDIED
• e.g.: A Match, A Room, An Engine, A Cigarette, A Couch, – A Container, A Heater, A Switch, An Arc, A Chimney, A Lamp, – A Cardboard Box, Roll of Hay, A Trash Can, Cook Top, Oven, etc.
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
• DEFINE THE CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
• APPLY THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
• EXAMINE THE “CONDITIONS OF STATE” AT DIFFERENT CONDITIONS
• REQUIRE MATERIALS, SUBSTANCES, e.g., CONTENTS, OF THE THERMODYNAMIC
SYSTEM BE IN EQUILBRIUM - - - UNIFORM THROUGHOUT THE SYSTEM
• ANALYZE THE ENERGY CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER
• EVALUATE THE ‘LOST’ ENERGY, IRREVERSIBILITIES, ETC.
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
• THERMODYNAMIC STATE CONDITION - – The Physical Properties of the System Contents at a Given Point
• LIKE A PHOTOGRAPH ! ! ! -------
– DOCUMENTING SPECIFIC CONDITIONS – A SEQUENCE OF PHOTOGRAPHS IS LIKE A SERIES
• OF THERMODYNAMIC STATES
• THERMAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTY CHANGES BETWEEN THERMODYNAMIC STATES DETERMINE THE ENERGY CONVERSION
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMICS AND FIRE ORIGIN AND CAUSE ANALYSIS
• ORIGIN AND CAUSE INVESTIGATION
• LIKE TWO PHOTOGRAPHS ! ! ! -------
– DOCUMENTS SPECIFIC STATIC CONDITIONS – A SEQUENCE OF PHOTOGRAPHS IS LIKE A SERIES
• OF THERMODYNAMIC STATES IN EQUILIBRIUM
• THE FIRE ORIGIN AND CAUSE INVESTIGATION BEGINS WITH A “PHOTOGRAPH” OF THE FIRE SCENE, AS FOUND
• THE OBJECTIVE OF FIRE ORIGIN AND CAUSE ANALYSIS IS TO CREATE THE “PHOTOGRAPH” OF THE IGNITION OF THE FIRE
• THERMAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTY CHANGES BETWEEN THERMODYNAMIC STATE CONDITIONS (… “Photographs” DETERMINE THE ENERGY CONVERSION
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM MANDATES
• THE CONSERVATION LAWS APPLY –ENERGY –MASS –MOMENTUM
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM BOUNDARY REQUIREMENTS
“WHAT GOES INSIDE,
COMES OUT,
OR
EITHER STAYS INSIDE
THERMODYNAMICS METHODOLOGIES
CLASSICAL ----- e.g.: Engineering
STATISTICAL ---
MODERN --------- Non-Equilibrium
Equilibrium Thermodynamics Energy Transport Ignored System Analysis Simplified but Powerful Not Heat Transfer Macroscopic (Real World) System Static Analysis (Thermostatics) Emphasis on “Heat and Power”
Equilibrium Thermodynamics Microscopic (Atomic/Molecular) System Results Not Possible with Classical
Thermodynamics Not Heat Transfer
All Types of Energy Conversion Studied Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics Details of Energy Transport Considered HEAT TRANSFER INCLUDED Detailed Analysis inside Thermodynamic System in
Non-equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium conditions
THERMODYNAMICS METHODOLOGIES
EQUILIBRIUM Classical / Statistical - Engineering Method Commonly Utilized and Taught Energy Transport, Heat Transfer Ignored
NON-EQUILIBRIUM Modern - Much More complex A Developing Field Includes Computational Fire Dynamics
THERMODYNAMICS METHODOLOGIES
EQUILIBRIUM – Internal Conditions ALL THE SAME
Uniform Throughout
No Differences in Physical Properties (T,P,v, etc.)
No Mechanism for Energy Transport
NON-EQUILIBRIUM – PHYSICAL PROPERTIES VARY - P, T, v, V, E, C, etc.
NON-EQUILIBRIUM STATE CONDITIONS Exist
NON-Uniform Substance / Material Conditions within System
Differences (Variations), Gradients in Properties are Present
Driving Forces of Energy, Mass, and Momentum Transport
Energy Transport, Heat Transfer, etc. can be included
PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF
THERMODYNAMICS
• 1. Energy Conservation - The FIRST LAW
• 2. Energy Conversion - The SECOND LAW Limitations
• 3. Thermal Equilibrium – The ZEROTH LAW
• 4. Thermal-Physical Properties of Substances –
Thermodynamic Data
Consequences of Thermodynamics, i.e.,
ENERGY CONVERSION
• ENERGY TRANSPORT
• IRREVERSIBILITY
• CHANGE
• TIME
SPECIFIC AREAS OF THERMODYNAMIC STUDY:
The Conversion of Energy from One Form to Another • COMBUSTION
• IGNITION
• PROPULSION
• EXPLOSIONS
• FIRE DYNAMICS
• COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
• GAS DYNAMICS
• TURBOMACHINERY
• ELECTRONICS
• ELECTRICITY
• BATTERIES
• CLIMATE
• METALS
• MINERALS
• SOLIDS
• POLYMERS
• CORROSION
OTHER AREAS OF THERMODYNAMIC STUDY
• ATMOSPHERES • OCEANS • PLANETS • BLACK HOLES
• IMAGING • INSTRUMENTATION • DETECTORS
• PIZZA • COOKIES • BAR-B-QUE • SUGAR AND STARCH • FAT
E N T R O P Y
WHAT IS ENTROPY
? ? ? ? ? A CONCEPT REGARDING THE SECOND LAW
“ 2 b : a process of degradation or running down …
or a trend to disorder ….”
(Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 11th Ed.)
E N T R O P Y
WHAT IS ENTROPY ? ? ? IT IS A
THERMAL-PHYSICAL
PROPERTY OF MATTER Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
E N T R O P Y
WHAT IS ENTROPY ? ? ?
A MEASURE OF
ENERGY AVAILABILITY Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
E N T R O P Y
WHAT IS ENTROPY ? ? ? An Indication of the
“PREFERED DIRECTION
of a Given Process” *
* Parker, S.P., ed., McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Physics, 1993
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
E N T R O P Y
WHAT IS ENTROPY ? ? ? A MEASURE OF IRREVERSIBILITY ---
THE ENERGY UTILIZED OR CONSUMED IN THE ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESS
Referred to as “LOST” Work. Nevertheless, Energy cannot be ‘Lost’
--- THE ENERGY YOU USE TO CONVERT ENERGY
TO THE FORM YOU NEED ----
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
E N T R O P Y
WHAT IS AVAILABILITY
The AMOUNT OF ENERGY
That Can Be CONVERTED
In a Thermodynamic System
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
AVAILABILITY
• FUELS HAVE CHEMICAL ENERGY AVAILABLE FOR CONVERSION INTO HEAT
• GIVEN AN IGNITION SEQUENCE
• COMBUSTION OR EXPLOSION OF THE FUEL RELEASES HEAT ENERGY
• Consider - Risk Assessment, • Hazard Classification, • Loss Prevention
IRREVERSIBILITY DECAY
CORROSION
DETERIORATION
CRUMBLING
LEAKAGE
BURNING
FLOWING
COOLING
MIXING
CONSUMPTION
TOPPLING
DISCHARGE
AGING
FALLING
DEFORMATION
DIFFUSION
CONDUCTION
DISPERSION
IRREVERSIBILITY
ENERGY MUST BE USED
TO TRANSPORT ENERGY
IN ORDER TO
CONVERT ENERGY FROM
ONE FORM TO ANOTHER
THERMODYNAMICS
The One Equation
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS:
A BALANCE SHEET of ENERGY
HEAT = ENERGY + WORK
dQ = dE + dW
THERMODYNAMICS
The One Equation
dQ = dE + dW
Change in Heat Energy =
Change in Internal Energy +
Work Done
“ d “ - - - ‘ means a change in ‘
THERMODYNAMICS
The One Equation . . .
Encompasses All Forms of Energy
dQ - A Change in Heat Energy
dW - Work Done by System
dE - A Change in ANY OTHER ENERGY- -
Electrical, Gravitational,
Chemical, Magnetic, Nuclear,
Electromagnetic, etc.
THERMODYNAMICS
The One Equation . . .
Encompasses All Forms of Energy
dQ - Heat Energy
dW - Work
dE - ALL Other Forms of Energy - - -
Electrical, Gravitational,
Chemical, Magnetic, Nuclear,
Electromagnetic, etc.
THERMODYNAMICS
The One Equation . . .
dE = ALL OTHER FORMS of Energy
dE = ALL OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY - - -
Electrical, Gravitational,
Chemical, Magnetic, Nuclear,
Electromagnetic, etc.
________________________
EXCEPT - - -
NOT = HEAT
NOT = WORK
DYNAMICS VS. STATICS ! ! !
IS IT
•THERMODYNAMICS OR IS IT REALLY
•THERMOSTATICS
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
THERMOSTATICS ! ! !
1. THERMODYNAMIC LAWS DO NOT INVOLVE RATES
2. ENERGY MUST BE TRANSFERRED TO CONVERT ENERGY BUT ENERGY DYNAMICS IS NOT A THERMODYNAMIC SUBJECT
3. THERMODYNAMICS DOES NOT ADDRESS THE RATE OR PATH OF A PROCESS
4. TIME IS NOT A THERMODYNAMIC VARIABLE