Journal of Coastal Research 28 4 881-890 West Palm Beach, Florida July 2012

Throw It Overboard: A Commentary on Coastal Pollutionand BioremediationRoger H. Charlier'^ % Charles W. Finid*, and Agata Krystosyk-Gromadzinska*

*Free University of Brussels(Vrije Universiteit Brssel)

Brussels, Belgium

Department of GeosciencesFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca Raton, FL 33431, USAcfinkl@cerf-jcr.com

'West Pomeranian Technical UniversitySzczecin, Poland

www.ccrf-jcr.org

ABSTRACT I

ttlllhu

www.JCRonline.org

Charlier, R.H.; Finkl, C.W., and Krystosyk-Gromadzinska, A. 2012. Throw it Overboard: A Commentary on CoastalPollution and Bioremediation. Journal of Coastal Research, 28(4), 881-890. West Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Tbe belief that rivers and oceans cleaned themselves faded as humanity expanded and wastes took on an ever morediversified character. The pollution of waterways, bays, inlets, and gulfs made many of them unusable for watertransport. The solution commonly applied is to dredge, an expensive approach but also one that de facto substitutes landpollution for water pollution. Availability of land is not limitless either. Hence, in situ bioremediation is gathering anincreasing number of adepts. Alleviating damages caused by green tides and cleaning up waterways, estuaries, inlets,and bays are continuous coastal and river concerns that have been variously approached. This paper reviews andsummarizes several experiments. Treatment of sludge is necessitated, over several decades, by the diminishing space onland to deposit the dredgings, but also by the need to protect human and subsidiarily animal and plant health.Substantial advances have been made in the area of bioremediation including, but not limited to, the hydrological realm.Nevertheless, some frequently occurring compounds remain recalcitrant. Pilot projects have been conducted for sometime in the United States and European countries.

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Eutrophication, bioremediation, socioeconomic impact, Ulva sp., Hudson andSheboygan rivers, Moervaart and Zierikzee, PAH, PCB.

INTRODUCTION

Armand Charlier, the father of the coauthor of this paper,was a civil servant in the Departments of Population, Tourism,and Public Health of the port city of Antwerp. He was also onthe local level a noted acid-penned reporter. All the activitieswere linked. Notwithstanding the then-traditional 6-dayworkweek, he did not always sleep late and recuperate onSunday morning, but managed occasionally to take his son onboat rides. As any child, no sooner were they aboard that thelittle boy had to answer Nature's call and returned puzzled andupset to his father: the toilet had no bottom and urine wasactually poured into river or sea. Similarly garbage was thrownoverboard by the mariners, for the greater joy of seagulls.Wasn't this dirt3ng the waters?

"Moving waters clean themselves" came the answer. Perhapsthen, but pollution was well on its way. Rivers were used assewers. Even some docks were so polluted that Senten, in histhesis, reported 30 years ago that one hasin in Antwerp had itswaters coalesced to the point that some boats could not hemoved anymore (Senten, J.R., doctoral thesis at the Faculty ofSciences of the Vrije Universiteit Brssel). Today, much is stillthrown overboard, leading to black tides. Directly or indirectly

DOI: 10.21121 llA-00020.1 received and accepted in revision 15 July2011.Published Pre-print online 13 February 2012. Coastal Education & Research Foundation 2012

humans are responsible for the variously "colored" tides ofocean and sea: black tides, red tides, green tides....

The Mediterranean Sea has been said to be the wastebin of its riparian states. The Baltic Sea is badly contaminated.The North Sea, south of Sweden, has an accumulation areawhere wastes pile up. The oceans have two major areasfree of marine currents where pollutants end up, particularlyplastics. These substances cause a large number of illnessesand deaths among marine animals. The matter was broughtup at the 2011 meeting of the International Whaling Commis-sion. The same substances are also the cause of motor failuresin smaller ships. Hard to grasp, but these two oceanic spotshave wastes that cover areas twice as large as the UnitedStates. This, of course, does not include sunken vessels anddumped obsolete military hardware. Closer to the coastsother pollution problems plague those responsible for tourism:green tides.

The Algal Plague

The sources of these wastes vary widely, ranging from illegaldumping actions by ships whose captains wish to avoid the feescharged by appropriate shore facilities to runoffs frombordering lands, materials carried by rivers and willfulignorance from rules, regulations, and respect for the environ-ment. Facts are disclosed in the OSPAR-2007 report. Cleaningup the oceans represents, evidently, a pharaonic task. Regionalefforts could very well be worthwhile.

882 Charlier, Finkl, and Krystosyk-Cromadzinska

Algae on French and Florida Coasts

Tbe U.S, House Subcommittee on Energy and Environmentbeld bearings to examine barmful algal blooms (HABs) andbypoxia on June 2, 2011, Specifically, tbe bearings looked atresearcb needs to develop and implement action plans tomonitor, prevent, mitigate, and control botb marine andfresbwater bloom and bypoxia events. According to tbeNational Oceanic and Atmospberic Administration, HABsand bypoxia bave an annual negative economic impact of $82million (55 million) in tbe United States.

Green tides carry dire economic consequences, particularlyfor tourism. Proliferation of algae, especially Ulvae, alongtbe coasts of Brittany and some areas of soutbwest Florida,bave seriously damaged large segments of tbe toiirism areasin tbose regions, Tbe problem bas also affected witb consider-able intensity regions of Italy, for instance in Orbitello,Already, more tban two decades elapsed since tbe EuropeanCommission sponsored conferences and publications dealingwitb tbe matter. Removal of tbe stranded material is a costlyprocess and disposal is an additional one. Quantities are solarge tbat utilization of tbe algae is bardly possible, and tbedumping inland creates a subsequent land pollution, Metba-nization as a solution bas been repeatedly proposed. Successfulmetbods bave been developed at a Centre National de laRecbercbe Scientifique laboratory of tbe University of Rennes 1(France),^

Tbe European Union encouraged tbe assessment of seaweedresources, and even tbeir cultivation, and yet, simultaneouslyand contradictorily, it bad to consider tbe natural proliferationof tbe algae as a nuisance. As algae are tolerant of a wide rangeof salinity, temperature, ligbt, and pollution, tbey spread easilyand survive,

Tbe negative effects of eutropbication include ailments andmortality of flora and bentbic and pelagic fisbes, not sparingmarine farms; atmospberic discbarge of sulfur compounds bybacteria tbat decompose organic matter of algal origin;compounds in part responsible for acid rain; beavy beacbpollution due to strandings; and economic stress for communi-ties tbat must remove tbe material and dispose of it.

Agriculture and draining of wetlands are major agents incausing eutropbication. Exceptional blooms, tbe algal prolifer-ations tbat are barmful for bumans, are linked to eutropbica-tion, bydrodynamics, and climate, viz. weatber conditions. Anextreme example bas been tbe Lake of Tunis, site of extremeeutropbication during summer montbs: in calm weatber tbeentire water column occasionally becomes anaerobic,

FRANCE'S ATLANTIC COAST

Stud3dng eutropbication along tbe Frencb Atlantic coasts,Briand (1987, 1989) establisbed already a quarter of a centuryago tbat green algae tbat particularly proliferated were mostlyUlva, Enteromorpha, and Cladophora; among tbe red algae

Gracilaria and Porphyra.^ Tbe culprits for eutropbication inBrittany are said to be domestic and industrial wastes'nutrients carried by streams and waterways, leacbing offertilized soil by rainwater, nutrients of atmospberic origincontained in rainwater, nitrogen fixation by blue-green algaeor cyanobacteria, and nutrients from artificial ponds sucb asfood surplus and fisb excreta,

Tbe allocation, for 2010, by France of 700,000 to combat tbegreen tides plague was more tban was expected to be neededbecause pollution due to algae bas substantially been reduced.Causes? Tbe long and barsb 2009-2010 winter. Witb watertemperatures at - lO'C, algae were dispersed far offsbore; nexttbe gatbering of stranded algae in 2009 and tbe climate-generated drop in river discbarge led to a lesser runoff ofpesticides' NO'^ . Reduction of quantity of stranded algae wasespecially recorded in St, Brieuc Bay and Fresnaye Bay (fromSt, Cast le Guildo to Frbel),

In some areas {e.g., tbe Lannion region) pickups were evencancelled. Funds bad been earmarked for 25,000 m^ and only1 mg/1 of water was not reacbed. Principal source of tbisinformation was tbe Frencb daily Le Monde.^ Good newsproved to be only a sbort respite because by June 2011 tbebulldozers were back on tbe beacbes scooping up tons ofstranded algae.

Some studies bave concluded tbat algae, a scourge bytbemselves, can, under certain circumstances, be waterpurification agents, and so can some oysters, wbereas sbrimp{Crangon crangon L.) play tbe part of water quality indicators,*

THE AERATION APPROACH

Tbe problem of coastal water and waterway pollutionreacbing unacceptable dimensions is of course geograpbicallywidespread, Tbe Venice Lagoon is a classical case and variousapproacbes to tbe problem bave been proposed. Aeration basbeen suggested as described bereafter.

Sediments in industrialized or urbanized coastal sballowwaters bave tbus reacbed an alarming and barmful level ofcontamination, demanding development of new cost-effectivetecbnologies. An in situ forced aeration experiment wasconducted in Venice, Italy in tbe Arsenale sbipyard dock basinof tbe Venice Lagoon, A similar experiment carried out in tbeIndustrial Harbor of Margbera, wbere sediment reworking andmixing are strong, provided promising results.

However, at tbe Arsenale sbipyard site a new forced aerationsystem was tested; it aimed at oxygenating tbe surficialsediments witb a minimum of reworking and mixing, Tbeaeration tecbnique, cbosen for tbe oxygnation of tbe bigbly

' Cbarlier, R.H.; Morand, P.; Finkl, C.W., and Thys, A.C., 2009.Green tides on tbe Brittany coasts. In: Zbang Hui-rong, (ed.),Enteromorpba prolifra (Mller) [J. Agardh ecology research] [InChinese.] Beijing: Ocean Press, pp. 354,3.

^ Brault, D.; Briand, X., & Golven, P., 1985. Les mares vertes. In:Bases biologiques de l'aquaculture; Colloque de Montpelier 1983,Actes, IFREMERI, pp. 33-43; Briand, X., 1989, Doctoral thesis, Paris;Briand, X. & Morand, P., 1987. Ulva stranded algae. In: Grazi, G.et al. (ed.). Proceedings of the. 4th European Conference on Biomassfor Energy and Industry, Orleans; Cbarlier, R.H., 1991. Algaeresource or scourge. Part II: economics and environment: Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Studies 8, 237250.

^ Issue of the last Friday of September 2010.^ Cbarlier, R.H.; Finkl, C.W.; Morand, P., and Thys, A.C., 2009.

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Throw It Overboard 883

polluted bottom sediments, is unique because of its innovative""use of a system of porous pipes laid on the bottom sediments;thence it is nonintrusive and has the added advantage not toobstruct harbour activities.

Forced aeration consists of the introduction of a largequantity of oxygen at the surficial sediment-water columninterface so that aerobic bacterial communities are timulatedto create an adapted environment for the hiodegradation oforganic and inorganic pollutants. The general reduction oforganic pollutants and heavy metals in the surficial sedimentsresulted in the documented return of small fish to the area asan indication of a less polluted environment.

The experiment showed that tangential forced aeration couldrepresent a nonintrusive and cost-effective way to reduceorganic and heavy-metal pollutants in coastal environments,wherein other techniques may not be environmentally oreconomically feasible,^

THE OYSTER AS PURIFICATION AGENT

The Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, may improvewater quality by filtering large quantities of particulate matter(both organic and inorganic) and nutrients from the overlyingwater column. Additionally, oyster reefs alter hydrodynamicconditions, further increasing the removal of particulatematter from the water column, A recent study examined theeffects of small-scale oyster additions on sediment loading,chlorophyll a, nutrient concentrations, and fiow in small tidalcreeks. Two reefs were estahlished in Hewletts Creek, NewHanover County, North Carolina, Total suspended solids(TSS), chlorophyll a, and ammonium were measured upstreamand downstream of each created reef and in an adjacent controlchannel that lacked a reef.

Data were collected monthly during ebb tides over a 10-monthperiod between September 2000 and Jiine 2001, In the firstmonth after initial reef placement, mean TSS concentrationsdownstream of reef placement were slightly lower than thoseupstream of the reef. Although not statistically significant, TSSconcentrations downstream of the reefs were less than upstreamconcentrations for five of nine and five of seven postreef samplingmonths for the upland and the lower creek sites, respectively.Chlorophyll a concentrations were not significantly affected byinitial reef placement (2X3 m), hut were reduced substantiallyafter reef enlargement (3 X 4 m) in one of the experimentalcreeks. Reef placement resulted in significant increases inammonium concentrations downstream of the transplanted-reefs. In addition, deposition of feces and pseudofeces by theoysters resulted in accumulation of finer-grained materials in tbetreated channel relative to the control channels.

Oyster filtration was most effective 3 hours after hightide, when the ratio of flow discharge to reef surface area wasthe highest. This work demonstrates that small oyster reefs

'^ Bonardi, M,; Ravagnan, G.; Stirling, J.A.R,; Morucchio, C, and DeSanctis, S,, 2007, Innovative treatment by bioremediation of contam-inated sediments from the Venice Lagoon, Italy: the Arsenale Vecchiocase study. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No, 50(Proceedings of the 9th International Coastal Symposium, GoldCoast, Australia), pp, 895-899,

^ Bioremediation of Sediments, DollofT F, Bishop (see footnote 8),

established and maintained in some small tributary channelscan reduce TSS and chlorophyll a concentrations and thatthe magnitude of the effect may vary over the course of thetidal cycle,'

BIOREMEDIATION IN SITU

Some 20 years ago at a PIANC' meeting in Djakarta,Indonesia, the chief executive officer of a dredging companynearly became apoplectic when a paper suggested substituting,at least in part, bioremediation of sludge for the onerous andexpensive traditional processdredgingthat was his andkindred enterprises' bonanza. The paper" nevertheless gath-ered audience enthusiasm and was awarded distinction and aprize.

Indeed, realistically considering use of expensive and everscarcer land space, a solution had to be found to dispose of thematerials dredged from waterwaysrivers, canals, bays, ports,and coastal areas. Dumping at sea had already then beenshown to he ecologically very unwise. These authors,"' amongmany others, published findings and proposed potentialsolutions to the dilemma.

In situ natural microbiological degradation of organic matterand compounds may offer a remedy to the problem. For decadesThierry Lebeau, for instance, has tackled the problem andmultiplied laboratory and field studies. If research is usuallydirected at soils,'" extension to the riverine, estuarine, andmarine domains is an evident corollary. In the works listed inthe footnote, conclusions reached go beyond agriculturalscience, in that the choice of microorganism(s) for theinoculation of contaminated soils depends on the cadmiumlevel in the medium and on the distribution of the metalbetween the hiomass and the medium, Microalgal cellimmobilization may be a suitable technique for application tobenthic diatoms; these are usually sensitive to bioturbation ormetabolites, which may he overemphasized. Furthermore thecell immobilization techniques allow benthic diatoms to hecultivated more efficiently, permitting new biotechnologicallyrelevant products to be investigated.

Contaminated sediments in rivers, lakes, and harbours notonly pose a burden to navigation and economic exploitation ofharhours, they constitute a serious risk to human health andthe environment. Destruction of contaminants in sedimentscan be attained through natural attenuation and can beimproved by natural processes involving microbial growthand enzymatic production, because bioremediation can converttarget contaminants to nontoxic end products. This is not amiracle process, as, for instance, polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) biode-grade only slowly and bioaccumulate up the food chain," BothPCBs and PAHs are biodegradable under appropriate condi-tions in laboratory studies. The latter degrade under aerobicconditions, PCBs degrade under both anaerobic and aerobicconditions.

' Nelson, K,A,, Leonard, L.A,, Posey, M,H,, Alphin, T,D, andMallin, M,A., 2010, Crassostrea as purification factor: Center forMarine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 5600Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA,

Journal of Coastal Research, VoL 28, No, 4, 2012

884 Charlier, Finkl, and Krystosyk-Gromadzinska

Figure 1. The Moervaart in East Flanders, Belgium.Figure 2. The Moervaart, close to the Ghent-Terneuzen sea canal. Thewaterway is dark colored on the map (top left of center).

Bishop^ found that persistent contaminants in sediments areresistant to microbial degradation because of contaminanttoxicity to the microorganisms, preferential feeding of micro-organisms on other substrates, tbeir inability to use acompound as a source of carbon and energy, unfavourableenvironmental conditions in sediments for tbeir propagation,and poor contaminant bioavailability to microorganisms.

Bioremediation bas been tried in tbe Netberlands, forinstance at Zierickzee, and in Belgium, for instance on theMoervaart.^ This waterway (Figures 1 and 2) was at one timean important transportation link but bas been for some decadesratber a pleasure-craft and watersports water expanse.

Successful bioremediation of sediments requires combiningappropriate microbial pathways, biocbemistry, and tbe func-tion of natural microbial communities witb innovativeengineering metbods to overcome tbe recalcitrance of tbecompounds in sediments, tbus increasing bioremediationeffectiveness. Sediment dredging offers the opportunity foralternative ex situ treatment such as biotreatment in confinedtreatment facilities, slurry reactors, and composting landtreatment applications."' Slurry reactor tecbnology bas alsobeen applied in situ to contaminated sediments in waterbodies (5).

Studies have been conducted and results assessed forwaterways in tbe Netberlands and close to its border inBelgium (Moervaart) and results compared witb field studiesin Sbeboygan (Wisconsin, USA) and tbe Hudson River (NewYork), wbere testing in New York as well as in California of tbeconditioning in situ (CIS) approacb bas been under consider-ation. Along tbe Belgian coast (Zeebrugge) bioremediation basalso been used. Assuming contaminants in sediments or sludge

** Bishop, D.F., 2010. Bioremediation of sediments. Seminar Serieson Bioremediation of Hazardous Waste Sites: Practical Approaches toImplementation, pp. 3-1, 3-2-3-6.

^ The Moervaart at one time was a major waterway for thetransport of peat, and during Spanish domination of the Lowlands,a communication channel for the Spanish navy.

are tbe commonly found types, one can expect naturalattenuation to occur, a process to be enbanced by bioremedia-tion using amendments. Microbial growtb and enzymaticproduction is often limited by conditions in sediments, wbereasPCBs and PAHs will be encountered as common higb-molecular-weight contaminants. Bioremediation of marineand freshwater sediments will be slowedeven limited b^ycontaminant(s)' toxicity to microorganisms, their preferentialfeeding on other substrates, and inability of microorganisms touse contaminants; furthermore, sediment(s)' conditions may beunfavorable for an appropriate microbial propagation andunder some circumstances contaminants may not be availableto tbe microorganisms.

Achieving successful bioremedial results requires tbe com-bination of appropriate microbial patbways, appropriatebiochemistry, and functionality of natural microbial commu-nities; also needed are tbe development of innovative engi-neering metbods in sediments to overcome contaminantrecalcitrance to biodgradation, in situ biotreatment witboutreactors, in situ treatment of dredged sediments for enhancedbioremediation, and in situ biotreatment witb slurry reactorsin water bodies.

REHABILITATION OF BAYS AND WATERWAYS

Bays, inlets, and especially, waterways are dredged tomaintain navigation cbannels, but some are being virtuallyused as open sewers and need to be cleaned up. In barbors,basins are recipients of a variety of materials, not infrequentlywitb a high concentration of heavy metals. In Tbailand, aproblem bas emerged around temples in whose waters "holyturtles" could benefit from a cleaner environment! Dredgedmaterials often release foul odors and, worse, tbeir disposalconstitutes a major problem as land space is at a premium andocean dumping is mostly prohibited, though press releasespoint to the possibility of resumption of tbe practice.

All dredged material is not, however, necessarily severelypolluted; sludge should be considered separately; tbere are

Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2012

Throw It Overboard 885

several methods of treating sediments.'" Nevertheless, majorEuropean rivers (Rhine, Meuse, Elbe, Seine) are badlypolluted. The Danube, in Vienna, hardly deserves Strauss'waltz "The Beautiful Blue Danube"! Treatment is advocated,storage is suggested, use is urged, and pollution contairmient iscalled upon.

Among treatment methods, hioremediation is frequentlyproposed as an approach holding promise. In the United States,hesides in the Sheboygan (Wisconsin) and Hudson (New York)rivers, technologies were tested, on a pilot scale, under the"Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments"program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency onAmerican Great Lakes sediments; they included thermaldesorption, solvent extraction, washing, and bioremediation.

DISPOSAL AND TREATMENT OFDREDGED MATERIAL

1. DisposalDredged material can he disposed of either on land or inwaters.

For strongly contaminated sediments, special treatment issometimes necessary.

1.1 Land and Marine DisposalLand disposal must he used for moderately to heavilycontaminated sediments. Special care is needed forthe evacuation of water and for diffusive anddispersive transport.Alternatives for disposal on land are: Uncontrolled dumping. Uncontrolled disposal, e.g., on agricultural land.

Besides the low level of pollutants and the presenceof major elements (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), the soilmust have an optimum pH and cation-exchangecapacity and contain sufficient amounts of organicmatter.^

Disposal of dried dredged material in a controlleddumping site, with or without capping. The sitecan he confined with either natural, e.g., clay,hentonite, or materials such as polyethylene orpolyvinyl chloride or a combination of both.

Aquatic disposal.^

1.2. Disposal in situ in zones confined hy houndarystructures or in burrow pits (with or withoutcapping).Land and aquatic disposal always require anenvironmental impact assessment. Direct and indi-rect effects, hoth short and long term, of the dredgedmaterial and the runoff water on fauna, flora,groundwater, water column, soil, and air qualityhave to he investigated.

^ See sampling of research and symposia focusing on these specificproblems in bibliographic Appendix I.

2. Treatment of Contaminated Dredged MaterialContaminated dredged material sometimes needs to un-dergo physical/chemical treatment. As most heavy metalsare concentrated in the

886 Charlier, Finkl, and Krystosyk-Gromadzinska

Table 1. Contaminants' bioremediation and limitations of the process (after D.A. Bishop).

Conditions Limiting Bioremediation of Sediments 'Contaminant toxicity to microorganismsPreferential feeding of microorganisms on other substratesInability of microorganisms to use contaminant as source of carbon and energySediment conditions unfavorable for appropriate microbial propagationContaminants not bioavailable to microorganisms

Bioremediaton of Contaminants in SedimentsNatural attenuation (intrinsic bioremediation)Enhanced bioremediation using amendmentsMicrobial growth and enzymatic production often limited by conditions in sedimentsPCBs* and PAHs as common high-molecular-weight contaminants

* PCBs = polychlorinated biphenyls, PAHs = polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.

designed for the in situ treatment of specific subaquatic bottomsthat relates to one or more effects. The effects at hand are: Mud volume reduction through mineralization of organic

components. The transformation of carbon dioxide intowater is referred to as microbiological dredging;

Mineralization of environmentally objectionable organicpollutants;

Cleansing of the subaquatic bottom and the overridingwater column through an improved oxygen-economy;

Abatement of foul smells due to anaerobic fermentationthrough an improved aerobic breakup.

The ABR/CIS is designed for the in situ remediation of organicmuds or muds contaminated with organic micropoUutants.

CIS, AN /NS/Jiy APPROACH

To achieve successful biodgradation, as many aerobicbacterial strains as possible shoiild be reactivated in situ, anapproach with an additional benefit: not only are organiccontainments removed, but volume of the deposit is simulta-neously reduced, allowing reclamation of polluted areas.

Mud habitats are the sites of decaying biomass, absorbedorganic compounds, nutrients, and man-contributed contami-nants. Bacteria play a major role in organic matter mineraliza-tion in water column and underlying sediments. The oversupplyof organic materials, among others, stymie natural biodgrada-tion. Adding to the oxygen supply may reactivate aerobicminerahzation of organic matter and of some organic micro-pollutants. In fact bioremediation may contribute to cleaning themarine domain. Environmental changes and man-caused stress-es affect dynamics and structure of marine ecosystems.

The CIS or BIO-C process is a georemediation conditioningapplied in situ. A first step is the identification and subsequentisolation of microorganisms from the sediment, a procedureproper to each individual project. These microorganisms arethen cultivated on carbon sources similar to the targetcontaminants to be treated; microbiological proliferation ismonitored for oxygen uptake and total or selective plate counts.

Upon confirmation of mud treatability, remediation treatmentis designed, to wit dosage, bacteria type, and injection scheme.Included in the process is the culture of microorganisms, blendingof the conditions, mbdng with bran fibers, and eventual transportof the obtained ground power to the utilization site. Next steps

are dilution and aeration over a 24-hour period with water of thewaterway or bay or inlet concerned that provides the suspensionto be injected into the sediment. The latter operation is done withspecially adapted dredging equipment or pressure jetting.Sediment level and quality are constantly monitored.

A dozen pilot projects seemed to indicate the efficiency of themethod, when a first full-scale project involved a port on thecanal skirting the Dutch city of Zierikzee, where waters wereorganically polluted by the large discharges of atmosphericwashed precipitations and city domestic effluents. Involvedwere a 15-m-wide 3-km-long canal and a mud layer of up tomore than 1 m thick. The sludge was made up of 14% drymatter, 22% dry organic matter, and a

Throw It Overboard 887

ganisms, preferential feeding of microorganisms on otbersubstrates, microorganisms' inability to use a compound as asource of carbon and energy, unfavorable environmentalconditions in sediments for propagation of appropriate micro-organisms, and poor contaminant bioavailability to microor-ganisms (Table 1),

Try-outs bave been carried out in tbe Hudson and Sbeboyganrivers, Tbougb not pletboric, a ratber abundant literaturedescribes tbe two projects,"

'^ Aartila, T, 1996, Sbeboygan River invertebrate communityassessment: indicators of polycblorinated bipbenyl contaminatedsediments. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, SoutbeastDistrict. Draft for review only. January 31, 1996.

Blasland, Bouck, & Lee, Inc. 1995. Alternative specific remedialinvestigation report, Sbeboygan River and Harbor. Volumes 1-4.Syracuse, New York.

Blasland, Bouck, & Lee, Inc. 1996. Work plan/QAPP, interimmonitoring program, Sbeboygan River and Harbor. Syracuse, New York.

Blasland, Bouck, & Lee, Inc. 1998. Feasibility study report, SheboyganRiver and Harbor site, Sbeboygan, Wisconsin. Syracuse, New York.

Burzynski, M, 2000. Sheboygan River food chain and sedimentcontaminant assessment. Final project report U.S. EPA Grant #GL-995681. http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/sediment'FoodChain/index.btml

Bzdusek, P.A.; J. Lu, and E.R. Cbristensen. 2005. Evidence of fine-grained sediment transport and deposition in Sbeboygan River,Wisconsin, based on sediment core cbemical tracer profiles. WaterResources Research, 41.

Cbapman, J. 1997. Sbeboygan River and Harbor Superfund sitefloodplain soil and earthworm field sampling plan. Prepared for U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.

Cbapman, J,, 1999. Sheboygan River and Harbor floodplainterrestrial ecological risk assessment. Prepared for U.S. Environmen-tal Protection Agency.

Eggold, B.T.; J.F. Amrhein, and M.A. Coshun, 1996. PCBaccumulation by salmonine smolts and adults in Lake Michigan andits tributaries and its effect on stocking policies. Journal of Great LakesResearch, 22(2), 403-413.

Environ, 1995. Risk assessment for tbe Sbeboygan River,Sbeboygan County, Wisconsin. Environ Corporation, Princeton, NJ.

Jones, W.J.; R. Araujo, and J.E. Rogers, 1996. Bencb-scaleevaluation of bioremediation for tbe treatment of sediments from tbeAsbtabula, Buffalo, Saginaw and Sbeboygan Rivers, final report.Ecosystems Researcb Division, National Exposure Researcb Labora-tory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atbens, GA, bttp://www.epa.gov/glnpo/arcs/r96012/r96012.btml

Li, J.; M.K. Mgonella; P.A. Bzdusek, and E.R. Christensen, 2005.PCB congeners and dechlorination in sediments of Upper SheboyganRiver, Wisconsin. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 31(2),174-186.

Lu, J.; P.A. Bzdusek; E.R. Christensen, and S. Arora, 2005.Estimating sources of PAHs in sediments of the Sbeboygan River,Wisconsin, by a chemical mass balance model. Journal of Great LakesResearch, 31(4), 456-465.

Patnode, K.A.; B.L. Bodenstein, and R.R. Hetzel. 1998. Using treeswallows to monitor impacts of aquatic contamination in Great LakesAreas of Concern. Professional meeting Poster session presentationreport. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wis-consin.

Sonzogni, W.C, 1990. PCB decblorination in tbe Sheboygan River,Wisconsin. Extended abstract prepared for a workshop on BiologicalRemediation of Contaminated Sediments, July 17-19.

Sonzogni, W.; L. Maack; T. Gibson, and J. Lawrence, 1991. Toxicpolychlorinated biphenyl congeners in Sbeboygan River (USA) sedi-ments. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 47,398^05.

Szumski, M.J. 1996. Mink radio-telemetry and abundance studieson tbe Sheboygan and Nortb Fork of tbe Milwaukee Rivers. Draftannual report.

CONDITIONING IN SITUAppropriate conditioning in situ using natural oxygen-

suppljdng products may, in specific instances, reactivateaerobic mineralization of organic matter, even some organicmicropollutants. Tbe potential value of CIS encompasses tbusmicrobiological dredging and treatment in situ.

Mud babitats are bome to decaying biomass, absorbedorganic compounds, various nutrients, and antbropogeniccontributed contaminants. In tbe water column and tbeunderlying sediment, bacteria play a major role in organicmatter mineralization.

Texture, temperature, oxygen content, contaminants ab-sorbed by mineral or organic mud particles, or bacteria aimedtoxicity to otber seasonally cycled organisms.

Adaptability is governed by sucb growtb factors as pre-sence of oxygen, nitrates, pbospbates, and sulfates. Oncebiodgradation bas set in, bydrogen sulfide, ammonium,nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water tbus formed are releasedback into tbe water column and tbe atmospbere. To assi-milate carbonic acidtbe basis of bacteria's metabolismby rsorption tbrougb cell membrane, bacteria secreteselective and species-specific exoenzymes tbat act as bio-catalysts, enabling decomposition and mineralization of awide range of organic compounds, e.g., emmic acids, pbenols,mineral oils.

Seasonal variations bave an impact on bacteria: protectivemecbanisms include spore and dwarf cell formation, as well as"bibernation". To improve tbe required environmental condi-tions, bacteria secrete fibers to adbere to sediment particles ororganisms, or tbey may join to form cbains, Tbeir life spansrange from montbs to years.

Oxygen supply in muds decreases witb sediment tbick-ness, and bacterial activity is per se mostly anaerobic, result-ing in slow and incomplete organic matter degradation.Surface-layer bacteria are principally Pseudomonas, Vibrio(botb gram-negative bacilli), Nitrosomonas, and Nitrobacter(autotropbic nitrificators). Diatoms and blue algae alsotbrive bere. Mud is tbe site of intense bacterial prolifera-tion, organic matter decomposition, and organic carbonmineralization.

Wbere aerobic species cannot tbrive any longer, respirationis anaerobic, or fermentative processes come into line,Fenobacteria occur at all levels. Clostridium can mineralizeorganic matter and syntbesize exoenzymes capable of bydro-lyzing assimilable macro- into micromolecules.

Bacteria are denitrification agents by catabolic reduction orcatabolic fermentation. Some reduce sulfates, an importantprocess in anoxic marine deposits for organic matter mineral-ization; tbe reaction causes tbe typical "rotten eggs" smell(bydrogen sulfide). Finally, specific bacteria reduce tbebicarbonate molecule at very low redox potential values tometbane.

Anaerobic mineralization processes are slow and bave a lowefficiency, resulting in a slow biodgradation of accumulatedorganic matter and foul odors. Aerobic processes, bowever, arefast and more efficient because of increased metabolism, CISprovides bioavailable oxygen disseminated in tbe sediment,stimulating tbe aerobic biodgradation processes.

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Charlier, Finkl, and Krystosyk-Gromadzinska

AUGMENTED BIORECLAMATION

The ABR technology uses already present microorganismsthat spontaneously undertake the breakdown of organicimpurities. The purpose of ABR is to accelerate the naturalprocesses and to aim and direct them. Pollutants are, in nature,hroken up stepwise and the hasic molecule is gradually reducedto ever smaller elements or "radicals": eventually carbon dioxideis left. To progress from one stage to the next, mutations musttake place of bacterial families present with another family. Theextremely slow process, requiring sometimes hundreds of years,can be speeded up by appl3ng the land farming principle.Often, though, a standstill occurs after a fast start, becausemutations are needed. What the ABR-CIS-system does is to addaU the necessary microhiological families simultaneously andthe hreakup occurs then without interruptions. The techniquewas recently utilized to clean up tbe Exxon Valdez spul inAlaska, Some limitations, however, do apply: the ambienttemperature must lie between 6 and 30 C; heavy metals aretoxic for hacteria, so sufficient nutrients must he available toallow bacterial growth; and fi*ee oxygen must be present.Providing it is well the most difficult phase of the operation.

THE ABR/CIS UNDERTAKING

The technology encompasses conditioning of the sediment onsite, to he achieved by ftimishing the oxygen that will reactivateand stimulate the aerobic microbiological activity leading to theorganic components' microhiological mineralization. This is doneby injecting a mixtiire of water, ABR-bacteria, and conditioner, acarefully prepared blend of natural minerals containing mainlyoxides or carbonates (or both). Oxygen present in the mineralscan be released rather fast hecaiise of the special chemicalcomposition and the large contact surface. The sediment'scharacteristics, the selected handling, and the physicochemicalcondition of the waterway determine tbe CIS dosage,

A special value of the CIS is the progressive and difiuseliheration of oxygen tailored to the oxygen demand, and so isthe possihility of good and equal mixing of CIS into the mud.The approacb is far more cost efficient than supplying oxygenby compressed air techniques, hydrogen peroxide injection, ornitrate dosage.

Provided the CIS conditions are fulfilled, the followingresults will be observed, though not necessarily all, nor withthe same intensity: de-eutrophication, neutralization of pH,enrichment in oxygen and oxidation, denitrification, mineral-ization of organic components leading to mud, mass volumedecrease, calcium availability for water dwellers such as fishand crustaceans, enrichment of fauna and flora, occasionaldecrease of water-column turbidity, and decrease of mudcohesiveness.

Conditions for CIS use encompass principally water physi-cochemistry, mud composition, and seasonal conditions. Reac-tivation of aerobic biodgradation will yield best results ifoptimum conditionsin the sediment itselfare attained,such as an oxygen supply that is both very dispersed andavailable, temperatures well above 20 C but not exceeding40C, absence of toxins, specificity, and mutant populationsince for particular contaminants complete biodgradation

without toxin formation must be insured. Effects of thetreatment can be observed within a few months and maypersist for as long as 2 years,

"4fiff-blends" are injected simultaneously with the CIS,carefully selected on the basis of the indigenous bacterialpopulations and the micropoUutants to be biodegraded.

The ABR/CIS approach is an in situ optimized system thatcan treat selectively organic aquatic bottoms. Advantages ofthe system include the environment-protection-aimed breakupof nocive organic matter, economic in situ compaction of themud, simultaneous treatment of hottom and water column,suppression of dumping ground, and combustion costs,

PROCEDURE AND RESULTS OF THE METHOD

The application of ABR/CIS in a project of microbialdredging/treatment requires identification research to selectappropriate microbial population and appropriate injectionmethod, including a treatability/feasibility study; execution ofthe 4Sfi/C75 '^" procedure; and follow-up of the project andeventually identification of further actions to be taken,

SOME CASES

Contaminated sludge has been treated in the Netherlands atKrimpener-waard, A 150-m-long and 160 m^ sludge area wasinvolved, isolated by means of wooden walls, A volumereduction of 50% was obtained. Randomly taken sedimentsamples from canals in Ghent, Belgium showed in all casesbacterial growth that clearly indicated a breakdown of thecontaminants through digestion by micro-organisms. With thehreakdown of organic constituents set as a function of time,after approximately 14 days 90% digestion was reached; themicrohial activity then stopped, indicating that the breakdownwas completed. Volume reduction of the sediment in situ andmineralisation of organic contaminants are related to thatmicrobiological activity.

Part of the heavily polluted (hydrocarbons, tributyltin)fishing harbor of Zeebrugge on the North Sea coast of Belgiumwas also an area of treatment. Initially, tbe microbiologicalactivity was very low, with approximately 10,000 colony-forming units (CFU) per gram (dry solid). Instead, aftertreatment the microorganisms' activity proved high as it stoodat a level exceeding 100,000 CFU during the entire 64-weekperiod of monitoring, A biodgradation of 55% has heenreached. Part of another strongly polluted canal, the Zoute-gracht (near Zierikzee, the Netherlands) was another sitesubjected to the ABR-CIS treatment.

Evolution of Organic Pollutants and Biodgradation'^Most PAHs are biodegrading, yet some will increase: this

evolution has also been observed in Zoeterwoude (the Nether-lands) where sludge was treated. Laboratory experiments showthat results are strongly influenced by the nature of thesediments, their characteristics, and by the pollutants' degreeof concentration.

The ABR-CIS approach is to be tested in several Californialocations as well as in New York State, in waterways, basins,and harhor situations.

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Throw It Overboard 889

Use of indigenous microorganisms for the degradation ordestruction of organic contaminants has been acknowledged inrelation to coastal oil spills. PCBs are only degraded byanaerobic microorganisms and resulting compounds, in turn,by aerobic ones. Garbaciak reported already 20 years ago ademonstration of the cyclic approacb (1992 and 1993) in tbeSheboygan River (Wisconsin) but tbe test could not beconsidered conclusive because insufficient oxygen deliverydid not create real aerobic conditions in tbe sediments.^"

CONCLUSIONConsiderable savings can be realized witb tbe ABR/CIS

approach because dredging becomes unnecessary, or at least itsfrequency is greatly reduced. The problems of storage orincineration are cancelled and tbe foul smells concomitant witbtbe removal of tbe mud are eliminated. Additionally themethod is environment-friendly inasmuch as nature's way isapplied; scourges such as eutrophication and algal bloomsdisappear or at least decrease, and restoration of fauna andflora follows.

Altbough it is said that man can substantially contribute tolesser fouling of waterways, bays, and inlets by bettermanagement of bis industries, agriculture and municipalwastes and modern society in industrialized and otbercountries alike will remain faced with serious threats to theaquatic environment, water column, and bottom. 11 Sedimen-tation occurs in harbors, canals, and rivers and coastal gulfs,inlets, and barbors. As tbis mud is often deposited in areas witbslow water renewal, tbe oxygen supply to the sediment is smalland its low permeability due to tbe presence of clay mineralsand borizontal layering bampers vertical oxygen diffusion, andyet the chemical oxygen demand is high because of dire bigbproportions of iron hydroxides.

To maintain the navigability of waterways, to preventflooding at times of spate or beavy rains, tbey must be dredged.Ocean dumping is a practice tbat is severely frowned uponnowadays (even though a renewed look is again taken at thisoption), and land disposal costs as much as US$50/m'' (35/m'').Industrial treatment is likewise quite expensive, a slow processwith exceedingly specific metbods topped by low efficiency.

In less industrialized but densely populated countries tbediscomfort, viz. foul smell brought about by dredging opera-tions, generates strong opposition. Yet, tbe sediment in placemay constitute a health hazard.

Microbiological dredging, treatment in situ, and aquaticsystem normal oxygen balance restoration embodied in tbeABR/CIS approacb appear tbence as a metbod that can besafely used tbe world around. '" It has been, as explained above,successfully used in Belgium and in tbe Netberlands.

Bioremediation does not usually produce instant gratifica-tion, a trait of direct pbysical intervention. However, tbe latterapproacb may strongly disturb sucb environments as mangroves,marshes, and shorelines with intense biological activity; fortbese, bioremediation may well be the appropriate prescription.In open coastal systems, microbial injection bas not been provenvery successful, wbereas nutrient addition bas enhanced naturaldegradation. '' However, bays and gulfs witb narrow access migbtregister highly satisfactory results. Nitrogen fertilizers have been

known to speed up tbe growtb of naturally occurring bacteriatbat degrade petroleum bydrocarbons. Tbe effectiveness andgrovsitb of such bacteria could apparently be enhanced byliposomes, which generate physical changes in spilled oil.Liposomes, ball-like structures tbat trap water inside, arebilayers resulting fi'om tbe contact of lecitbins witb water.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The CIS process was originally developed by a Gbent(Belgium) concern. Harbour Engineering Consultants (HAE-CON), through its subsidiary N-Vironment. Tbe process isnow the property of a Swiss company.

LITERATURE CITEDH. P. Laboyrie. "Disposal options and their environmental impact:

disposal on land" Course Dredging and the Environment (StichtmgPostakademisch Onderwijs, Central Dredging Association, Rijks-waterstaat, 15-17 November, Amsterdam, 1989).

M. Loxham. "Disposal options and their environmental impact bymobiliy of contaminants"' Course Dredging and the Environment(Stichting Postakademisch Onderwijs, Central Dredging Associa-tion, Rijtswaterstaat, 15-17 November, Amsterdam, 1989).

A. Dhaese, Invloed van anorganise verontreiniging op de relatiebodem-water-plant (State University, Ph. D. Thesis. Ghent (B),1977).

B. Malherbe,"Disposal options and their environmental impact"aquatic disposal" Course Dredging and the Environent (StichtmgPostakademisch Onderwijs, Central Dredging Association, Rijks-waterstaat, 15-17 November, Amsterdam, 1989).

G. 1. Annokkee, W. J. van Gemert and H. J. van Veen, "Reiniging vanbaggerslib" (TNO Amsterdam, 86-106, 1986); G. J. Annockee,"Methods used to treat contaminated dredged material" CourseDredging and the Environment (Stichting Postakademisch Onder-wijs, Central Dredging Association, Rijkswaterstaaf, 15-17 Novem-ber, Amsterdam, 1989); W. J. van Gemert. J. Quakcrnaat and H. J.Van Veen. "Methods for the treatment of contaminated dredgedsediments" In: V. Salomons and U. Forstncr (eds.). EnvironmentalManagement of Solid Waste-dredged Material and Mate Tailings.Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 44-64.

See note 4: G. J. Annokkee.See note 3.C. De Meyer et al. "Experience with in situ ABR-CIS bioremedi-

atian of sediments in harbours and water-ways" CATS II(Characterization and treatment of contaminated sediments)Antwerp, Belgium, Nov. 15-17, 1993, 3.37-3.42 (1993).

Anonymous 1993. ABR-CIS bioremediation of the Canal WesieindseWatering at Zoeterweide I the Netherlands (HAECON N.V. andConsult Maatschappij, B.V., Ghent, 1992); J. De Fiaye et al."Biodegradation experiments of PAH polluted sediments byaeration and with application of inocula" CATS II (Characterizationand treatment of contaminated sedimentsi, Antwerp, BelgiumNo. 15-17, 1993, 3.49-3.53.

J. Joziasse et al. 1993. "Bioremediation of contaminated sediments inthe Netherlands" CATS II (Characterization and treatment ofcontaminated sediments), Antwerp, Belgium Nov. 15-17, 1993, 115.

Blasland Bouck Engineers, P.C. and USEPA-Great Lakes Nat. Progr.Off. 1992. Sheboygan River and Harbor Biodegradation Pilot StudyWork Plan (Blasland and Bouck Eng., P.C., Milwaukee, Wl, USA);Garbaciak, S., Jr., et al., 1993. "Laboratory and field demonstrationsof sediments treatment techniques by the USEPA's assessment andremediation of contaminated sediments (ARCS) program". CATS II"Characterization treatment of contaminated dredged material"Antwerp, Belgium 15-17 Nov. 1993, pp. 3.15-3.24.

J M. Marquenie, W C. De Kock, and P M. Dinneen, 1983."Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Sediments". Proceedings ofthe International Conference on Heavy Metals in ihe Environment.Heidelberg (pp. 944-947.

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890 Charlier, Finkl, and Krystosyk-Gromadzinska

J R. Senten and R H. Charlier, 1991. "Heavy metals sedimentspollution in estuarine and coastal waters: corrective measures forexisting problems" International Journal of Environmental Studies,37, 79-96.

R. Hoff, 1992. "Bioremediation. A counter-measure for marine oilspill". Spill Technology Newsletter, 1, 1;A.J. Mearns, 1993."Appropriate technologies for marine pollution control". SeaTechnology, 34, 10, 31-38.

APPENDIX 1

'PIANC's original name is Permanent International Associa-tion of Navigation Congresses; it has heen streamlined 2 yearsago into International Navigation Association hut retainedthe acronym used for more than a century."Charlier, R.H. & De Meyer, CF., 1990. Whereto withwaterways' and coastal marine sludge?: PIANC [Symposium,Djakarta] Bulletin'"De Meyer, CF.; Charlier, R.H.; De Vos, K., and Malherbe,B., 1997. Sea Technology, 56, 1, 57-59; Charlier, R.H.and DeMeyer, CF., 2001. Moervaart and Sheboygan River, 57, 6.'"Leheau, T., 2010. Cadmium biosorption hy free andimmohilised microorganisms cultivated in a liquid soil extractmedium: effects of Cd, pH and techniques of culture. Sei TotalEnviron 291:73-83; Id., 2009, Diatom cultivation and hio-technologically relevant products. Part I: cultivation at

various scales. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 60,612-623; Id., 2009. Diatom cultivation and hiotechnologicallyrelevant products. Part II: current and putative products.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 60, 624-632.'Ahramowicz, D.A. 1995. Aerohic and anaerobic PCB degra-dation in the environment. Environmental Health Perspective,103, Supplement 5, 97-99; Liu, S.M. and Jones, W.J., 1995.Biotransformation of dichloromatic compounds in nonadaptedand adapted freshwater sediment slurries. Applied Microbiol-ogy and Biotechnology, 43,725-732; Wilson, S.C. and Jones,K.C., 1993. Bioremediation of soil contaminated with aromatichydrocarhons (PAHs): a review. Environmental Pollution, 80,229-249; Safe, S., 1980. Metabolism uptake, storage andbioaccumulation. In: Kimbrough, R. (ed.), Halogenated Biphe-nyls. Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins, and Related Products.Amsterdam: Elsevier, North Holland, pp. 81-107; Seech, A.;O'Neil, B., and Comacchio, L.A., 1993. Bioremediation ofsediments contaminated with poljniuclear aromatic hydrocar-hons (PAHs). In: Proceedings of the Workshop on the Removaland Treatment of Contaminated Sediments. EnvironmentCanada's Great Lakes Cleanup Fund, Wastewater TechnologyCentre (Burlington, Ontario, Canada)."Bishop, D.F., 2010. Bioremediation of sediments. SeminarSeries on Bioremediation of Hazardous Waste Sites: PracticalApproaches to Implementation, 3-1, IP, 3-6.

D RSUM DLa pollution par des mares vertes pose depuis des dcennies de srieux problmes aux rgions ctires, et aussi des lacs, et ont des impacts conomiquesetphysiquesngatifs, particulirement sur le tourisme. Celui-ci souffre aussi frquemment de la mauvaise qualit de l'eau. La communication se penche sur ces flaux.Mais il y a plus. Les ctes, golfes, estuaires et voies navigables, parfois rceptacles de boues, sdiments et dchets polluants ne sont plus mme de remplir le rle depurificateurs et on en est rduit draguer ces chenaux et plans d'eau afin de pouvoir les utiliser et de protger la sant. Ce procd est onreux et dgage souvent desodeurs nausabondes; mais, qui plus est, les matriaux dragus ne peuvent, en principe, tre dverss en mer et sont dposs sur des espaces terrestres coteux et quipourraient tre dvolus des fins autrement utiles. Des dmarches nouvelles sont donc indiques et parmi elles la bioremediation est prometteuse et conforme auxprocds naturels. L'article la discute, avertit qu'elle n'est pas une solution miracle, que certains composs y rsistent, mais que toutefois elle s'est avre efficace dansde nombreux cas qui gographiquement ont fait la preuve des avantages de la mthode lors d'essais et d'applications entre autres aux Pays-Bas, en Belgique et auxEtats-Unis d'Amrique.

D ABSTRAKT DWraz z postpem opinia, iz rzeki, morza i oceny oczyszczaji sic same przestala byc aktualna. Procs ten ma duzo bardziej ztozony Charakter. Zanieczyszczenie drgwodnych, spowodowaio, iz wiele z nich nie moze byc wykorzystywanych do transportu wodnego. Stosowane tradycyjne metody oczyszczania, polegaj^ce na usuniciuzanieczyszczen szlamowych z dna z wykorzystaniem specjalistycznego sprztu, s? drogimi metodami, ponadto nie jest to dobre rozwizanie, gdyz s one skladowanena lsidzie, a dostpnosc obszarw lidowycb nie jest nieograniczona. Zagadnienia bioremediacji in situ (w miejscu) gromadz obecnie rosn^c? liczb ekspertw. Wpasie wybrzezy i na rzekach prowadzone s^ i rozne dziatania majsice na celu ograniczenie szkd spowodowanych przez "zielone plywy" i inn zanieczyszczenia.W publikacji dokonano przeglidu i oceny prowadzonych w Europie i USA badaii mozliwosci zastosowania bioremediacji in situ. Oczyszczanie wd ze szlamu jestkoniecznoscii ze wzglgdu na ograniczone obszary jego skladowania, ale rwniez by chronic zycie i zdrowie ludzi, zwierzt i roslin.Dokonano znacziicych postpw w dziedzinie bioremediacji, nie ograniczajsic ich do zagadnien z dziedziny hydrologii. Istnieje jednak kilka czsto pojawiaj^cych sic zwi^kw,ktre pozostajice odpome na t metod oczyszczania. Pilotowe projekty badan prowadzone s j obecnie w krajach europejskich i USA.

D SAMENVATTEMG DDe dumping van gebaggerd slib op land is een kostelijke praktijk met dikwijls milieu nadelige gevolgen. Biologische bewerking zoals in Belgi, Nederland en deVerenigde Staten van America experimenteel doorgevoerd schijnt een veelbelovende aanpak. Deze bijdrage beschrijft de mthode, ABR/CIS van de voormalige firmaHEACON die getest werd in de Moervaart, Zierickzee en de gelijkaardige proeven in Sheboygan (Staat Wisconsin, VSA) en de Hudson Rivier nabij New York Stad.

Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2012

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