Tony Gibbs FREng Consultant to PAHO Judith Harvey PhD

1

Tony Gibbs FREng – Consultant to PAHO

& Judith Harvey PhD

Hospitals

Services and Functional

Units

Shape

RegulationsCodes

Oversight

2

Carbon Emissions

3

Introduction

Evidence that the Climate is Changing

4

Hurricane Ivan just before

striking Grenada

Central Pressure 956 mbar

Peak Gust Wind ~135 mph

“The most intense

hurricane ever recorded so

close to the equator in the

North Atlantic” – NHC

Introduction

Sustainable Outcome

NATURE

OF

BUILDING

SERVICES

FINISHES

AND

CHOICE OF

EQUIPMENT

STRUCTURAL

FORMS AND

MATERIALS

5

Multidisciplinary Team

Introduction

Adaptation vs Mitigation

Adjusting to the conditions which can not be changed. Examples of these are, rise in sea level and increase in

precipitation.

Adaptation

This is an attempt to reduce to harm to the environment by using appropriate strategies such as using energy

efficient equipment.

Mitigation

6

Introduction

7

Adaptation to the Rise in Temperature

Rising temperature will affect the behaviour of

materials, particularly those with high coefficients

of thermal expansion.

8

Adaptation to climate change

Engineering design considerations

movement at joints

Structural elements will expand and contract

Possible weakening of adhesive

Construction considerations

Ventilate the temporary works

Limit temperature rise of concrete

9


Keeping the Building Cool

10

Adaptation measures include:

Insulation

Walls

Glazing (double glazing)

Double roof

Fenestration

Using Windows, doors

Shading

Shade trees

Sunshades


Adaptation to Changes

in the Frequency Of Precipitation

11

Due to the changing climate, the following can be expected:

Longer periods of dry weather

More frequent subsidence

More severe subsidence

To mitigate subsidence for new buildings the following can

be used:

Deep foundations

Ground improvement

Root pruning – (This must be carefully accessed so as to make

sure that heave is not caused as a result of removing trees)


Adaptation to Changes

in the Frequency of Precipitation

12


Adaptation To More Intense Precipitation

PROBLEM SOLUTIONLarge volume flow rates of storm water

from the roof

Auxiliary down pipes to prevent problems

due to blockage

Driving rain requires better water

proofing and shading of exposed

facades

Recessed windows and doors, and

separate hoods, rather than longer eaves

projections which compromise wind

resistance

Flooding – providing structural

solutions

Suspended ground floor elevated at least

1m above the predicted maximum flood

levels. (A ‘soft storey’ could be detrimental

in earthquake).

Piers, posts or columns embedded deeply

enough to withstand undermining by flood

waters

‘Door dams’, flood levees around the

building and non-return drainage valves as

temporary measures

13


Adaptation to More Intense Precipitation14


Effects of Rising Ground Water

PROBLEM SOLUTION

Rising groundwater affecting

buried pipes.

Anchor pipe against buoyant

forces.


new and existing basement

Drainage system for ground

water

Measures for preventing rising

damp and for waterproofing of

the walls below ground


slopes

Improve drainage behind

retaining walls, under

embankment and at the toe of

the slope.

15


Soils and Slopes – Importance of Drainage16

Drainage is important because:

Stability of slopes

Bearing capacity is reduced as soil becomes

submerged

Effective stress decreases as pore water

pressure increases.


Flooding – Drainage Solutions17

Critical facilities such as hospitals, should not be built in flood hazard areas.

STORM QUANTITY MEASURES TO ADOPT

More green and blue

spaces

(Green Roof)

Maximize the unpaved

areas to increase

percolation. For example

use “grass-crete”.

Planned storage and

overflow

(Rainwater tanks,

soakaways, ponds)

To reduce the load on the

collection system, plan the

direction of overflow and

provide for storage in the

system.


18


19


Better Quality and Lesser Quantity

• Grass swales

• French drains

20


Adaptation to the Changes in Wind Forces21


Adaptation to Rising Sea Levels

22



23

Solution:

Construct suspended ground floors.

Construct the building on an embankment.

Restrict the use of ground floors to

applications that do not impair the functions of

the ground floors.


24

Coastal Defense Structures

METHOD DESCRIPTION DRAWBACK

Sea Walls Solid, vertical structures –

acts as dikes to prevent

coastal flooding and wave

damage.

They reflect the wave

energy and as a result

can be affected by

scour/ erosion at the

base of the wall.

Designs with sloped or

curving sections can

reduce this problem.

Revetments Heavy stones are placed as

armour on the slope and

these dissipate the wave

energy.

Reflection of the waves

causes erosion rather

than deposition of sand

at the toe of the slope.



25Protection of Coral Reefs

METHOD OF CREATION EFFECTSea grass beds Can help to anchor the beaches in place

Beach Nourishment If no other steps are taken regular

maintenance is needed to replenish the

natural loss of sand over time. This would

typically be a governmental responsibility.

Breakwater built parallel to the coastline Serves to reduce wave energy and

encourage deposition of and along the

coast. This will generally widen the beach

in the sheltered area, although it may have

an adverse effect on the width of the beach

elsewhere.

Groynes and Headlands at right angles

to the coastline

Trap sand and create or widen a beach.

The areas down drift of the headland can

be adversely affected unless measures are

taken to ensure that deposition continues in

these location.

Coastal wetlands and mangroves Slow down erosion and absorb flood

waters.


Planned retreat

One planning tool is the implementation of a

setback for construction. This tool prohibits

building within a certain distance of the

shoreline so as to accommodate for the rise in

sea levels.

26


Adaptation to Changes in Human Activities

27

• Reduction in the excessive use of potable water.

However, problems were created since the

sewers were mainly designed for gravity flow.

Solution – Design sewers for low flow facilities.


28

Planning and Procurement of

Sustainable Construction

29

Client Procurement issues:

• Type of construction method

• Materials

• Ease of Maintenance

• Waste disposal

• Designs

• Affordable

Mitigation of Climate Change

Mitigate Climate Change

30

Alternative ways to achieve

a sustainable outcome:

Focus on whole-life cost

Adopt a rating system

Follow a model


Reducing Embodied Carbon31

What is Embodied and Operational Carbon?

CARBON FOOTPRINT TYPE DETAIL

Embodied Carbon Deals with the carbon emissions

to manufacture the product. (eg

extraction and delivery)

Operational Carbon Deals with the carbon emissions

during the building’s operation


Reducing Embodied Carbon

32

EMBODIED

CARBON

ASSEMBLYTRANSPORTATIONEXTRACTION


Reducing Embodied Carbon33

MANAGEMENT

CARBON

PROJECT

MANAGERS

OFFICE

DECONSTRUCTION

CARBON

REMOVAL OF

THE BUILDING

RECOVERY OF

MATERIALS


Why Reduce

Embodied and Operational Carbon?

• Reduce carbon-dioxide emissions

• To mitigate climate change

34


How to Reduce

Embodied and Operational Carbon?

Mitigate climate change in buildings

35

ENERGY LOSS

VIA COOLING SYSTEM

Air Leakage from the building

envelope

Dissipation of waste heat

Operation in unoccupied

spaces

BUILDING SERVICES

Lighting

Hot water supply


Informed Specification of Materials

36

When sourcing materials, the following should be considered:

Full life cycle of material

Impact on the surrounding communities

Carbon Impact


Informed Specification of Materials

37


38

REDUCE

REUSE

RECYCLE


REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE39

Reduce

Admixtures can be used to modify the properties of

concrete.

Reuse

The possibility of reusing the material should be taken into

consideration. Elements such as pre-cast concrete units,

foundations and masonry can all be reused.

Recycle

This depends on if the option is locally available.

Construction waste material can also be used as

replacement aggregate eg recycled concrete aggregate

(RCA), recycled aggregate (RA) and secondary aggregate

(SA).


Provision for Future Alterations40

• Structures should be built in such a manner that

would allow them to be functional over time.

• Make provisions for changes to the structure

over its lifespan:

Load

Span

Floor to ceiling height

Ease of Maintenance and durability

Blanket increased load allowance


Provision for Future Alterations41

Alterations could be triggered by:

• Operational changes in line with technology and trends in

health care

• Adaptation to climate change

• Deterioration of components and the need to replace them


Design for Deconstruction

42

This is facilitated if the structure has the following

characteristics:

• Easily separated

• Fixings should be simple and mechanical in

nature to facilitate disassembly

• Allows safe disassembly


Informed Construction Methods

and Site Practice

43

Greenhouse gases and toxic emissions are

generated from construction materials in the

following ways:

• Extraction

• Processing

• Transportation


The Role of the Contractor

44

To mitigate such emissions, the following

suggestions were made for the contractor:

Energy efficient site accommodation

Wise selection of equipment and tools for the job

Sustainable Goods and services

Green Construction methods and scheduling

Efficient Waste disposal


The Role of the Site Manager45

Some sustainable construction techniques are listed below:

1. Energy

a) It may be possible to use waste heat generated on site.

b) Monitor fuel consumption. Consider metering the use of fuels on

site.

2. Water

a) Use rainwater or grey water on site where possible.

3. Waste

a) Collect and sort waste for recycling and re-use.

b) Re-use formwork as much as possible.

4. Carbon

a) Monitor and set targets for the site carbon footprint. To this end,

adopt a rating system (e.g. LEED green building rating) providing

guidance on sustainable measures that can be adopted during

construction.


46

In summary, these guidelines focused on:

1. assisting Engineers, Architects, Site Managers and Contractors

2. hospitals that:

a) adapt to climate change

b) mitigate climate change

47

TONY GIBBS FREng

Tony Gibbs is a civil engineer specializing in structures and practising

in the Caribbean and elsewhere. He did his undergraduate studies at

The Queen's University of Belfast (BSc Civil Engineering, 1961) and

he was a Commonwealth Scholar at The University of Leeds. He is a

native of Grenada and a citizen of Barbados.

Mr Gibbs was Past Vice President of The Institution of Structural Engineers (HQ in UK). He was

Director of the American Association for Wind Engineering; Member of The International

Codification Forum of The International Association for Wind Engineering; Member of the

Scientific Planning Group on Natural Hazard Risk Reduction of the International Science Council

(Latin America and Caribbean); Member of the Governing Board of the Global Earthquake

Model representing the IStructE. He is currently Secretary General of the Council of Caribbean

Engineering Organisations.

Mr Gibbs has devoted much of his time to the particular problems related to the structural

design of hospitals in areas subject to hurricanes and earthquakes. In 1991 he received the

International Award "For (his) Very Significant Contributions to Hurricane Loss Reduction and

Hurricane Safety in the Caribbean" at the US National Hurricane Conference. Mr Gibbs received

the UN-ISDR Sasakawa Award for Disaster Reduction in 2007. In 2010 he was named as a

Caribbean Icon in Science, Technology & Innovation by the National Institute of Higher

Education, Research, Science and Technology (Trinidad & Tobago). In 2012 Tony Gibbs became

the first person in the Caribbean to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

SMART Hospitals Phase II Project

Bibliography, July 10, 2015# Reference Description

1 International Green Construction Code by the International Code Council and

American Society of Heating

Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Vitrium Systems Inc. 2012.

References the

International Energy Conservation Code by the International Code Council. 2009.

A building code style document giving guidelines

for climate change resistant construction

2 Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings except low rise

residential buildings ANSI /

ASHRAE / USGBC / IES Standard 189.1-2011 by ASHRAE and US Green Building

Council. 2011.

Guidance on achieving green buildings in line

with LEED principles

3 Design for future climate – opportunities for adaptation in the built environment by Bill

Gething. Technology

Strategy Board.

General guidance on adaptation measures

4 Manual of tropical housing and building: climatic design by OH Koenigsberger, et al.

Universities Press. February 1975

A timeless textbook on tropical architecture

5 Building for a Sustainable future: construction without depletion. London: IStructE,

Nov 1999.

General guidance on sustainable construction. A

good overview

6 Prince Charles ICE and Halcrow Sustainability Lecture (1st February 2012) Good introduction to the topic of building for

climate change resilience

7 Energy efficiency guidelines for office buildings in tropical climates. European

Commission & Organisation

of American States. March 2013.

Case studies and a clear description of

Architectural measures that can improve energy

efficiency

8 Jamaican energy efficiency code: volume 2 of the Jamaica national building code

(1994)

Caribbean document with guidance on energy

efficiency

9 A short guide to embodied carbon in building structures. London: IStructE, August

2011

Introduces and explains the concept of embodied

carbon

10 Methodology to calculate the embodied carbon of materials. London: RICS, 2012 Explains how carbon can be priced and its value

as a commodity that can be conserved (saved)

and traded

11 Carbon: reducing the footprint of the construction process, an action plan to reduce

carbon emissions,

prepared by Joan Ko on behalf of the strategic forum for construction and the carbon

trust Report 006. July 2010.

Measures that constructors can take on site to

reduce their energy input and carbon dioxide

emissions


Bibliography, July 10, 2015

# Reference Description

12 Green Guide v2.2 Operations. December 2008.

Retrieved July 18, 2012, http://www.gghc.org/tools.2.2.operations.php.

The Complete Green Guide for

Health Care

13 Green Guide v2.2 Overview. December 2008.

Retrieved July 18, 2012, http://www.gghc.org/tools.2.2overview.php.

The Complete Green Guide for

Health Care

14 Caribsave. Retrieved July 26, 2012, from Caribsave.org: http://caribsave.org/assets/files/

CCCRA%20Final%20Documents/FINAL%20Summary%20Document%20CCCRA%20-%20

St.%20Vincent%20&%20the%20Grenadines.pdf.

Caribsave report on St. Vincent and

the Grenadines

15 Practice Greenhealth, P. 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012

http://practicegreenhealth.org/topics/chemicals/integrated-pest-management.

Integrated Pest Management.

16 Health Care Without: Green Purchasing. Retrieved December 2, 2012, from:

http://noharm.org/all_regions/issues/purchasing/.

Green purchasing.

17 Health Care Without Harm Waste Management. Retrieved November 21, 2012, from:

http://noharm.org/global/issues/waste/.

Waste Management

18 Green Guide v2.2 Design and Construction. January 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2012, from Green

Guide for Health Care: http://www.gghc.org/tools.2.2.design.php.

Green Guide v2.2 Design and

Construction.

19 Green Guide for Health Care June 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2012 from:

http://www.gghc.org/tools.technical.php.

Technical Briefs.

20 World Health Organization, 2012. Health-care Waste Management. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from:

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs281/en/index.html

Health care Waste Management

21 UN/GEF Global Health care Waste Project:

http://www.gefmedwaste.org/downloads/ALTERNATIVE%20HEALTHCARE%20WASTE%20MANAGEME

NT%20TREATMENT%20TECHNOLOGIES.pdf.

Alternative Health-care Waste

Management treatment

technologies




22 Material Safety Data Sheets: http://www.msds.com/.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008

http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/Disinfection_Sterilization/toc.html.

Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in

Health Care Facilities

23 The Zero Waste Alliance: http://www.zerowaste.org/.

Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals

http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/topics/waste.shtml.

A Guide to Achieving your Sustainability Goals:

Waste

24 Unites States Environmental Agency

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/hpguide.html.

Indoor Air Pollution: An Introduction for Health

Professionals.

25 Whole Building Design Guide: http://www.wbdg.org/resources/

naturalventilation.php.

Natural Ventilation:

26 GREENGUARD Environmental Institute

http://www.greenguard.org/en/index.aspx.

Description of GREENGUARD Environmental

Institute

27 GreenSeal http://www.greenseal.org/. Description of GreenSeal

28 Green Label and Green Label Plus http://www.carpet-rug.org/about-cri/cri-

signatureprograms.cfm.

Description of the Green Label and Green Label

Plus testing programs.

29 Whole Building Design Guide: http://www.wbdg.org/resources/efficientlighting.php. Energy Efficient Lighting

30 Whole Building Design Guide: http://www.wbdg.org/resources/electriclighting.php. Electric Lighting Controls

31 Guidelines for Vulnerability Reduction in the Design of New Health Facilities – PAHO –

2004

Publication on the new vision of the conception

and construction of public health infrastructure.

32 Sustainable Construction: Designing for the Future – PAHO (Tony Gibbs and Judith

Harvey)

A practical guide in mitigation of and adaptation to

climate change for hospital administrators, health

disaster coordinators, health facility designers,

engineers, constructors and maintenance staff




33 Mitigation – PAHO (Jose Grases, Tony Gibbs, James Williams, Jean Luc Poncelet)

– 1992

Disaster mitigation guidelines for hospitals

and other healthcare facilities in the

Caribbean

34 Design Manual for Health Services Facilities in the caribbean with particular

reference to Natural Hazards and other Low-frequency Events – Tony Gibbs for

PAHO – 2003

General guide for all persons involved with

the design and procurement of capital

projects in the health sector

35 Protecting New Health Facilities from Natural Disasters – PAHO – 2003 Guidelines for the promotion of disaster

mitigation

36 Principles of Disaster Mitigation in Health Facilities – PAHO – 2000 Aimed at national and local authorities, hospital

administrators, officials and staff, and other

human resources connected in significant ways

to health facilities

37 Disaster Mitigation for Health Facilities – PAHO (David Taylor and Tony Gibbs) –

2000

Guidelines for vulnerability appraisal and

reduction in the Caribbean

38 Disaster Mitigation in Health Facilities – Seismic Effects – PAHO – 2001 CD with training material

39 Disaster Mitigation in Health Facilities – Wind Effects – PAHO (Tony Gibbs and

Daniel Comarazamy) – 2001

CD with training material

40 Strengthening Building Codes for Health Facilities in the Caribbean – PAHO (Tony

Gibbs et al)

CD

41 Hospital Vulnerability Assessments in the Caribbean and Comparison of Building

Codes – PAHO (Tony Gibbs et al)

CD

42 Virtual Journey through a Safe Hospital – PAHO – 2009 CD

43 Hospital Safety Index – PAHO – 2008 Guide for evaluators, evaluation forms for safe

hospitals and mathematical tool (CD and hard

copy)

~ Arnl:ric.mee.Il(~cof Hca.lthca.rcEx\.'CULh :s

American Hospital Association

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