i

THESIS

TRANSLATION OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS:

A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH

ADE ERAWATI SANGADJI

POSTGRADUATED PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR 2013

ii

THESIS

TRANSLATION OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS:

A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH

ADE ERAWATI SANGADJI

NIM 109016017

MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES

POSTGRADUATED PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR 2013

iii

THESIS

TRANSLATION OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS:

A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH

Thesis as a fulfillment to obtain

a Master Degree in Translation Studies,

Postgraduated Program, Udayana University

ADE ERAWATI SANGADJI

NIM 109016017

MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM

LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES POSTGRADUATED PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR

2013

iv

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis has been examined on August 13th, 2013

by

Supervisor I, Supervisor II,

Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa, M.A Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum. NIP. 195407311979111001 NIP. 196209161987022001

Acknowledged by,

Head of Master Program in Linguistic Postgraduated Program

Udayana University

Director of Postgraduated Program Udayana University

Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M.Hum. Prof. Dr. dr. A. A. Raka Sudewi Sp.S(K) NIP. 19620310 1985 1 005 NIP. 19590215 1985102 001

v

This thesis has been examined by the Board of Examiners on August 13th, 2013

based on the Decree of Rector of Udayana University No.

1447/UN14.4/HK/2013, dated August 12th 2013

The Board of Examiners:

Chairman : Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa, M.A

Secretary : Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum.

Members : 1. Prof. Dr. N. L. Sutjiati Beratha, M.A

2. Dr. Frans I Made Brata, M.Hum.

3. Dr. N. L. Nyoman Seri Malini, M.Hum.

vi

PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT

Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini:

Nama : Ade Erawati Sangadji,SS NIM : 109016017 Program Studi : Magister (S2) Linguistik, Konsentrasi Penerjemahan, Program

Pascasarjana, Universitas Udayana Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah tesis ini bebas plagiat.

Apabila di kemudian hari terdapat plagiat dalam karya ilmiah ini, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai peraturan Mendiknas Republik Indonesia No. 17 tahun 2010 dan Peraturan Perundangan yang berlaku.

Denpasar, Agustus 2013

Ade Erawati Sangadji, SS

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank God, Allah SWT, the Almighty

for answering my prayers for giving me the strength in my life especially during

the completion of this thesis.

My gratitude are addressed to Prof. Dr. dr. A. A. Raka Sudewi Sp.S (K),

the Director of Postgraduated Program, Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M.Hum,

Head of the Master Program in Linguistic Department and all lectures and staff in

the master program in Linguistic Department who assisted me during my study.

I am heartily thankful to my First Supervisor; Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa,

M.A and the Second Supervisor, Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum, for their

generous hours, encouragement, guidance and constructive suggestions from the

initial to the final level enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject.

I am indebted to my beloved parents, brothers and sisters for the great

understanding through the duration of my study. The last but not least, I wish to

express my love and thankfulness devoted to my husband and lovely Erssa for the

great support.

viii

ABSTRAK

PENERJEMAHAN METAFOR KONSEPTUAL DALAM “A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS”

SEBUAH PENDEKATAN METABAHASA SEMANTIK ALAMIAH

Tujuan dari penulisan tesis ini adalah untuk menginvestigasi metafor konseptual dan cara-cara penerjemahannya serta menganalisis penerjemahan metafor dengan menggunakan teori Metabahasa Semantik Alamiah (NSM). Data metafor konseptual diambil dari novel berjudul A Thousand Splendid Suns dan terjemahan bahasa Indonesianya yang berjudul sama. Novel ini ditulis oleh Khaled Hosseini pada tahun 2007. Data metafor konseptual dalam penelitian ini mencakup kata dan frasa yang berisi ekspresi metafor konseptual. Pengumpulan data dalam tesis ini menggunakan metode dokumentasi yang disertai dengan teknik mencatat. Data yang telah terkumpul telah dianalisis secara deskriptif dan disajikan berdasarkan metode informal. Data metafor konseptual diidentifikasi berdasarkan klasifikasi metafor konseptual menurut Kovecses (2010). Cara-cara penerjemahan yang diterapkan dalam menerjemahkan metafor dideskripsi berdasarkan teori Larson (1998). Selanjutnya hasil penerjemahan tersebut dianalisis dengan pemetaan eksponen makna melalui teori Metabahasa Semantik Alamiah (NSM) oleh Wierzbicka (1996). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat sebelas metafor konseptual yang berasal dari domain sumber dan lima konseptual metafor yang berasal dari domain target. Penerjemah mengaplikasikan kelima cara-cara penerjemahan metaphor dalam menerjemhkan metaphor-metaphor tersebut. Dalam menganalisis metafor menggunakan teori Metabahasa Semantik Alamiah, terdapat dua klasifikasi besar; yaitu metafor yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bentuk metaphor and metafor yang diterjemahkan tidak ke dalam bentuk metafor. Kata Kunci : metafor konseptual, cara-cara penerjemahan, metabahasa semantik

alamiah, eksponen makna, makna metafor.

ix

ABSTRACT

TRANSLATION OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN “A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS“

A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH

The aims of this thesis are to investigate the conceptual metaphor and the ways of translation along with the analysis metaphor translation by using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach. The data of conceptual metaphor were taken from the novel entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns and its Indonesian translation. This novel was written by Khaled Hosseini in 2007. The conceptual metaphor data in this research comprises of words and phrases. The method of collecting data in this study was conducted by documentary method and note taking technique. The collecting data were descriptively analyzed and informal method of presenting data was implemented in this study.

The data of conceptual metaphor were described by applying the conceptual metaphor theory from Kovecses (2010). The ways of translation applied in the translation metaphor were described based on the theory proposed by Larson (1998). Moreover, the translations were analyzed through exponent mapping based on Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory proposed by Wierzbicka (1996). The result of this study indicated that there were eleven conceptual metaphors from source domain and five conceptual metaphors from target domain. The translator applied five ways of translation in translating the metaphor. in addition to analyze the translation of those metaphor by using Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory; there are two major classifications; metaphor is translated into metaphor and metaphor translated into non-metaphor imagery Key words: conceptual metaphor, ways of translation, Natural Semantic

Metalanguage, exponent mapping, metaphor meaning.

x

TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

TITLE ...................................................................................................................... ii TITLE PREREQUISITE .......................................................................................... iii APPROVAL SHEET ............................................................................................... iv BOARD OF EXAMINERS ...................................................................................... v PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT ........................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................ vii ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of Study ....................................................................... 1

1.2 Problems of Study ........................................................................... 3

1.3 Aim of Study ................................................................................... 3

1.3.1 General Aims .......................................................................... 3

1.3.2 Specific Aims.......................................................................... 4

1.4 Significance of Study ....................................................................... 4

1.4.1 Theoretical Significance .......................................................... 4

1.4.2 Practical Significance .............................................................. 4

1.5 Scope of the Study ........................................................................... 5

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL ........................................................... 6 2.1 Literature Review ............................................................................ 6

2.2 Concept ........................................................................................... 10

2.2.1 Metaphor ................................................................................ 10

xi

2.2.2 Translation .............................................................................. 10

2.2.3 The Natural Semantic Metalanguage ...................................... . 11

2.3 Theoretical Framework .................................................................... 12

2.3.1 The Conceptual Metaphor ....................................................... 12

2.3.1.1 Source Domain ........................................................... 14

2.3.1.2 Target Domain ............................................................ 18

2.3.2 Techniques in Translation of Metaphor ................................... 22

2.3.3 Natural Semantic Metalanguage .............................................. 23

2.3.2.1 Semantic Primitive ..................................................... 23

2.3.2.1 Reductive Paraphrase .................................................. 25

2.4 Research Model ............................................................................... 27

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD .................................................................... 28 3.1 Research Approach .......................................................................... 28

3.2 Data Source ..................................................................................... 28

3.3 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ....................................... 29

3.4 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ....................................... 29

3.5 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analysis ........................... 31

CHAPTER IV TYPES OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR, TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND THE ANALYSIS OF METAPHOR TRANSLATION ................................................................................ 33 4.1 The Types of Conceptual Metaphor ................................................. 33

4.1.1 Source Domain ....................................................................... 33

4.1.1.1 The Conceptual Metaphor of Human Body ................. 34

xii

4.1.1.2 The Conceptual Metaphor of Health and

Illness ....................................................................... 37

4.1.1.3 The Conceptual Metaphor of Animal ........................ 37

4.1.1.4 The Conceptual Metaphor of Plants .......................... 38

4.1.1.5 The Conceptual Metaphor of Building and

Construction ............................................................. 40

4.1.1.6 The Conceptual Metaphor of Machines and

Tools ........................................................................ 40

4.1.1.7 The Conceptual Metaphor of Games and

Sports ....................................................................... 41

4.1.1.8 The Conceptual Metaphor of Money and

Economy Transaction (Business) .............................. 42

4.1.1.9 The Conceptual Metaphor of Heat and Cold ............. 43

4.1.1.10 The Conceptual Metaphor of Forces ......................... 44

4.1.1.11 The Conceptual Metaphor of Movement

and Direction ............................................. 46

4.1.2 Target Domain ........................................................................ 48

4.1.2.1 The Conceptual Metaphor of Emotion ...................... 48

4.1.2.2 The Conceptual Metaphor of

Society/Nation .......................................................... 49

4.1.2.3 The Conceptual Metaphor of Time ........................... 50

4.1.2.4 The Conceptual Metaphor of Life and

Death ........................................................................ 51

xiii

4.1.2.5 The Conceptual Metaphor of Religion ...................... 52

4.2 The Ways of Translating Metaphor .................................................. 53

4.2.1 Keeping the Metaphor Language ............................................ 54

4.2.2 Translate the Metaphor into Simile Form ............................... 59

4.2.3 Substitute the Same Meaning of Metaphor ............................. 60

4.2.4 Keep the Metaphor and Explain the Meaning ......................... 64

4.2.5 Translate the Meaning of Metaphor without Keeping

The Metaphorical Imagery ..................................................... 64

4.3 The Analysis of Metaphor Translation ............................................. 70

4.3.1 Metaphor Translated into Metaphorical Expression ................ 70

4.3.2 Metaphor Translated into Non-Metaphorical

Expression ............................................................................. 93

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................................... 103 5.1 Conclusion....................................................................................... 103

5.2 Suggestion ....................................................................................... 104

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 106

xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

SL : Source Language

TL : Target Language

1

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Metaphor in Encyclopaedia Britannica as cited in Kovecses (2010) is a

figure of speech that implies comparison between two unlike entities. It is an

expression that is used to denote something, not from a literal meaning, but from

a similar, figurative meaning.

Metaphors are used in language every day. Poetry and entire novels can

get very creative in their use of metaphors to provide parallels of meaning in a

non-literal way. The use of metaphors by authors is a way of illustrating a point

without coming right out and saying it. It is a tool used to get the reader really to

think about something, to find new meaning in it and to see it from a different

angle. It makes the reader enter a different sphere, a different way of thinking.

Another reason that metaphors are important to people is that the

expressions that use are part of our cultural consciousness, formed over the

course of time. When people say that “my heart is broken into pieces”, everyone

knows what the phrase means. The metaphor expresses the sad feeling because of

losing his lover. It is a collective understanding of a community that uses English

language. As metaphors illustrate the body mind connection, from cognitive

linguistic point of view, Kovecses (2010) defined that a metaphor understands

one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain. In other words,

Kovecses differentiates the domain of metaphor into source domain and target

domain.

2

This step then simplifies the analysis and understanding of metaphor. As

previously done by Mahendra (2011), the mapping of the meaning of metaphor

she highlighted leads to the fact that the conceptual metaphor in source domain

replicated to the metaphorical expression in the target domain. For instance, in

I’m feeling up, in the source domain up refers to movement and direction element

and it is reflected to the emotion element in the target domain that means

happiness as up is considered something positive.

Translating metaphor is not an easy process but it is possible to do it. The

translator should figure out the equivalent meaning from the Source language text

(SL) to the target language text (TL). The translator needs to transfer the meaning

of metaphor using appropriate expression since the metaphor is not only relying

on the meaning but also the sense beyond the meaning. This kind of expression

furthermore translated in the correct language system in TL. It will develop

perception of the readers and effect them after reading either the SL novel or the

translated one. To meet the objective above, some proper techniques should be

applied to the process of translation.

Discussing the sense of the metaphor cannot be separated from the innate

conceptual system of the native language. As described above that metaphor

comes from human experience, culture and knowledge stored in human’s mind. It

strengthens the point of view of Wierzbicka (2002) who emphasized that

universal human concepts constitute the foundation of human understanding, and

to explain meaning across languages and cultures we need to rely on that

foundation.

3

The universal human concept which is specifically called semantic

primitive is provided by Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) theory proposed

by Wierzbicka (1996). Dewi (2011) also emphasized NSM theory in analyzing

the emotion, and concluded that NSM is useful and applicable in determining the

closest equivalent of lexicon. For that reason, metaphor analysis by NSM

approach is expected to develop a different point of view in the analysis of

metaphor translation as natural as the original meaning and sense.

1.2 Problems of the Study

Based on the background above, there are some problems that need to be

analyzed in this research as follows:

1. What types of English conceptual metaphors are found in the novel “A

Thousand Splendid Suns”?

2. What ways of translation are implemented in the translation of conceptual

metaphor in the novel “A Thousand Splendid Suns”?

3. How are the English metaphors found in the novel “A Thousand Splendid

Suns” translated into Indonesian?

1.3 Aims of the Study

The aims of the study are divided into general aim and specific aim.

1.3.1 General Aim

Generally, this study aims at identifying and describing metaphors to

enrich the metaphor translation.

4

1.3.2 Specific Aims

Specifically, this study is intended:

1. To describe the types of metaphors found in the novel “A Thousand

Splendid Suns”.

2. To find out the ways of translating English metaphor into Indonesia.

3. To analyze the translation of English metaphors in the novel “A Thousand

Splendid Suns”

1.4 Significance of the Study

Considering the aims of study as formulated above, then the theoretical

and practical significances of the study can be described as follows.

1.4.1 Theoretical Significance

This study is expected to give contribution to the translation studies,

especially in the field of semantic analysis. Theoretically, this study is expected

to support English-Indonesian translation studies applying the Natural Semantic

Metalanguage approach.

1.4.2 The Practical Significance

Practically, this study is intended to provide significant assistance to the

translation research in the future, particularly the use of the Natural Semantic

Metalanguage approach. Hopefully, this study can be used as a reference in the

5

learning the process of translation by showing the importance of Metaphor

translation techniques and NSM concept.

1.5 Scope of The Study

The scope of this study is limited to the conceptual metaphor found in

the novel “A Thousand Splendid Suns” and its translation analyzed using the

Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory proposed by Wierzbicka (1996) which

describes the mapping of meaning using the sixty four semantic primitives both

in the source and target languages.

6

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL

2.1.Literature Review

Studies of literary translation have been conducted by some researchers

Most of their studies use English as the source language and Indonesian as the

target language text. The thesis entitled “The Translation of Metaphor Found in

the Novel Eat, Pray, Love which was Translated into Makan, Doa, Cinta” written

by Mahendra (2011). She emphasizes the mapping of meaning and her analysis is

limited to the conceptual metaphor based on the understanding of conceptual

domain proposed by Kovecses. Her analysis contributes to the cognitive analysis

of metaphor. It encouraged this study to explore metaphors more deeply.

Another thesis is written by Wijaya (2011) entitled “Polisemi Pada

Leksem HEAD Tinjauan Linguistic Kognitif”. He agreed that naturally metaphor

is a fundamental cognitive process. It strengthened that the knowledge of source

domain is being mapped through the relevant prototypical understanding in the

target domain. Although this thesis is limited to the lexeme HEAD but the

overall study gives much contribution in enriching the meaning of head into

broader sense. It inspired this study to paraphrase the metaphor meaning more

deeply.

Related to the metaphor translation techniques, the thesis entitled

“Strategies for translating into Indonesian English Metaphor in the Novel Master

of the Game”, Sudrama (2003) applies the translation strategy in general for

7

translating the metaphor. He agrees that metaphor is an extraordinary expression

that includes not only words but action and thought. On this stage, he focused on

the strategies applied or, in other words, the process of the translation. In his

study, he concluded that the majority of metaphors are translated into metaphors

(51%), metaphors into similes (28, 6%) and metaphors into non-figuratives (20,

4%). This quantity implies that translating metaphor from the source language

into the target language which automatically occurs in different cultures and

languages is possible to be done.

Moreover, related to the theory of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage,

many studies have been conducted. One was written by Pratiwi (2010) in her

thesis entitled “The Semantic Analysis of Negative Emotion Lexicon in the Novel

“A Stranger in the Mirror” and its Translation “Sosok Asing Dalam Cermin”.

She explains the emotion lexicon with its explication and her study makes the

analysis of negative emotion complete. However, this study is specifically

focused on the metaphor, another form in representing emotion, and it is not only

limited to the negative emotion.

Another study regarding the emotion lexicon which also used the NSM

theory is written by Dewi (2011) in her thesis “The translation of Emotions in the

Novel Eat, Pray, Love into Makan, Doa, Cinta: A Natural Semantic

Metalanguage Approach”. She analyzed the emotion concept through the NSM

theory. Her thesis contributes a lot by providing clear explanation of the emotion

based on the emotion concept of Wierzbicka. However, her study is focused only

on the emotion lexicon. Although her study used the NSM theory proposed by

8

Wierzbicka, and compared the differences with explication, the strength of this

study is based on the metaphor expression and it may not be limited to the

emotion lexicon, meaning that the NSM theory is described more widely.

An article from Wierzbicka (2002) entitled “The semantics of metaphor

and parable: Looking for meaning in the Gospels” in a journal Theoria et

Historia Scientiarum is also discussed in this sub section. According to

Wierzbicka, the problem in translating metaphor is compounded in cross-cultural

communication, because while the letter of the metaphor can often be translated,

the translated version may be baffling or deceptive. Therefore, she applied the

semantic primitive in explaining the metaphor meaning with four basic

assumptions. The first is the understanding of semantics as “to speak” to people,

which has ultimate goal to explain what something means.

The second is everything cannot be explained as the value of explanation

depends crucially on how self-explanatory our basic concepts are. In other words,

the explanatory value only manages to "define" or explain complex and obscure

meanings in terms of simple and self-explanatory ones. For example, there is no

point to try to explain the meaning of BEFORE in terms of the word like

"anterior", or the meaning of AFTER in terms of the word like "posterior". If we

do not know what BEFORE and AFTER mean, then we will not know what

"anterior", and "posterior" mean either.

The third assumption is that if one wants to explain meanings across

languages and cultures one has to rely on shared, that is, universal concepts, and

not on concepts which are culture-specific. The fourth assumption is that the

9

meaning of metaphors, too, needs to be explained, and that it can be explained in

non-metaphorical language, using the same simple and universal concepts in

terms of which all other meanings can be explained.

By her explanation, the use of semantic primitive in describing the

metaphor meaning is possible to be done and the result will be as natural as the

original meaning. It challenges me to apply the approach to all the metaphors

founded in the data.

Another article written by Goddard (2008) entitled “The Ethnopragmatics

and Semantic of Active Metaphors” explains the metaphor into non-metaphorical

language using the same simple and universal concept in terms of which all other

meanings can be explained. He proposed that such metaphors have specific and

determinable meanings.

In other words, he claimed that ordinary expository metaphors such as

Unemployment is a contagious disease, Language is the best mirror of the mind,

and The past is a foreign country are not open to multiple interpretations, as

many theorists have claimed, but have identifiable meanings which can be stated

as semantic explications framed in the metalanguage of semantic primes.

It supports this study to analyze metaphors by describing and explaining

the universal concept by comparing the mapping of the meaning of the semantic

primes.

10

2.2.Concepts

There are some concepts used to support the idea of translation, metaphor,

and the NSM theory in this study.

2.2.1 Metaphor

The word metaphor has come to mean a cross-domain mapping in the

conceptual system. Kovecses underlined metaphor through the idea of

conceptual metaphor based on the conceptual domain (A) as conceptual domain

(B). The conceptual domain (A), which is known as the source domain or the

source of which we illustrate the metaphorical expression to understand another

conceptual domain, is the basic context and situation based on cultural

experience. These are clearly and simply structured. While the conceptual domain

(B) is the domain that we try to understand through the use of the source domain,

the more abstract and complex contexts, to which the words in the source domain

are applied.

This systematic identification of source and target domain is expressed by

what is termed as metaphorical mapping. It links two different domains, thus

structuring our experience, reasoning and everyday language. Mappings have

conventional characters, being a fixed part of the human conceptual system.

2.2.2 Translation

Many theorists has described and explained the translation theory. Larson

(1998) describes translation as “transferring the meaning without distortion the

11

meaning of the source language (SL) into the receptor language; meaning which

must be kept constant, even when the form of the source language changes as it is

turned into the form of the target language, it is called meaning-based translation.

The form here represents the grammatical surface structure of the language, while

meaning refers to the semantic deep structures.

A translation based on the semantic structure of the language takes also

the communication situation into consideration such as historical setting, cultural

setting, intention of the author, as well as the different kinds of meaning

contained in the explicit and implicit information of the text. Apart from

referential and structural meaning, situational meaning is presented as an

important element that would help the translator interpret the author’s culture or

the cultural information given in the text.

Furthermore, she differentiates literal translation from idiomatic

translation, stating that a good translator should try to translate idiomatically that

his translation will not sound like a translation, it shall sound natural in the target

language, taking care not to fall into “unduly free translations”.

2.2.3 Natural Semantic Metalanguage

TThhee NNSSMM tthheeoorryy iiss uusseedd ttoo eexxppllaaiinn tthhee sseemmaannttiicc pprriimmiittiivvee ooff mmeettaapphhoorriiccaall

eexxpprreessssiioonn.. IItt ccaann bbee uusseedd ttoo aannaallyyssee tthhee mmeeaanniinngg ooff aa wwoorrdd oorr pphhrraassee ccoonnttaaiinniinngg

tthhee mmeettaapphhoorriiccaall eexxpprreessssiioonn bbyy pprroovviiddiinngg aa ddeessccrriippttiioonn iinn ffoorrmm ooff rreedduuccttiivvee

ppaarraapphhrraassee.. Wierzbicka (2002) states that if one wants to explain meanings across

languages and cultures one has to rely on shared, that is, universal concepts, and

12

not on concepts which are culture-specific. Universal human concepts constitute

the bedrock of human understanding, and to explain meanings across languages

and cultures we need to rely on that bedrock”. The NSM approach has repeatedly

proved possible to confront the skeptics and to “define the indefinable”, i.e. to

explicate semantic nuances which have been claimed to be either impossible or

excruciatingly difficult to describe.

3.3 Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework of the study is a structure that can hold or

support the theories used in the study. It presents the theory which explains why

the problem under study exists. Thus, the theoretical framework is a theory that

serves as a basis for conducting research.

2.3.1 The Conceptual Metaphor

According to Noth (1985:1), metaphor has been used in both narrow and

broad sense. Metaphor, in a narrow sense, represents a particular trope among

others like in metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, etc. while metaphor, in the

broad sense, amounts to a cover term for all figures of speech. In its broad sense,

it refers to any figurative expression, including the transferred sense of a physical

word, personification of an abstraction, and application of a word or collocation

to what it does not literally denote. All polysemous words and most English

phrasal verbs are potentially metaphorical. Metaphor in this sense seeks its root

cause in the human mind and addresses the relationship between mind and

13

cognition. Therefore, it can be defined as a cognitive process facilitating human

conceptual thinking.

Metaphor is viewed in a broad sense in this study, which is no longer a

mere rhetorical device but a mode of thinking. Metaphors connect two conceptual

domains: the target domain and the source domain. In the course of metaphorical

processes, the source domain corresponds to the target domain; in other words,

there is a mapping or a projection between the source domain and the target

domain. The target domain A is understood in terms of the source domain B.

Some entities of both domains are reversible and could be conceptualized

by the idea of abstract system of metaphor. One such case is the range of target

concepts under the overarching concept of complex systems. For example, a large

number of target concepts are characterized by the source domain of (heat of)

fire. Various specific kinds of actions, events, and states are understood as fire

(target domain). Correspondingly, there is simple sub metaphor intensity, that is,

heat (of fire). This simple metaphor is a mapping in such complex metaphors

such as anger is fire, love is fire, conflict is fire, or argument is fire. In all of

these, it is the central mapping that reflects the main meaning focus of the fire

metaphors, Kovecses (2010:145). The relationship between source domain, target

domain and both complex and simple metaphors is shown in figure 1.

14

Figure 1 Abstract System of Conceptual Metaphor

The metaphor identification within the study highlighted the mapping of

conceptual metaphor proposed by Kovecses (2010).

2.3.1.1 The Source Domain

The source domain consists of a set of literal entities, attributes, processes

and relationships, linked semantically and apparently stored together in the mind.

These are expressed in language through related words and expressions.

Kovecses (18-23 :2010) provide frequency sources as follows:

Source Domain Heat

Target Domain Emotion (Heat-Anger)

Complex Metaphor Anger is Fire

Corresponding Simple Metaphor (Intensity of Heat is Fire)

15

1. The Human Body

This source of domain is an ideal domain since people know very well, as

it is a part of our body. It makes all of the function of the body aspects

could be understood in the abstract target. For example: He faced the task.

2. Health and Illness

Both health and sickness could represent the metaphorical source domain.

For example: She’s fit for the job, (Suitability for Work is Health)

3. Animals

Human being is frequently associated or being understood in terms of

(assumed) animal’s properties. However, the metaphorical expression is

not exclusively limited to human being but also in such situation and

context.

For example:

a. A parent needs an eagle eye and then to ferret out what’s going on.

(Person is animal, particular person is raptor that seizes on something/

is aggressive, burrowing, hunting animal)

b. It will be a bitch to pull this boat out of the water. (Bitch denotes any

difficult situation)

4. Plants

The metaphorical concept of plant comprises various parts of plant

including the purpose of people cultivate plant either for eating, making

things or pleasure or many actions that perform in relation to the plants

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such as the stages of growth. For example: He blossomed (Person is plant,

development of person is blooming of plant)

5. Building and Construction

It represents all static object of the house built by human being for shelter,

storage and work including other structure and its parts which are

considered common metaphorical source domain. For example: the case

is baseless (Case is a building, particular case is building without

foundation)

6. Machines and Tools

Machines and tools are used in daily life for working, playing, fighting or

doing pleasure things. The activities of both machines and tools indicate

the metaphorical expression. For example: the evenings with him don’t

run smoothly (Human activities are machines, particular activities are

smooth-running machines)

7. Games and Sport

It is a kind of play invented by human being to elaborate activities for

entertaining themselves. Any characteristic and properties utilized in

games and sport are commonly showed up for metaphorical purpose.

For example: When they misbehave he should call them on it (Parenting

is a game, a good parent is a vigilant game referee)

8. Money and Economy Transaction (business)

In human society, the economic transaction of various kinds that involves

money and commodities in general has been conducted in ages. The

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commercial events comprise number of entities and actions such as

money, commodity and the handing money and commodity as well. For

example: She’s invested in that point of view (Perspective is economic

transaction, having a position on something which is staking money on

something)

9. Cooking and Food

Cooking food is a series of complex process consisting of several

important elements such agent, recipe ingredients, action, and product.

These activities and all its parts serve as the source domain.

For example, at his house the kids are on the back burner (Parenting is

cooking, irresponsible parenting is letting the food cook itself).

10. Heat and Cold

Since we feel warm and cold of air temperature surround us, heat and cold

are categorized as basic human experiences. It is used metaphorically to

represent the attitude of people and things.

For example: If he showed more warmth it would help (Interest/affection

is temperature)

11. Light and Darkness

Other basic human experience is light and darkness. However, when it is

related to the metaphorical expression, the properties of light and darkness

often appears as the weather condition.

For example: Just a flicker of interest (Human attention is light/fire)

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12. Forces

Forces are operating and affecting people’s life in many ways. Many

various kinds of forces such as gravitational, magnetic, electric and

mechanical are taking many shapes in the physical world as waves, wind,

storm, and fire and agent pushing, pulling, driving, or sending another

thing. These kinds of forces affect various changes in the thing acted on.

For example: He was induced to agree (Persuasion is physical force,

particular persuasion is invisible physical force).

13. Movement and Direction

Movement implies a change of location; therefore, it is associated with

direction; up and down, forward and backward. However, as a basic

human experience, it can be stationary (as in the case of shaking).

For Example: Her approach gives her the upper hand (Social

advantage/disadvantage is Up/Down)

2.2.1.2 Target Domain

The target domain tends to be abstract, and takes its structure from the

source domain, through the metaphorical link, or ‘conceptual metaphor’. Target

domains are therefore believed to have relationships between entities, attributes

and processes which mirror those found in the source domain. At the level of

language, entities, attributes and processes in the target domain are lexicalized

using words and expressions from the source domain. Kovecses (23-27:2010)

comprises the target domain into:

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1. Emotion

This domain involves the concepts of anger, fear, love, happiness,

sadness, shame, pride and so on. Therefore, emotion is known as superior

target domain. The source domain of emotion concepts typically involves

forces.

For example: He was bursting with joy

2. Desire

As well as emotion, desire is also comprehended by forces either in

physical or physiological forces like hunger and thirst. In a certain way, it

is also understood in terms of heat.

For example: I am starved for affection

3. Moral (morality)

Moral can be categorized into good and bad, honesty, courage, sincerity,

honor and their opposites and it is understood by means of more concrete

source concept. The source domain involves economic transaction, forces,

straightness, light and dark, including up-down orientation.

For example: That was a lowly thing to do

4. Thought

The human mind works are unlimited; therefore, people try to understand

the mind by resorting various kinds of metaphors.

For example: He hammered the point home

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5. Society/nation

This concept is extremely complex since it involves the source concept of

person and family. Therefore, this complexity requires for metaphor

understanding.

For example: The founding fathers of the country

6. Politics

Power is the character of politics. Political power is then conceptualized

as physical force. The additional aspect of politics can be understood by

means including games and sport, business and war.

For example: There was a great deal haggling over the issue

7. Economy

In metaphor, economy is commonly used in the source domain of

building, plants, journey (movement, direction).

For example: Germany built a strong economy

8. Human Relationship

The concept of human relationship is metaphorically viewed as plants,

machines and building since this kind of concept involves friendship, love

and marriage.

For example: They had to work on their relationship

9. Communication

Human communication involves a speaker and a hearer, and also the

message contains some meaning that shall be transferred from the speaker

to the hearer along some channel. Metaphorically, the linguistic

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expression, meaning and the transfer of the message can be viewed as the

containers, object and sending.

For example: she gave me a lot of information

10. Time

Although time is considered a difficult concept to understand, but the

major metaphor for the comprehension of time as an object that moves.

For example: in the following week

11. Life and Death

Life and death are metaphorically pervasive in literary works and used in

everyday language. Life is understood as a journey to some destination

and is metaphorically viewed as day, light, warmth, etc. Birth as a part of

life is conceived of as arrival, whereas death is typically viewed as

departure, night, darkness and cold.

For example: His father passed away

12. Religion

In religion, the key factor involves the view of God and the relationship

with God. God itself has a similar concept to the society/nation, as it can

be conceptualized as a person, a king, shepherd, father and the like. It

follows the metaphor that the believers view God’s children, sheep or

subject. Other experience as a part of religious subject involves such

notion as eternity, life after/before death in which it is metaphorically

viewed since people have no experience of them.

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13. Events and Actions

Aspect of events and actions are often comprehended as movement and

force. Consequently, it includes such notion as change, caused purpose,

means and so on. Events and actions as superordinate concepts of

reading, making a chair, doing a project in a lab, plowing or any kind of

actions.

For example: you’re driving me nuts

2.3.2 Techniques in Translation of Metaphor

There are many reasons why metaphor cannot be translated directly as

proposed by Larson (1998:276). The first reason is the image, probably unknown

in the target language due to the different culture, geographical area etc. For an

instance, the people in tropical area are more familiar with the word as white as

seashells, than as white as snow which is more familiar to the people who live in

subtropical areas. The second, the topic of the metaphor is not always clearly

stated, for example, “the tide turned against the government”, the topic, and

public opinion is left implicit.”(Larson (1998:276). In addition, the point of

similarity is implicit and hard to identify, in some cases, it may be understood

differently in each culture. For example, pig in some culture means who is a

glutton while another culture means dirty. This problem makes metaphor seems

difficult to be interpreted in order to translate. It is difficult but it is possible.

Larson (1998: 279) has suggested ways to translate the metaphor as follows:

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1. Keep the Metaphor language if only the receptor language permits. In

other words, the form, the natural meaning could be understood in

receptor language.

2. Translate the metaphor form into simile form by adding like or as, as this

form is the character of simile.

3. Substitute the same meaning of the metaphor by finding out equivalence

translation on the receptor language.

4. Keep the metaphor and explain the meaning especially the topic and the

point of similarity should be added.

5. Translate the meaning of metaphor without keeping the metaphorical

imagery.

2.3.3 The Natural Semantic Metalanguage

The basic idea of the NSM approach is that we should try to describe

complex meanings in terms of simpler ones. Therefore, there are some theoretical

concepts in its application, two of them are the major concepts that are associated

with this study, and they are semantic primitive and reductive paraphrase

concept.

2.3.3.1 Semantic Primitive

The NSM theory is underlined by the one basic assumption that the

meaning cannot be described without the semantic primitive. The first criterion

of semantic prime is a linguistic expression whose meaning cannot be

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paraphrased in any simpler terms. A secondary criterion (on the hypothesis of

universality) is that a semantic prime should have a lexical equivalent (or a set of

equivalents) in all languages. These twin criteria mean that the number of

expressions which can be entertained as candidates is rather small – because the

vast majority of linguistic expressions can readily be shown to be either

semantically complex and/or language-specific (Goddard 2001). There is also a

third consideration: taken as a whole, the metalanguage of semantic primes is

intended to enable reductive paraphrase of the entire vocabulary and grammar of

the language at large to be comprehensive.

The semantic primitive is indefinable and can be explicated from the

natural language which is the only way in presenting meaning (Wierzbicka,

1996:31). Consequently, it is possible to explain the complex meaning to the

simpler one, since there is a consistency of semantic features in the semantic

primitive.

The NSM model has changed gradually since it was first advanced in the

early 1970s. In Anna Wierzbicka's 1972 book Semantic Primitives, only fourteen

semantic primitives were proposed and in her 1980 book Lingua Mentalist, the

inventory was not much bigger. Over the 1980s and 1990s, however, the number

of proposed primes was expanded greatly, and has now reached a total of sixty

four. The latest of the sixty four concepts or universal human concept proposed

by Wierzbicka (2010) launched at University of New England official website

explains the semantic primitives as follows:

25

The set of universal human concepts (Wierzbicka 2010)

(http://www.une.edu.au/bcss/linguistics/nsm/semantics-in-brief.php)

[Substantives:] I, YOU SOMEONE, PEOPLE/PERSON

SOMETHING/THING, BODY [Determiners:] THIS, THE SAME, OTHER/ELSE [Quantifiers:] ONE, TWO, SOME, ALL, MANY/MUCH,

LITTLE/FEW [Evaluators:] GOOD, BAD ] Descriptors:] BIG, SMALL [Mental predicates:] THINK, KNOW, WANT, FEEL, SEE,

HEAR [Speech:] SAY, WORD, TRUE [Actions, events and movement:] DO, HAPPEN, MOVE, TOUCH [Existence, location, specification and possession:] BE (SOMEWHERE),THERE IS, HAVE,

BE (SOMEONE/SOMETHING) [Life and death:] LIVE, DIE [Time:] WHEN/TIME, NOW, BEFORE, AFTER,

A LONG TIME, A SHORT TIME, FOR SOME TIME, MOMENT

[Space:] WHERE/PLACE, HERE, ABOVE, BELOW, FAR, NEAR, SIDE, INSIDE

[“Logical" concepts:] NOT, MAYBE, CAN, BECAUSE, IF [Intensifier, Augmenter:] VERY, MORE [Rational Substantive] KIND OF, PART OF [Similarity:] LIKE/AS/WAY

2.3.3.2 Reductive Paraphrase

In stating the meaning of a semantically complex word we should try to

give a paraphrase composed of words which are simpler and easier to understand

than the original. This method of semantic analysis is called "reductive

paraphrase". Reductive paraphrase prevents us from getting tangled up in circular

and obscure definitions, problems which greatly hamper conventional

dictionaries and other approaches to linguistic semantics. No technical terms,

26

neologisms, logical symbols, or abbreviations are allowed in reductive paraphrase

explications– only plain words from ordinary natural language.

Assuming that reductive paraphrase can be made to work as a method of

analyzing meanings, then metaphor should be explained in a non-metaphorical

language by using the same simple and universal concepts in terms of which all

other meanings can be explained.

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2.4 Research Model

The Chart of Research Model

Translation of Conceptual Metaphor in Thousand Splendid Suns

FINDING/RESULT

TL: INDONESIAN

SL: ENGLISH METAPHOR

PROBLEM 1. What types of conceptual metaphors are found in the novel “A

Thousand Splendid Suns”? 2. What ways of translation are implemented in the translation of

conceptual metaphor in the novel “A Thousand Splendid Suns”? 3. How are the English metaphors found in the novel “A Thousand

Splendid Suns” translated into Indonesian?

Method Qualitative Approach (Sudaryanto, 1993)

Theories: 1. From Kovecses, 2010. Regarding the

conceptual metaphor which defined source domain and target domain.

2. From Larson, 1996. Regarding the five ways of translating the metaphor.

3. From Wiersbicka, 1996. Regarding the use of exponent mapping of semantic primitives in Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

The research method of this study deals with research approach, data

source, method and technique of data collection, method and technique of

analyzing data, and method and technique of presenting the analysis.

3.1 Research Approach

This is a library research referring to the finding and collecting support

information from various kinds of references, books, journals, thesis or articles

that has significant relation to the research and the study.

The approach used is qualitative because this research underlined the

English metaphor translation and its translation.

3.2.Data Source

The data were taken from the novel entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns

by an Afghan-American author, Khaled Hosseini, published by Penguin Group

USA Inc. Time magazine has placed this novel on the number three in the Top

10 Fiction Books of 2007. The source language of the novel is English and

translated into many languages, one of them is Indonesian. The Indonesian

version is entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns, translated by Berliani M.

Nugrahani and published by Qanita in Jakarta 2008. By seeing the year of the

translation the metaphor expressions are expected still up to date. Although the

novel is written in English but the nuance of this novel is full of Afghan culture.

29

This novel expressed the way of Afghan women fight for their life during

the war and rebellion that occurred at that time. The way the writer presents the

metaphor of afghan culture through the western point of view is stimulating to be

discussed. Meanwhile, the unit of translation could be in the form of word,

phrase, or sentence, as small as possible, as long as necessary, that contain

metaphorical expression.

3.3.Method and Technique of Collecting Data

The method used documentary method which is applied by documenting

the data containing metaphors in the source language and their translations. The

choice of this method is in accordance with the type of the data source. To

support this study, the data were collected by close reading the whole text

repeatedly both the source language and the target language then identifying the

metaphor by taking note, in order to have comparison analysis. Finally, the data

containing metaphors were rendered, classified and analyzed.

3.4.Method and Technique of Analyzing Data

The method used to analyze the data was the descriptive method

supported by the qualitative-descriptive technique proposed by Sudaryanto

(1993:62). The steps of data analysis are as follows:

1) The conceptual metaphors were classified into source domain and target

domain.

30

2) The metaphors were put in column between the SL and the TL completed

with the entire sentence to differentiate the ways of translation metaphor.

3) The metaphor translations were analyzed using the Natural Semantic

Metalanguage approach in the application of sixty four human concepts

proposed by Wierzbicka (1996).

4) The metaphor translations were compared to see the differences or the

similarities

For example:

The conceptual metaphor from the target domain of time, dragged. It is

broken down into a complex system of Time is a Motion. As part of the complex

system time is motion, dragged can be formulated in simple metaphor as time

passing is an observer’s motion over a landscape. It states that times are fixed

locations and the observer is moving with respect to time

SL TL

She remembered all too well how time had dragged without him. (Part 21 page 150)

Dia masih bisa merasakan bagaimana waktu merayap dengan amat sangat lambat tanpa adanya Tariq (Part 21 page 190)

From the five ways of metaphor translation, the translator tend to keep the

metaphorical meaning, dragged known as a slow motion which has similarity in

terms of meaning to the word merayap. However, the difference of both lexical

items is on the method as people did this thing by doing a slow mode of

locomotion on hands and knees. Besides keeping the metaphorical meaning of

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dragged, the translator added the words sangat lambat. This kind of adverb

strengthened the sense of the metaphor. Therefore, the effect of the metaphor was

well transferred to the readers in TL.

Dragged can be mapped through the exponent as follows:

Dragged involves motion of something slowly and as if with great effort. It also

shows proceed for an extended period of time when people say dragged people

think of something. When they think of something, they know that dragged is

moving slowly. This kind of thing happened within period of time. People did

this thing by walking without lifting the feet. Similar to dragged, when people

say merayap people think of something. When they think of something, they

know that merayap is moving slowly. This kind of thing happened within period

of time as well. The similarity of the exponent mapping between dragged and

merayap shows that the translation can be accepted in the target language reader.

3.5 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analysis

According to Sudaryanto (1993:145) there are two methods in data

presenting, the formal and informal. The formal presentation presents the data

analysis using number, statistics, table, graphic and etc, while the informal uses

description in details, complete and comprehensive. As this study is using the

descriptive qualitative method, the data are presented using informal method.

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The presentation of the data analysis is divided into three:

1. The conceptual metaphor classification based on the source domain and

target domain is presented according to the classification proposed by

Kovecses (2010).

2. The ways of translation metaphors are identified based on the ways

proposed by Larson (1998).

3. The analysis of English Metaphor Translation

The analysis is presented through the exponent mapping of English

metaphor and its translation into Indonesian which is presented by

applying the NSM theory proposed by Wierzbicka (1996).

The technique of presenting the data is as follows:

SL TL

She remembered all too well how time had dragged without him (Part 21 page 150)

Dia masih bisa merasakan bagaimana waktu merayap dengan amat sangat lambat tanpa adanya Tariq (Part 21 page 190)

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CHAPTER IV TYPES OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR, WAYS OF TRANSLATION

AND THE ANALYSIS OF METAPHOR TRANSLATION

This analysis section is concerned with the translation of metaphor in the

novel entitled “A Thousand Splendid Suns”. The classification of metaphor

reffered to the conceptual metaphor based on the theory proposed by Kovecses

(2010) is needed prior to identify of the ways of translating metaphors as

suggested by Larson (1998). The analysis of the translation should be continued

by the application of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach proposed by

Wierzbicka (1996).

4.1 The Types of Conceptual Metaphor

The types of conceptual metaphor can be categorized into source domain

and target domain. Kovecses, 2010 explained that source domain A is replicated

to target domain B, in simple form He defines source domain A is target domain

B.

4.1.1 Source Domain

Source domain furthermore classified into the conceptual metaphor of

human body, health and illness, animals, plants, building and construction,

machines and tools, games and sport, money and economy transaction, heat and

cold, forces and movement and direction.

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4.1.1.1 The Conceptual Metaphor of Human Body

There are nine conceptual metaphors related to the Human Body found in

the novel that can be mapped. Those are, headed, ask for my hands, I only have

eyes for you, noor of my eyes, sultan of my heart, shoulder, feet, hands, and foot.

Those nine metaphorical expressions above represent the conceptual metaphor of

human body. As physical basis, those are parts of human body. Kovecses

(2010:23) emphasized this concept to the function of the body aspects. It can be

replicated and understood in the abstract target domain.

- The flock of women and children who were headed the same way. (Part

10 page 64).

Headed, based on the context implies the meaning of to go to one

destination (same way). “To go” implies the movement from one location

to another one. “Headed”,as the source domain A of conceptual metaphor

of the Human Body, reflects the abstract form of the target domain B as

the movement or action.

- “Well, no one’s come to ask for my hand” (Part 16 page 113)

Hand, from the source domain A of the Human Body is represented by

the target domain B as the form of human relationship concept of

accompanying, the same concept can be found in the context of holding

hands, which involved the concept of personal relationship, friendship,

and intimate relation. Ask for my hand then explicits the meaning of

asking for companion, or getting together.

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- “You know.” “Know what?” “That I only have eyes for you.”(Part 23

page 167).

Eyes as the source domain A of the human body as a means of seeing or

paying attention to and it could be understood in the abstract target

domain B of desire. Eyes in this context represent the meaning of strong

attention that contains emotion and passion of infatuation or even

obsession.

- “Tell her she is the noor of my eyes and the Sultan of my heart.” (Part 46

page 350).

Noor is an Arabic word that means light, noor of my eyes meaning the

light of my eyes. The target domain B is emotion as light reflects

happiness. Kovecses (2010: 97) states that light as opposed to dark is

valued positively; the light metaphor also highlights the positive

evaluation of happiness. Sultan is known as the ruler, sovereign of a

Muslim country, heart is the locus of feeling and intuition. The

combination of both as Sultan of my heart metaphorically means the

sovereign of the feeling and intuition, as a ruler who has power to control

feeling, life and emotion.

- Laila had to shoulder more and more of the chores. (Part 20 page 140).

36

Shoulder, a part of the body is used to carry on something. Therefore, in

the abstract form of the target domain it represents a physical strength or

action.

- They would help them with money and food for a while, until they could

get on their feet (Part 21 page 148).

Feet are conceptualized to a thought in the target domain as being

autonomous. It belongs to the thought as it is very subjective to determine

autonomous.

- When the hands finally showed eleven-thirty, Mariam pocketed the

eleven pebbles and went outside (Part 5 page 29).

It is not the hands that are referred to by the time but the experience of

human being who always wear watch on their hands. The next

explanation in the text “finally showed” then represents the time as

limited source. It means that time is considered something that is difficult

to find. Thus, we cannot waste it unwisely or by doing something useless

for our lives. Then hands replicated into the target domain as Time is a

Limited Source.

- A glorious new era in history of our country is a foot. (Part 15 page 100)

Foot metaphorically in this data is different from feet that we talked about

previously. Foot as the lowest part of the human body implies the end of

the old era and leads to the meaning of hope to the new era. Therefor foot

in this context replicated to the target domain of desire (hope).

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4.1.1.2 The Conceptual Metaphor of Health and Illness

One conceptual metaphor found in the novel is related to health and

illness. This conceptual metaphor relies on the way of illness.

- He seemed to take pleasure in not being welcome here, in infecting this

female atmosphere with his half-grinning, masculine irreverence (Part 23

page 164).

By this context, there are different groups of atmosphere; they are female

and the one that in the text is defined as masculine irreverence as male

atmosphere’s entity. Infecting is from the source domain of illness as a

means of affect in a contagious way. The metaphorical expression of this

word is structured in the target domain as a kind of action. Therefore the

abstract system in target domain belonged to Events and Action.

According to the context, “He” communicates a disease or in this case

conveys his masculine irreverence to the community (female atmosphere)

that he enters to. This kind of action leads to a disturbing behavior

experienced by the community.

4.1.1.3 The Conceptual Metaphor of Animals

There are two conceptual metaphor of animals found in the novel. They

are toothless lizard and the lion of Panjshir. These metaphors compare the human

behavior with animal behavior.

- On the evening the toothless lizard comes to ask for your hand. (Part 16

page 113).

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The concept of human is animal from the source domain replicated into

target domain of morality, specifically bad morality. In this case, lizard h

is structured as “human behavior is animal behavior”. Lizard behavior is

responsive to heat, light, food and sex. In the text lizard referred to male

entity as, metaphorically, heat could be referred to love and anger, light

for happiness; as love or anger, happiness, food and sex are the character

of male. Then toothless lizard represents a male that has no such

characters.

- That’s the kind of brave young men your brothers were, Laila, that

Commander Massoud himself, the Lion of Panjshir, God bless him,

would oversee their burial (Part 20 page 140).

The Lion of Panjshir belongs to the source domain of animal. As well as

the toothless lizard, the conceptual metaphor is structured as means that

“human are animals”. It is also shared the same target domain of morality.

However, in the context, the Commander Massoud is compared with lion

in terms of courage, as in the battle his spirit enables him to face danger

or pain without showing fear. Therefore, metaphorically, the courage is

compared to the courage of lion as a brave predator in the jungle.

4.1.1.4 The Conceptual Metaphor of Plants

Three conceptual metaphor plants are found in the novel. They are

flourished, growing and seed. These three metaphors also represent the step of

plant development which start from the seed, grow and flourish.

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- How blessed that their children had flourished in their wombs, lived to

squirm in their arms. (Part 14 page 91).

According to Kovecses (2010: 129), metaphorically, flourished is the

successful or appropriate development of complex system of growing

plant. In the text, flourished is describes as the stage when child is

growing in their mother’s womb. The stage involves the relation of the

child and the mother that explains the concept of how the target domain of

the human relationship occurred.

- She thought of what was growing there, and happiness rushed in like a

gust of wind blowing a door wide open. (Part 13 page 87).

Plants in conceptual metaphor are defined as a complex abstract system

by Kovecses (2010:128). Growing structured as a complex system

becoming larger is a plant growing bigger. In the text what is growing

refers to a fetus inside the mother’s womb or simply metaphorically that

people are plants as their action performed in relation to the plants or in

this case the ability of growing.

- “You see, I knew your mother before you were born, when she was a little

girl and I tell you that she was unhappy then. The seed for what she did

was planted long ago, I’m afraid. (Part 6 page 43).

The emotion reflected from the target domain is unhappy, as it is shown

from the text. It is explained that the unhappy situation occurred a long

time ago; it strengthens that it was the starting point to sow the seed as the

first stage in planting.

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4.1.1.5 The Conceptual Metaphor of Building and Construction

In the novel, one of the conceptual metaphors of building and

construction is found. This metaphor compares the passion to the kind of

construction, in this case, well.

- His patience with Zalmai was a well that ran deep and never dried.

(Part 40 page 289).

Well as a one of building and construction entailments, known as a deep

hole or shaft dug or drilled to obtain water through the floors of a building. In the

target domain of emotion, the depth represents the patience as it is shown on the

text.

4.1.1.6 The Conceptual Metaphor of Machines and Tools

The conceptual metaphor for machines and tools in the novel relies on the

machine or the part of the machine and the performance of machine. In the novel,

there are three conceptual metaphors that can be found. They are wheeled, ink

their legend and bulldozed.

- “I won’t forget tomorrow,” mammy was saying behind her. “I promise.”

“You said that yesterday.” “You don’t know, Laila.” “Know what?” Laila

wheeled around to face her mother. (Part 17 page 123).

An abstract concept of machine in conceptual metaphor is stated in

Wheeled in terms of the working of machines. As a simple machine that

rotates, it will change directions as if revolving on a pivot. As in the

context of Laila’s Mammy is talking behind her, Laila wheeled in

responding what her Mammy said to maintain the eye contact with her

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Mammy as by the text Laila is curious to know what will her Mammy say

later. It shows that the target domain of thought plays its role in the

metaphorical expression of wheeled.

- The parchment on which Mammy meant to ink their legend

(Part 20 page 140)

Apart from the working of machine, another abstract concept of machine

in conceptual metaphor is to maintain (the efficient working of) machine

or tools). Even in the text it is not explicitly mentioned about the pen as a

tool but the substance to maintain the tool (ink) is clearly explicate. So the

use of metaphorical expression in the text is to maintain for what is called

legend. In the target domain, maintenance issue can be categorized as the

action caused purpose.

- “She had this laugh. I swear it’s why I married her, Laila for that laugh. It

bulldozed you. You stood no chance against it.”(Part 21 page 147).

The target domain of this conceptual metaphor is referring to the action of

the machine. Bulldoze, as proceed to operate bulldozer to move, flatten,

demolish, destroy; therefore, the machine is called bulldozer. When

bulldozed is stated in the text, this means that “the laugh” has power to

demolish the hearer.

4.1.1.6 The Conceptual Metaphor of Games and Sports

The conceptual metaphor of games and sport is rarely found in the novel.

Puppet is a conceptual metaphor of games that exist in the novel and it could

represent the tools of games played by children.

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- “Najibullah is the Soviet’s puppet president.”(Part 21 page 150)

In the target domain, power is one of the characters of politics. A

president should have a power over his government and nation. Puppet is

one of entities of a game that represents a character that can be played by

somebody else. It is somebody else’s property. When children are playing

puppet they tend to speak on behalf of the puppet, give the puppet name,

direct the puppet and make the scene of what they want. When the text

tried to compare a president with a puppet, metaphorically it explains that

the president has no power but the one behind them that is taking control

of him is the real president or, in this case, is the Soviet Union.

4.1.1.7 The Conceptual Metaphor of Money and Economy Transaction

(Business)

There are two conceptual metaphors of money and economy transaction

found in the novel. They are expense and cost. Both are related to economy

transaction.

- How they made small harmless jokes at each other’s expense.

(Part 18 page 128)

Expense in economy transaction is defined as the amount paid for goods.

In the text, it is described that after one performed joke, the other one

should pay with another joke in return. The concept of this metaphor as

economy transaction is something spent to perform a joke and it should be

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reimbursed by another joke. It reflects the action of a self-propelled

motion in the abstract system in the target domain.

- Laila is happy here in Murree, But it’s not an easy happiness. It is not

happiness without cost. (Part 46 page 369)

When cost is defined as the total spent for goods or services including

money and time and labor. In the text the way in which Laila fight for her

life is the cost of the happiness she got in return. Metaphorically, cost

means the value measured by what must be given, done or undergone to

obtain something (happiness). It is replicated in the target domain of

thought that everything has price, and how much it costs depends on the

value of a thing

4.1.1.8 The Conceptual Metaphor of Heat and Cold

In the novel the conceptual metaphor of heat and cold is represented by

the concept of heat. There the conceptual metaphor of heat is expressed by the

metaphor warm. However, it is categorized into two typical of conceptual

metaphors of heat since it has two different meanings. The first meaning

expresses the emotion of shame and the second expresses the emotion of love.

- When she thought of him this way she was overtaken with guilt, but also

with a peculiar, warm sensation that spread upward from her belly until it

felts as if her face were glowing pink. (Part 23 page 161)

Warm as an indicator of heat in the source domain in the text is the

abstract system of sudden increase in intensity in the degree of heat. The

increase in degree is described in the text determined by the phrase

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“…spread upward from her belly until it feels as if her face were glowing

pink”. The emotion in the target domain specifically refers to shame.

Shame is defined as the effect as “she was overtaken with guilt”. In this

increase in emotion “her face was glowing pink” people tend to blush

when they feel embarrassed.

- It’s a chilly overcast day, but it’s warm next to Tariq. (Part 26 page 184)

Unlike the metaphorical meaning of warm above, the word warm here

signifies the emotion of love in the target domain. The abstract complex

system is relationship-love. Affection and love are conceptualized in

terms of heat and fire. It does not physically affect the writer but it shows

a relationship between Tariq and Laila that comfort Laila whenever she is

with Tariq and it means that this expression will give some happiness and

calmness to the receiver.

4.1.1.9 The Conceptual Metaphor of Forces

There are many repetitions of conceptual metaphor of forces in the novel.

In the novel, there are about five conceptual metaphors. It can be classified by

natural forces and physical forces. AS natural forces, they are stormed out, a

wave of affection and flooded while physical forces are squeezed and pressed

down.

- Mariam watch as he stormed out of the living room. (Part 15 page 102).

45

In the target domain, anger is a storm metaphor. This abstract complex

system is exemplified by the expression such “anger is wave”, Kovecses

(2010: 28).

- Dread pressed down on her chest.(Part 15 page 102)

Pressed down in the source domain is a physical force and conceptualized

into the emotion in the target domain. The emotion of terror (dread) lives

in part of the human body (chest). Therefore, this metaphorical

expression provides the depiction of how people use their body-based

experience in terms of “container” metaphor. Kovecses (2010:41) states

that emotions are commonly said to be private and heavily dependent

experiences being inaccessible to others. Given that people experience

their bodies as containers, thus emotions are kept inside the people’s body

container.

- A wave of affection overcame Laila (Part 21 page 146)

Forces, metaphorically take shape on physical word, like wave, storm,

and fire (Kovecses, 2010:22). Affection is a positive emotion of liking.

Therefore in target domain this natural kind of forces is replicated as

emotion.

- Family had flooded the city on their frenetic rounds to visit relatives.

(Part 12 page 79)

Flood, is a natural force as means of something that people cannot

control. Flood contains water that has flexibility to spread over to every

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place easily. “Family had flooded the city” means that as people spread

over the city, it will be full of the people.

- Her heart squeezed, and she was faint with sorrow at thought that this

afternoon Aziza would nap beside her. (Part 42 page 307)

Another metaphorical expression based on the source domain concept of

force is squeezed. As a physical attribute, squeezed becomes metaphorical

when heart becomes the signifier. The Heart as the center of emotion

automatically expresses the expression of squeezed as something which is

suffering or distressed.

4.1.1.10. The Conceptual Metaphor of Movement and Direction

This conceptual metaphor relies on the movement and direction. The

changes of movement and direction expressed in the metaphor can be found in

the novel such as battering, falling, falling over, falling apart and looking down.

- Her heart was battering with excitement (Part 5 page 30)

Movement and direction implies the change of location. Based on the

human experience, it can be stationary (as in the case of shaking).

Battering is known as striking repeatedly; this kind of movement shows

the change of location which can be up and down, left and right or even

forward and backward. Metaphorically, if “the heart was battering” then

it indicates emotion of the target domain. In the text the emotion is

happiness.

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- “You have a suitor, “Khadija said. Mariam’s stomach fell. “A what?” she

said through suddenly numb lips. (Part 7 page 46).

Fell defines as moving downward and lower,” stomach fell” represents

the emotion of being sad as the abstract system of conceptual metaphor

refers to the downward movement. The target domain will be emotion

(sad is down). This metaphorical expression used by the writer in

explaining the situation when Mariam were mourning after her mother

passed away and feeling rejected by her father. She had been having a

hard time lately and now she has a suitor.

- A silence fell over the room. (Part 7 page 49).

As well as the metaphorical expression above, fell over replicated the

target domain of emotion specifically sad is down. In text, this situation

occurs when they people in the room is receiving the news that one of

their relatives has passed away. The emotion of being sad is shown by the

word “a silence fell over” as they cannot say anything but express their

grief in silence.

- She was glad for the burqa, glad that Aziza could not see how she was

falling apart inside it. (Part 42 page 308)

Falling apart means becoming separated into pieces or fragments in the

target domain; it refers to the emotion as being sad is down. In the text

Laila tries to cover her sadness with her burqa as it could be shown on the

expression of her face.

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- “What is there to learn?” she snapped toward Mariam. Mariam looked

down at her hands (Part 3 Page 18)

Downward movement represented by the word looked down implies the

emotion of the target domain (sad is down); it is performed by Laila when

her mother questioning her with under estimate expression.

4.1.2 Target Domain

The conceptual domain from the target domain is broken down into

another complex system. There are conceptual metaphor found in the novel, they

are: emotion, society/nation, time, life and death, and religion.

4.1.2.1 The Conceptual Metaphor of Emotion

Emotion is the major conceptual metaphor that occurs in the novel. The

interesting part is the point of view in seeing emotion which is not only

represented through the expression of emotion but also through other entities of

emotion such as the body as the container of emotion. Therefore, two of

conceptual metaphors of emotion are analyzed below to enrich the type of

conceptual metaphor that has been discussed in this thesis.

- Which she imagined as painful acts of perversity that filled her with dread

and made her break out in a sweat. (Part 7 page 49).

Emotions are commonly said to be private and heavily dependent on

experiences being inaccessible to others. Filled expresses the full of

emotion (dread) that lives inside. This word expresses the container

(human body is full of “painful acts of perversity”) that will lead to dread

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feeling. The complex system this conceptual metaphor is referring to body

is a container of emotional states.

- She could barely contain her own happiness. (Part 26 page 183)

Contain means as being able to hold something. In the abstract system of

conceptual metaphor, happiness is considered having positive energy;

therefore, it should be up which is opposite to sad (sad is down). By this

context, contain is referring to the body as container of the emotional

states (happiness).

4.1.2.2 The Conceptual Metaphor of Society/Nation

Through the data found in the novel, there is one conceptual metaphor of

society and nation; they are Malika and Dehati. This kind of metaphor occurred

as the expression of the hierarchy system within a community.

- “You may be the palace malika and me a dehati, but I won’t take orders

from you. You can complain to him and he can slit my throat, but I won’t

do it. “(Part 31 page 219).

The target domain of society is being understood in the complex system

of social activity or hierarchy. Malika and dehati are Arabic terms,

meaning queen and servant. Here in the text the social hierarchy of

malika and dehati are described to emphasize the meaning of control.

Malika is the one who should control dehati and dehati should obey

whatever is ordered by Malika. Laila is treated as a queen in the house

while Mariam is treated as a dehati.

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4.1.2.3 The Conceptual Metaphor of Time

There are four conceptual metaphors of time found in the data. Those can

be comprised into two categories, time is money and time is motion. Time is

money is being analyzed through the metaphor spent while time is motion

represented by the metaphor came in, dragged and crawl.

- Tariq spent seven years in the Pakistani prison (Part 44 page 330)

Several verbs used in this conceptual metaphor (Time is Money) are

spend, invest, budget, profitable, cost and buy. Time has been claimed as

a commodity, where work is typically associated with the time as it is

usual to pay people by hour, week, month or year.

- Ramadan came in the fall that year,1974. (Part 12 page 77)

Time is understood in terms of its basic elements: physical object,

location, and motion (Kovecses, 2010:37). Came in determined by the

complex system of time is motion; the corresponding simple metaphor is

time passing which is motion of an object. It explains that the observer is

fixed and time is an object moving with respect to the observer. Time is

oriented towards its fronts in direction of motion.

- She remembered all too well how time had dragged without him

(Part 21 page 150)

As part of the complex system time, motion, being dragged is different

from the motion concept as previously analyzed using the term came in.

Being dragged can be formulated in a simple metaphor as time passing is

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an observer’s motion over a landscape. It states that times are fixed

locations and the observer is moving with respect to time.

- It was with the sun’s westward crawl that Mariam’s anxiety really

ratcheted up. (Part 10 page 62).

Apart from being dragged, crawl corresponds to the simple metaphor as

time passing is an observer’s motion over a landscape. Time is fixed

location as the sun has to set in the west, the observer is moving with

respect to time by crawl.

4.1.2.4 The Conceptual Metaphor of Life and Death

There are three conceptual metaphors that related to the concept of life

and death. The first is fought, it represents the entity of the way what people do in

their lives, and how they survive. The other two are rest in peace and I’m gone,

both represent the idea of life and death.

- All I remember is, doctors huddled around the bed, calling for this and

that, alarms beeping, syringes all over the ground.“In the morning, the bed

was empty. I asked a nurse. She said he fought valiantly. “

(Part 28 page 203)

Fought, metaphorically represents the concept of complex system that

Life is Battle. In battle, fighting against enemy, but in this text fighting

against the wound that Tariq has. Hence, this expression highlights the

conflict of life and death.

- At last , she could end her vigils, and her sons could rest in peace

(Part 23 page 158)

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Life is a journey as a complex system is a conventional metaphor for

birth, death and experience in between including ideas of travelling and

movement. In the text, death is not described as the end of a journey but

the stage of taking rest during the journey so that it is represented by the

words rest in peace.

- I’m all you have in this world, Mariam, and when I’m gone you’ll have

nothing. (Part 5 Page 27)

Gone in the text refers to death; however, as it is the complex system of

life is journey. The word gone is associated with the concept experience

of travelling.

4.1.2.5 The Conceptual Metaphor of Religion

In the conceptual metaphor of religion, the metaphor expression relies on

the concept of the creator and creation, and their relation. There are two

conceptual metaphors found in the novel, they are punishment reflecting the

relation between the creator and the creation. Mighty, the Great forgiver

represents the characteristic of the creator.

- Now she was the one sitting on the chair. Was this her penalty, then her

punishment for being aloof to her own mother’s suffering

(Part 28 page 204)

The complex system of the above conceptual metaphor is the relationship

with God. The background religion of this story is Moslem. Moslem

knows the concept that God will give reward every kindness performed

by His believer and punishment for the people who disobey His

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command. As in the story, Laila is “being aloof to her mother suffering”

when her brother has passed away as shahid, someone who fights to

defend his believes. This action affects Laila so that she thinks that God

should punish her because of that.

- He is the Mighty, the Great forgiver. (Part 47 page 361)

The view of God is conceptualized into the Mighty who represents the

great power He has. While the Great Forgiver is also conceptualized that

He will forgive any mistake and sin if only His believers want to ask for

forgiveness.

4.2 The Ways of Translating Metaphors

Identification of ways of translation metaphor below is based on the

theory from Larson (1996). From five ways proposed by Larson, only four ways

that can be identified from the data found in the novel. They are; keeping the

Metaphor language if only the receptor language permits, Substitute the same

meaning of the metaphor by finding out equivalence translation on the receptor

language, keeping the metaphor and explain the meaning and translate the

meaning of metaphor without keeping the metaphorical imagery.

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4.2.1 Keeping The Metaphor Language

The metaphor is obtained from the following sentence.

SL TL

1. “Tell her she is the noor of my eyes and the Sultan of my heart.” (Part 46 page 350)

“Katakan padanya bahwa dia adalah noor di mataku dan sultan di hatiku.” (Part 46 page 442)

The translator applied the technique of keeping the metaphorical

expression of SL when it was translated into the TL. This way is acceptable as

the natural meaning of this metaphor expression can be understood in the

receptor language. In TL, Noor is a borrowing word from Arabic language

which is spelled as nur meaning as cahaya or light. As well as noor, the word

sultan is recognized in the receptor language. Sultan means as the king of Islamic

kingdom. In some areas in TL the concept of sultan existed. Eyes and heart as the

conceptual metaphor of human body, is a universal concept that can be

understood in the receptor language. Both are played in the concept of the

function of the human body part.

SL TL

2. On the evening the toothless lizard comes to ask for your hand. (Part 16 page 113)

Pada malam ketika kadal ompong itu datang untuk melamarmu. (Part 16 page 145)

As previously discussed above in the section of conceptual metaphor,

Lizard behavior is often associated with human characters especially male

characters. Toothless shows the lack of necessary force for effectiveness and it

makes the male have no power on his entities. In the TL, it is translated literally

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into kadal ompong. The existing of kadal as an animal for all over the world has

the same character. This kind of character also exists in TL. Therefore the similar

concept of metaphor is acceptable in TL as the concept of this conceptual

metaphor also known in TL.

SL TL

3. That’s the kind of brave young men your brothers were, Laila, that Commander Massoud himself, the Lion of Panjshir, God bless him, would oversee their burial (Part 20 page 140)

Kedua abangmu adalah pemuda yang gagah berani, Laila, Itulah yang dikatakan Komandan Massoud, sang Singa Panjshir, semoga Tuhan memberkatinya, yang mengawasi pemakaman mereka (Part 20 Page 178)

The Lion of Panjshir translated into sang Singa Panjshir. The concept of

animal, lion or in the TL known as singa is acceptable for the TL reader. In terms

of the characters of the animal both language have the same idea regarding the

courage and leadership. In many fables in TL singa is known as the king in the

jungle.

SL TL

4. “You see, I knew your mother before you were born, when she was a little girl and I tell you that she was unhappy then. The seed for what she did was planted long ago, I’m afraid (Part 6 page 43)

“Kau tahu, aku telah mengenal ibumu sejak kau belum ada, ketika dia masih menjadi seorang gadis kecil, dan aku bisa mengatakan kepadamu bahwa ketika itupun dia sudah tidak bahagia. Bibit dari apa yang ia lakukan sekarang telah tertanam sejak lama (Part 6 page 63)

The concept of seed is a mature fertilized plant ovule consisting of an

embryo and its food source and having a protective coat or testa. The material of

seed can be as kernel, small plants, a part of plant, and powder of plant. Seed is

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the first stage of a growing plant process. The same concept of the material of

seed and the stage of growing plant process also occurred in the concept of bibit

in TL. Seed is lexically translated into bibit, fortunately the word bibit is the

metaphor expression that often be used in daily conversation in TL to express the

same sense as seed has.

SL TL

5. When the hands finally showed eleven-thirty, Mariam pocketed the eleven pebbles and went outside (Part 5 page 29)

Ketika jarum jam akhirnya menunjukkan pukul setengah dua belas , Mariam mengantungi sebelas kerikilnya dan kembali ke luar (Part 5 page 46)

Hands. As part of human body has many functions. By the context, the

concept of hands relies on the habitual of wearing watch. Watch is worn by

people on hand therefore this concept based on human experience in SL language

when they say the hands finally showed eleven-thirty means the time on watch

showed eleven-thirty. Meanwhile, in TL it is translated into Jarum jam as time

determiner. Jarum jam is not specifically referred to watch but the component of

watch. The concept of time in TL is associated with the word Jam or in the SL

usually called as clock it can be watch or clock. Jarum jam become the

metaphorical expression and TL and acceptable to the concept of time that

mentioned in SL.

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SL TL

6. They would help them with money and food for a while, until they could get on their feet (Part 21 page 148)

Mereka akan mendapatkan bantuan uang dan makanan selama beberapa waktu, sebelum dapat berdiri sendiri. (Part 21 page 187)

Feet integrate into the rest of human body. The feet are initially mobile to

ultimately give us the stability that we need to move. When it is stable, it

becomes a rigid lever and facilities and unloading the kinetic chain. Feet should

be flexible and mobile or stable in the right time. The metaphor expression of

Berdiri sendiri in TL means being independent in the concept of thought and

attitude without any intervention and it is not determined by other parties.

SL is using feet to underline the concept of stability by the function of

feet, while in TL the word berdiri sendiri underlined the concept of

independence. Being independent means being free from control or influence of

another or others while stable means the quality of being enduring and free from

change or variation. However, difference did not change the sense of the context

situation. Therefore the translation is considered acceptable in TL.

SL TL

7. The parchment on which Mammy meant to ink their legend (Part 20 page 140)

Perkamen yang digunakan Mammy untuk menggoreskan tinta legenda mereka (Part 20 page 178)

To ink in SL means writing, as ink concept in SL known as a liquid use

for writing. The SL is using ink as the material for pen, a tool for writing to

emphasize the sense of metaphor. The concept of ink which is in TL translated

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into tinta is known as well. Due to tinta in TL did not automatically transfer the

sense of writing; therefore the translator is adding the word menggoreskan to

convey the meaning of writing. Therefore, the sense of metaphor is well

transferred to the respective TL reader.

SL TL

8. “Najibullah is the Soviet’s puppet president.”(Part 21 page 150)

“Najibullah sama saja dengan boneka Presiden Soviet.” (Part 21 page 191)

The concept of puppet in TL is a small figure of a person operated from

above with strings by a puppeteer. The sense of metaphor directly pointed

Najibullah as the puppet and Soviet president is the puppeteer. In TL, the concept

of puppet is unknown. TL reader familiar with the word boneka or in SL it is

called doll. Boneka in TL means as a figure with hollow head of a person or

animal and a cloth body. It is intended to fit over the hand and be manipulated

with the fingers. As the puppet concept does not exist in TL, therefore the

translator is using boneka which has close meaning to puppet to preserve the

sense of metaphor.

SL TL

9. She remembered all too well how time had dragged without him (Part 21 page 150)

Dia masih bisa merasakan bagaimana waktu merayap dengan amat sangat lambat tanpa adanya Tariq (Part 21 page 190)

Dragged here metaphorically means move slowly just like walking

without lifting the feet. This slow motion or performance determined the period

of time. In the TL, merayap means as move slowly just like walking with foot

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and hand rest on the ground. The similar concept of dragged and merayap is on

the slow motion and less effort of walking. This similarity considers the

translation is acceptable in the TL reader since the sense of moving slowly within

period of time is preserved.

SL TL

10. At last , she could end her vigils, and her sons could rest in peace (Part 23 page 158)

Akhirnya dia dapat mengakhiri tirakatnya , dan kedua anak laki-lakinya akan beristirahat dalam kedamaian (Part 23 page 200)

The concept of Rest in peace in SL came from the belief that death is

period of a pause for relaxation from the life on earth. This kind of concept is also

known in the TL reader. Therefore when it is being translated into beristirahat

dalam kedamaian, the sense of metaphor is preserved since the context is

equivalent between TL and SL.

4.2.2 Translate the metaphor into simile form

If a metaphor is a figure of speech that uses one thing to mean another and

makes a comparison between the two and the key words here are one thing

to mean another. A simile compares two different things in order to create a new

meaning. In this case, it is explicitly aware that a comparison is being made due

to the use of “like” or “as”. Through the data, there only one of metaphor is being

translated into simile form as follows:

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SL TL

His patience with Zalmai was a well that ran deep and never dried (Part 40 page 289)

Kesabaran rasheed pada Zalmai bagaikan sumur dalam yang tak pernah mengering (Part 40 page 362)

Well in SL known as a deep hole or shaft dug or drilled to obtain water or

oil or gas or brine. Metaphorically, by the context, the patience is being

compared to the well that ran deep and never dried. In TL the sense of metaphor

as comparison is preserved by transferring the form of metaphor into simile form

by adding the word bagaikan. Bagaikan if it is translated into SL it means “like”,

one of the criteria in simile form.

4.2.3 Substitute the Same Meaning of the Metaphor

In the novel, there are eight data found to describe the way of translation

metaphor.

SL TL

1. “Well, no one’s come to ask for my hand” (Part 16 page 113)

“Tidak akan ada yang datang untuk melamarku” (Part 16 page 144)

Ask for my hand could be associated in many ideas based on its

function, to grab something or to do something (to help). In this context, it

is emotionally bound in a relationship as we can find people holding

hands to show the intimate relationship. Therefore, ask for my hand

metaphorically could mean asking for companion. In TL reader, the

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concept of asking for companion especially in Moslem culture should be

started with proposal. In TL proposal or called as melamar is the first

stage before a couple want to get married. By the similar concept, the

translation is acceptable in TL reader.

SL TL

2. The flock of women and children who were headed the same way. (Part 10 page 64)

Sekelompok wanita dan anak-anak yang sedang menuju tempat yang sama. (Part 10 page 88)

In SL, the metaphor headed is familiar word means travel in front of;

go in advance of others, or determine the direction of traveling. While in TL the

kind of metaphor headed is unknown. Therefore, when the translator translated it

into menuju, the meaning of direction of travelling is being conveyed.

SL TL

3. Her heart was battering with excitement (Part 5 page 30)

1. Jantungnya berdegup kencang seiring rasa senang yang menggelegak di dalam dirinya. (Part 5 page 48)

Battering in SL means the act of subjecting to strong attack; it could be

strike violently and repeatedly. When the text says her heart was battering means

the heart is beating very fast. In TL, berdegup means beating, and this word is

well associated with the heart beat. The translator transferred the meaning of

battering into berdegup and the sense of fast is being expressed by adding the

word kencang which in SL means very fast.

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SL TL

4. A silence fell over the room. (Part 7 page 49)

Kesunyian menyelimuti ruangan. (Part 7 page 69)

The concept of fell over is collapse to the ground. When the text says A

silence fell over the room, means the people in the room is in silence. When it is

translated into menyelimuti which means cover in SL, the sense of fell over can

be meant as cover, so that the silence covers all over the room.

SL TL

5. Tariq spent seven years in the Pakistani prison

(Part 44 page 330)

Tariq menghuni penjara Pakistan selama bertahun-tahun Part 44 page 417

The word spent, in the context means to stay somewhere, or to do

something during a period of time. When the context says prison means the place

to stay and seven years determine the period of time. The translation of spent in

TL is menghuni. Menghuni express the meaning of staying and the translator

added the word selama bertahun-tahun to emphasize the period of time.

SL TL

6. Ramadan came in the fall that year,1974. (Part 12 page 77)

Pada tahun 1974, bulan Ramadhan tiba bertepatan dengan datangnya musim gugur. (Part 12 page 103)

The metphor came in means to arrive and if it is literally translated into

TL it will be tiba. However the sense of both came in and tiba is not limited to

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the meaning to arrive, but metaphorically it means the starting or beginning of the

month of Ramadan.

SL TL

7. All I remember is, doctors huddled around the bed, calling for this and that, alarms beeping, syringes all over the ground. “In the morning, the bed was empty. I asked a nurse. She said he fought valiantly. “ (Part 28 page 203)

Yang saya ingat hanyalah, para dokter mengerumuni ranjang, meneriakan ini dan itu, alarm berbunyi, jarum suntik berserakan. “Pagi harinya, ranjang di samping saya telah kosong, saya bertanya kepada perawat, Katanya, teman anda berjuang dengan keras.” (Part 28 page 255)

Fought is to contend in any manner; strive vigorously for or against

something. It is literally translated into berjuang. Berjuang has the same

concept with fought as both languages know this term.

SL TL

8. I’m all you have in this world, Mariam, and when I’m gone you’ll have nothing (Part 5 Page 27)

Hanya akulah yang kau miliki di dunia ini, Mariam, dan kalau aku mati, kau tak akan punya siapa-siapa lagi. (Part 5 page 44)

I’m gone in the context of SL means passed away, no longer having or

seeming to have or expecting to have life. This metaphor expression shows deep

emotion rather than simply used the word passed away. However it is translated

into mati, which is directly meant by passed away. The sense of metaphor is not

conveyed.

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4.2.4 Keep the Metaphor and Explain the Meaning

The fourth ways of translating metaphor from Larson is keeping the

metaphor expression and explain the meaning with regard the pint of similarity

and the image. There only one of metaphor expression that applied this way as

follows:

SL TL

She was glad for the burqa, glad that Aziza could not see how she was falling apart inside it. (Part 42 page 308)

Dia lega karena mengenakan burqa, lega karena Aziza tak akan dapat melihat betapa hancur hatinya. (Part 42 page 387)

Falling apart means disintegrate, collapse, broken-down into pieces. In

SL it is not clear enough what part of inside her that was falling apart. However,

metaphorically this concept directly pointed to the feeling. When it is translated

into metaphor expression hancur in TL, the meaning is acceptable. However in

TL the translator added the word hatinya, to explain which part that is broken.

Hatinya or in SL known as heart in this concept represented the abstract feeling

of what in SL called inside it. The part inside her is determined as the heart and

hancur is describing the broken down fact of the feeling.

4.2.5 Translate the Meaning of Metaphor Without Keeping the

Metaphorical Imagery

This way is a challenging ways to be identified as the metaphor

expression can be translated into another word which possible to be a non

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metaphorical expression. The challenging part is the way sense is being transfer

to the TL and can be understood. The data found in the novel as follows:

SL TL

1. A glorious new era in history of our country is a foot. (Part 15 page 100)

Sebuah era kejayaan baru Negara kami telah menanti. (Part 15 page 131)

The concept of foot in the SL relies on the function for walking, a manner

of moving; a step an initial point of or opportunity for entry. Some idioms in SL

put foot in a positive way as means of initial. For example: get (one's) feet wet

means to start a new activity or job, foot in the door means an initial point of or

opportunity for entry and best foot forward means a favorable initial impression.

As previously discussed above, foot generally mean as hope. In this context, foot

can be interpreted as get into a good situation after being in a difficult one. This

kind of concept of foot as hope is unknown in the TL. Therefore the translator

tried to emphasize the sense of hope by using the word telah menanti. Telah

menanti represent hope as this word conveys the image of promising situation.

Even foot as metaphor expression is translated into a non metaphorical

expression in TL but the sense is still preserved, so that it affected the TL reader.

SL TL

2. He seemed to take pleasure in not being welcome here, in infecting this female atmosphere with his half-grinning, masculine irreverence (Part 23 page 164)

Sepertinya dia justru senang karena berhasil mengacaukan ketenangan di tempat ini dengan tingkah selonongan dan seringaiannya. (Part 23 page 207)

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Infecting in SL convey the meaning of to affect in a contagious way to

affect so as to imbue with similar feeling. As means of imbue, infecting in this

context tend to be negative influence. The sense of negative influence is the sense

that the translator probably would like to transfer. Therefore the word choice in

TL is mengacaukan. In mengacaukan, the meaning of imbue, and effect in

contagious way is included. So that the translator translated infecting into another

non metaphorical expression but keep the sense which is to affect in negative

way.

SL TL

3. She thought of what was growing there, and happiness rushed in like a gust of wind blowing a door wide open. (Part 13 page 87)

Dia memikirkan apa yang sedang terjadi di dalam perutnya, dan kebahagiaan pun melandanya,bagaikan angin yang meniup daun pintu hingga terbuka lebar. (Part 13 page 114)

Growing is a metaphorical expression from SL, and if it is translated

literally into another metaphorical expression in TL it will be tumbuh. The

interesting part is the translator prefer the word terjadi to tumbuh, even the TL

the metaphorical such tumbuh existed. by the context growing convey the

meaning that there is something which gradually growing, something specifically

alive. While in terjadi, convey the meaning something happened in general. The

sense of there is something alive does not exist. Therefore the sense of metaphor

is not transferred by the translator.

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SL TL

4. “I won’t forget tomorrow,” mammy was saying behind her. “I promise.” “You said that yesterday.” “You don’t know, Laila.” “Know what?” Laila wheeled around to face her mother. (Part 17 page 123)

“Besok aku tidak akan lupa lagi,” kata Mammy di belakang laila. “aku janji.” “Mammy juga bilang begitu kemarin.” “Kau tidak tahu Laila.” “Tahu apa?” Laila berpaling dan menatap wajah ibunya. (Part 17 page 157)

The concept of metaphor expression of wheeled in the SL as previously

discussed compares to part of a machine or tool or machine operation system.

The circular movement of the machine becomes the main concept of this

metaphor. In TL, the concept of this metaphorical expression is unknown.

Therefore the translator tends to translated into a non metaphorical expression

berpaling dan menatap. This two words express the movement as means of

turned and looked at in the SL. Even it is translated into non metaphorical

expression this translation is acceptable in terms the concept of moving.

SL TL

5. How they made small harmless jokes at each other’s expense. (Part 18 page 128)

Dan bagaimana mereka saling melontarkan candaan. (Part 18 page 163)

In SL, expense hold of the meaning of something spent to attain a goal or

accomplish a purpose or a loss for the sake of something gained a sacrifice. It

brings the sense that there will be something in return. Something that one can

get as reimbursed. Melontarkan means release or issue something in abstract

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form specially words. In SL used metaphor expense to describe the context

situation which the people in the text are mutually reciprocated jokes. The

translator tries to emphasize the meaning of expense into melontarkan which

means just release or saying the jokes, the sense of mutually reciprocated is being

transferred by the use of word saling. The additional word explained the non

metaphorical expression so that the TL reader can get the same effect.

SL TL

6. Which she imagined as painful acts of perversity that filled her with dread and made her break out in a sweat. (Part 7 page 49)

Yang dia bayangkan sebagai penyimpangan yang menyakitkan,yang membuatnya ketakutan dan mencucurkan keringat. (Part 7 page 69)

Filled her in SL as previously discussed convey the concept body as

container for emotion. As container the sense of emotion is well understood in

SL. It showed the emotion of dread fill the body, the sense of dreadful is being

conveyed properly, as the reader can feel the emotion stated. While in TL, it is

translated into membuatnya. Membuatnya bring the idea of the effect.

Membuatnya sees the cause and effect in the same context. The cause in the

context is painful acts and the effect is dread. If only the translator would like to

preserve the concept of metaphor filled her, it could be translated into

membuatnya dipenuhi ketakutan dan mencucurkan keringat. By adding the

word dipenuhi, body as container of emotion is being conveyed. However, by

using the word membuatnya, the translation is still understandable for TL reader.

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SL TL

7. She could barely contain her own happiness (Part 26 page 183)

Dia tak mampu menekan kebahagiaannya (Part 26 age 232)

The concept of metaphor contain is a part of the concept which see body

as emotion container. The context metaphorically express that her body is be full

of happiness. It referred to the media or body as the container. If it is translated

into menekan, it referred to the way how to control the effect when body as the

container. menekan means there is something overload, therefore the act to press

it down which is menekan is appropriate to be used to avoid exploding. Even the

concept of body as the container is slightly conveyed by the word menekan, the

translation is acceptable in TL reader.

SL TL

8. It was with the sun’s westward crawl that Mariam’s anxiety really ratcheted up. (Part 10 page 62)

Seiring pergerakan matahari yang semakin ke barat, kegelisahan Mariam pun semakin memuncak. (Part 10 page 85)

Crawl as a very slow movement is meant by the metaphor crawl in the SL

context above. It is compared to the people or animal that is moving slowly by

dragging the body. While it is translated into pergerakan, a non metaphorical

expression since it means movement, the sense of slow movement is not being

adopted by the translation. There is no further explanation in the context about

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the manner of movement to transmit the metaphor meaning. If only the

translation could add more explanation such as Seiring pergerakan matahari

yang semakin lambat ke barat, the sense of metaphor can be acceptable.

4.3 The Analysis of Metaphor Translation

In this part, the English metaphor is being analyzed to the translation in

Indonesia by using Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach from Wiersbicka

which is described in exponent mapping. In general, the analysis are comprised

of two category, they are metaphor translated into metaphor and metaphor

translated into a non metaphorical expression.

4.3.1 Metaphor Translated into Metaphor Expression

This section, categorized the conceptual metaphor used in previous data

and analysis metaphor that translated into metaphor in general, so that the key

concept of exponent mapping and the translation can be analyzed deeper and as

original as possible according to the theory from Wierzbicka, 1996 specially the

use of sixty four semantic primitives.

1. Metaphor Sultan of my heart into Sultan di hatiku

Sultan of my heart is also said by Mariam as she feels of something

because she thinks Aziza has owned her love and heart accordingly, like the

Sultan who has power over the community, like the way Mariam thinks about

what she feels about Azizah. Because of this, Mariam wants to do something

if she can protect Aziza, since she does not know what she can do; therefore,

she wants someone (Laila-Aziza’s mother) to do something. Mariam thinks

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like this as she feels something bad. She feels something like this because she

thinks something like this.

The concept of Sultan also exists in the TL; therefore, when it is

translated into Sultan di hatiku, metaphorically the meaning remains the

same, by the context of emotion that occurs in the text which leads to the

same exponent mapping like Mariam thinks of something, because of this she

wants to do something if she can; however, she does not know what she can

do. She wants Laila, Aziza’s mother to do something as she thinks something

bad will happen.

2. Metaphor hands into Jarum jam

Hands are part of the human body; everybody knows hands and their

function. It can be used to carry something, point out something, and grab

something, waving and etcetera that are useful for human activity. Besides,

hands are also a place to put on and/or wear on accessories like bracelets and

watches. Therefore, when people say hands people think about those things,

the function or the things worn on them. In the text when it is followed by

eleven-thirty then it determines hands as means of time determiner. Therefore,

the exponent mapping underlines the function of hands.

In its translation, hands become jarum jam, the similar concept is

retained. Everybody in TL knows jarum jam, when people say jarum jam,

they think about something (watch). Jarum jam is part of something (watch).

When people think about it people think about time. The exponent mapping

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of jarum jam underlined on something as part of something. However, even

both metaphors emphasize different exponent mapping but they showed the

similarity as time determiner.

3. Metaphor I only have eyes for you into perhatianku hanya untukmu

I only have eyes for you can be understood in the following mapping,

Eyes is a part of human body. When people say eyes people think about the

ability in seeing. If people say see people will know what is happened. From

this concept, related to the text, a person (in the text is Tariq) says this to

Laila because Tariq has been seeing Laila for a long time as they grew up

together in the same environment. Tariq did something like this because he

feels something to Laila. If someone feels like this, the person cannot think

something else. Tariq wants Laila to know if he cannot think something else

because of Laila. Tariq thinks something good may happen if Laila knows.

When Laila knows this, Laila feels something very good. Tariq says

something like this.

Different from the SL, the translation implies another form of

component mapping with the phrase perhatianku hanya untukmu. When

people say perhatianku people think about something happened. It is

something good that was done by other people. As Tariq says this to Laila

because Tariq did something good to Laila now, as in the text both are

watching movies at the same time and it is the first time for Tariq to go to the

movie with a girl. Tariq does something like this because he feels something

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to Laila, he wants Laila to know that Tariq cannot think something else now

because of Laila. Tariq thinks that something good may happen if Laila

knows about that. When Laila knows this, Laila feels something very good.

Tariq says something like this. The difference relies on the range of time. I

only have eyes for you underlined that the situation had happened for a long

time, and it makes Tariq unable to think something else for a long time as

well. While in perhatianku hanya untukmu, the time when the situation

occurred tends to be a present time, so the emotion is not as strong as the

phrase, I only have eyes for you.

In order to underline the sense of period of time, the translation could

be is appropriate if the translation will be “hanya kau yang menyita

perhatianku”. It can be paraphrased as Tariq says this to Laila because Tariq

has been seeing Laila for a long time, as menyita conveys the process within a

period of time. Tariq does something like this because Laila feels something

to Tariq. If someone feels like this, the person cannot think something else.

Tariq wants Laila to know if Tariq cannot think something else because of

Laila. Tariq thinks something good may happen if Laila knows. When Laila

knows this, Laila feels something very good. Tariq says something like this.

The word menyita explains the process taking time, it highlighted the period

of time lost in the previous translation.

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4. Metaphor feet into berdiri sendiri

Everybody knows feet, the part of the body which physically supports

the body to stand. By the context, they would help them with money and food

for a while as a concept of assisting and supporting in a short time and

possibly after that they could get on their feet. It shows the positive effect

which means people did something good to other people so that something

good will happen after a period of time. Metaphorically, if people get on their

feet, they can move freely, independently in a certain period of time and

because of this something good will be happened to other people.

While berdiri sendiri is mapped as if people do this kind of thing, they

feel something good because they can move freely. People can do this

(Berdiri sendiri) because they want to do that, they want to do this because

they think something good will happen if they do that. From the exponent

mapping, it shows that berdiri sendiri relies on the effort of someone, the will

to do something good. The similarity of both metaphors are are relying on the

way they do everything by themselves without any support to move freely but

the concept on independence and great effort is shwed metaphorically in

berdiri sendiri. Therefore, berdiri sendiri conveyed more senses to the TL

reader.

5. Metaphor toothless lizard into kadal ompong

As mentioned above, lizard is a kind of animal that is responsive to

heat, light, food and sex. Tooth is a part of digest system of lizard used to

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grab its prey and gobble it up. By this idea, food becomes the main point

here so when people say toothless lizard, people think about a kind of animal

that has no tooth. If it happened, the lizard would not have any food to eat. If

it happened in a long time something very bad would happen because the

lizard would die. It shows that tooth is everything for lizard to survive. This

universal concept occurs in the TL as toothless lizard is translated into kadal

ompong. Kadal is kind of animal that lives in TL. When people in TL say

ompong, people think of kadal that has no teeth. If it is happened in a long

time, something very bad will happen. Kadal will die. This natural kind

concept also exists in the TL. These similarities of exponent mapping of the

translation make toothless lizard and kadal ompong can be acceptable in both

SL and TL.

6. Metaphor the Lion of Panjshir into sang Singa Panjshir

Lion is a kind of animal, in mythology and fable, lion is described as

the king of jungle due to its courage and leadership. Everyone knows lion as a

predator in jungle, when people say The Lion of Panjshir, people think of

something powerful, courage and has leadership. In the text it refers to a

person. The person that has all characteristics; therefore, the followers feel

that something good will happen as they feel safe, secure and proud as well.

This kind of natural concept also occurs in the TL when it is literally

translated into sang Singa Panjshir. People in TL knows singa, it is kind of

animal. It has power and courage to do something. It can do something good

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or bad. This animal concept and character make the exponent mapping of

both metaphors are similar. The translation become acceptable in the concept

of TL.

7. Metaphor Flourished into menumbuhkan

Flourished is part of the growing cycle of plant. To some plants, this

stage is marked by the emergence of flower; therefore, flourishing is related

to something positive. From the context of the text, when Laila says

flourished in their wombs, Laila feels something good inside her, as at that

time she is pregnant. She feels like this because she knows there is something

alive living there and keeping growing. Something is ready to go out. As

flourished is a top part of growing levels. It is a thing; a part of her and the

one she loves the most. When Laila thinks about it she feels something very

good will happen. The exponent mapping referred to something (baby) and

the top stage of growing.

Flourished is translated into menumbuhkan and the exponent mapping

as follows: when people says menumbuhkan bayi, people think about the

place where something (baby) can live. Because of this place, something can

lives there. Laila feels this kind of thing live in her womb. She feels like this

because she knows there is something growing inside her in the moment. It is

a thing that is getting bigger after period of time. When Laila thinks about it

she feels that something good will happen. The exponent mapping of

menumbuhkan relies on the place of the baby to live (womb).

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Through the exponent mapping, flourished emphasize the top level of

growing stage, while menumbuhkan involved the place and the process of

growing. Automatically, growing need more time to reach the flourished

stages. The differences could affect the TL reader as it conveys different of

sense. If the translator would like to keep the sense of flourished the

translation that could be suggested is tumbuh dan berkembang, the exponent

mapping will be: when people say this, people think about place for

something to tumbuh. People know something good will happened if

something can live longer and bigger. Laila feels something good because

inside her womb is living something. There is something that grows and will

be bigger in a period of time. It is a thing; a part of somebody. It will go out

when ready. when people think about it people know that something very

good will happen.

8. Metaphor Seed into Bibit

Everybody knows seed as a part of plant. It is a thing that needs a

place or media to grow. When people say seed people think of a kind of

something. It can be seed, small hard fruit, embryo and small plant. People can

see that when seed grows it is similar with the hosting plant. How bad or good

the plant is depends on the quality of the seed. Something good will happen if

the seed is good and something bad will happen if the seed is bad. People

know about this after they see it grows within certain of time.

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In the TL when it is translated into bibit literally, the exponent

mapping will be: it is a kind of thing; it is a part of plant. It can be seed, a

small hard fruit or small plants. If this thing is good, something good will

happen, if it is bad something bad will happen. People know something good

or something bad will happen after a period of time. The exponent mappings

of both metaphors are similar, as both concept can be describe as original as in

the SL and TL. The translation conveys the same effect on the respective

target reader.

9. Metaphor Well into sumur

As mentioned above, well is a part of building, it is kind of

underground tunnel for water supply. When people say well people think of a

place underground and water. People know that it is deep. It is very useful for

human life. If people have it something good will happen. When it is used for

a long time for people as water supply, it may be dried as the water inside will

be used up. In the text, the well here is described as something that is never

dry as the water supply is sustained. When people say this people feel

something good.

Sumur as the literal translation in the TL has exponent mapping as

follows: it is a kind of thing. If people say sumur people think somewhere

underground and water. People know that it is deep. It is useful for human

life. Something good will happen if people have it. If it is used in a long time

it will be dried and if it is happened, something very bad will happen. It

cannot be dried. When people say this people feel something good. The

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analysis of the exponent mapping above showed the similarity of both

metaphor. It make the translation clear and understandable.

10. Metaphor ink their legend into menggoreskan tinta legenda

Ink, it is a kind of liquid used for printing, writing or drawing. When

people say ink people think about writing, drawing and pen as it is associated

with the use of ink and the tools that use ink. A story about mythical or

supernatural beings or events is called Legend, as it has happened since a long

time ago. When people say Ink their legend, people will think something to

do in a long time. People did this kind of thing because they want other

people in the future know what they are doing now.

Menggoreskan is a kind of activity using tools; menggoreskan tinta is

part of writing activity. When people say menggoreskan tinta legenda, people

think something to do in a long time. People did this kind of thing in the

moment because they want other people in the future know what they are

doing now. Both metaphors have similar and simple exponent mapping for

preserving the sense of metaphor.

11. Metaphor Bulldozed into Kekuatannya melululantahkan

People think about a thing called bulldozer when somebody says the

word bulldoze. People know that it s a kind of thing. People who have ever

seen how bulldozer operates know that it is powerful because when it moves,

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it can flatten and demolish the area that it passes through. The association of

bulldoze and power is connected to what human thinks and experiences.

When it is translated into kekuatannya meluluhlantahkan, the

exponent mapping transferred as when people say kekuatannya people think

that there is a kind of thing. It is something has power because people can see

the power. Meluluhlantahkan brings the effect of power utilization that can

demolish something. People say meluluhlantahkan as people see the effect of

the power. People said kekuatannya meluluhlantahkan because people think

something powerful. People see this kind of thing that can demolish

something.

Bulldozed as metaphor is clearly mapped the thing, power and the

effect. While kekuatannya meluluhlantakkan, the mapping of a thing becomes

abstract, however the power and effect is clearly mapped. From the

comparison the translation is considered understandable as there are two

similarities found in the exponent which are power and effect. The different

could be relies to the culture as in the TL concept the metaphor of bulldozed

is unknown.

12. Metaphor Puppet into boneka

Puppet it is a kind of thing. It is something like the figure of

somebody; it is made from wood, it is small. It can be moved if somebody is

operating it. People do this thing by using certain method; in this case they

are using strings. People say like this because people feel something good

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when they play with puppet. Boneka is a kind of things. It is something like

figure or replica of person and could be figured of a thing (animal). It can be

small or big. It can be moved if somebody is operating it. People do not need

certain method to do this thing. People can use hands and fingers to play

boneka. People especially female feel something good when they play with

boneka.

By the above mapping, although it is translated literally and can be

understood in the TL, puppet underlines the figure of person, puppet size is

determined to be small as it is operated by human called puppeter, and some

puppets have strings attached. Gender issue is not shown in puppet as it can

be operated by any gender. While boneka, generally can be a figure of both

human and animal. Boneka as a toy is not limited to a small one, as some

producers could make boneka as big as the original shape, for example,

people can make an elephant boneka as big as the real elephant. There is

gender issue in terms of who can operate boneka, as a toy, boneka is played

only by female. There is no certain method to play boneka.

Through the differences of mapping, the suggested translation will be

wayang. When people in TL say Wayang people know that it is a kind of

figure that can be person or animal. It is made from leather or wood carving.

It can be played by using certain method. It has handled at the bottom for

people to play it. Any genders can play wayang and they be called dalang.

This exponent mapping of wayang describes many similarities to puppet in

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terms of material, figure, and method that using tools, no gender issue and it

has certain name for the person who play wayang or puppet.

13. Metaphor stormed out into menghambur

Stormed out with its translation menghambur can be compared

through the mapping below. Stormed out, people know storm as they have

probably seen and experienced storm. When somebody say stormed out,

people think something bad will happen because of the effect of the resultant

storm.

Storm is a kind of disaster caused by a violent weather condition with

wind and it can destroy everything that it passes through. People say stormed

out when they see somebody moving out. Because of that something bad will

happen. Sometimes people will think if this kind of thing happens, something

bad will come and they cannot do anything. It is associated with anger,

negative emotion that appears and is felt by the people around.

Menghambur brings the idea of moving outward instead of spread and

disseminate. People say this word when they see somebody moving outward

because of something. This kind of thing happens because something good or

bad has happened. It is a kind of action verb, it is done intentionally. The

difference between stormed out and menghambur is on the emotion conveyed

by being stormed out. Metaphorically, being stormed out based on the

mapping above expressed the anger of the doer, while menghambur only

expresses the action by the doer and the emotion of anger is left untranslated.

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The suggested translation could be by adding word menghambur

dengan marah. When people say marah people think of something bad has

happened. It is something that people do not like to be happened. If it is

happen, something very bad will happen. The similarity of the exponent

mapping relies on something bad that will happen and people can do anything

to prevent this situation. By adding this word, the sense of metaphorical

expression of anger can be expressed and affected the TL reader.

14. Metaphor pressed down into menyesakkan

When people say pressed down, their mind thinks about a kind of

action to push something down. In the text, when people showed this kind of

thing (pressed down) the thing (the chest) cannot move and could be hard to

breath. People cannot do anything to avoid this kind of thing. Something bad

will happen as a result. Menyesakkan means overflowing. In the text, when

people say menyesakkan dadanya means people feel something overflowing

her chest. This thing (chest) as the container has limited space so that when it

is full to overflow it causes crowd and it is going to explode, something bad

will happen later because this person cannot do anything.

Comparing pressed down and menyesakan based on the mapping

above, the meaning underlines the difference on the quantifier; pressed down

means pushing something down and making it smaller while menyesakkan

brings the sense of making it bigger or full. The similarity of both meanings is

the impact of this kind of action as both indicate that something bad will

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happen while the doer cannot do anything to avoid that. The translation is

considered accepted in TL reader’s sense.

15. Metaphor A wave of affection into Gelombang kasih sayang

Affection is a positive emotion of liking. When people say affection

people feel something because this person thought something. Sometimes,

people think that something very good happens and they want this to be

happened. The word wave represents how much the affection is described. So

the expression a wave of affection explains that people know what wave looks

like as they can see what the wave is like, people also can feel the power of

the wave. The bigger the wave, the bigger the resultant power that can pull

somebody or something to get into the wave will be.

When it is translated into gelombang kasih sayang, the same exponent

mapping is described as when people say gelombang, people see something

big, gradually bigger reach the ocean. People can feel this feeling if it is

compared to the power of kasih sayang. The mapping also plays around in the

level of feeling something good that people need to happen. The metaphor

meaning is well transfer to the TL as SL has the same concept and exponent

mapping to the TL.

16. Metaphor flooded into membanjiri

People know this kind of disaster and see how this water disaster

spread over the city, how it moves from the higher place to the lower place. It

could also happen when the water overflows. It is something that people

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cannot control. When this happens something bad will happen after that.

When it is translated into membanjiri, the meaning remains the same.

Membanjiri is known in TL, the same mappings as people know this kind of

thing, and people see how it moves. They know the cause of this thing.

People cannot control if it is happened, something bad will happen later. Both

have similar meaning but in the text flooded and membanjiri do not determine

the negative effect of flooded but express the appearance of a number of

people that cannot be controlled and come from all over the city.

17. Metaphor squeezed into nyeri,

Squeezed means something that is compressed with violence and

makes a thing out of natural shape or condition. In the text, Her heart

squeezed means there is someone who did something to a part of the body

(heart) because of this something bad happened to this thing (heart). The

person did this using a certain method straightly as the person wants this to

happen. The heart turns to be out of its natural shape. When it is translated

into nyeri the method of performing action is not conveyed.

However, nyeri describes that the heart as a part of the human body

feels something bad. People do not want this to happen because they cannot

do anything when this happens. It makes people feel something very bad.

Based on the mapping above squeezed denotes the process and the method

used to make someone feel something bad while nyeri refers to the bad

feeling and it is getting worse as the person cannot do anything so that it leads

to the very bad feeling coming after. The process is not conveyed in the

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mapping of nyeri. However the translation considered understandable as in

the context the sense of metaphor is underlined the effect not the process.

18. Metaphor battering into berdegup kencang

Battering is kind of action of subjecting to strong attack. Something

has happened. It moves forward and backward in a certain method (fast and

repeatedly). This kind of thing happens in a certain period of time. It is

happen when something good or bad happened.

Berdegup kencang consists of two words; berdegup itself shows that

something has happened. There is something inside the heart (valve). People

can see it opened and closed repeatedly in a certain method and people see it

like it is moving forward and backward. This kind of thing happens in a

certain period of time. Kencang shows the manner of this kind of action. In

battering, the fast and repeated method is clearly shown, but it does not exist

in the word berdegup. To strengthen the meaning of battering, by explaining

the method, the word kencang is added accordingly. It makes the translation

clear alongwith the sense of metaphor can be well transferred.

19. Metaphor fell into bergejolak

People say fall when they see something moving down from its place.

It is happened, because something bad has happened. People cannot do

anything if it is happen. In TL it was translated into bergejolak. Moreover,

bergejolak can be mapped; people say bergejolak when they see something

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moving up and down repeatedly. It happens in a moment. It can be happened

repeatedly. It causes something bad has happened.

If compared both the words fell and bergejolak have similar mapping

in terms of movement and the cause. Bergejolak shows more attention to the

direction, frequency and the time. The suggested translation will be “Mariam

merasakan perutnya tertekan”; it underlines the word tertekan to replace the

word bergejolak as it considers having similar meaning with fell. When

people say tertekan people can see something that is pressed down. As it is

pressed, then there is something moving down. By this idea, if the translator

would like to preserve the meaning of movement, tertekan could be one of

the options.

20. Metaphor fell over into menyelimuti

People say fell when they see something moving down from its place.

Over means on top of and covering or in some case it can be throughout an

area. Fall over, sometimes people think something which is moving down. It

is a kind of action causing something to get down. This thing touches the top

of something and covers throughout an area. Menyelimuti is the translation of

fell in the text Kesunyian menyelimuti ruangan. It is a kind of situation.

People say menyelimuti, if they do something because something happens.

People want to cover something; people do this in a certain method

(covering). The similar mapping within both metaphorical expressions is in

the term of covering something. By this exponent mapping, the meaning of

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the translation including the sense of the metaphorical expression is well

transferred.

21. Metaphor falling apart into hancur

People say falling apart they think about something fall and broken. If

it is happened they feel something bad. People do not want this thing

happened. By this text, Laila felt something to Azizah. Laila knows

something bad is happening now as she will live separately with her own

daughter. She does not want things like this to happen; she knows she cannot

do anything, she feels something bad. It makes her feel down below and

become several small pieces. She feels like this.

People say hancur when people think about something has happened;

because of this something is broken. If it is happened they know something

bad will happen. People do not want this kind of thing happened. From the

exponent mapping falling apart emphasized on the process (falling), the

condition (apart) and the effect (feel something bad happened). Hancur relies

on the abstract process (think about something has happened), the condition

(hancur) and the effect (feel something bad will happened). Through the

mapping both rely on the same exponent mapping and make the translation

equivalent and understandable.

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22. Metaphor looked down into menunduk

When people think of looked down people know that something bad

has happened. People do this thing because they think they did something

bad. By the text, Laila did this kind of thing as she thought that her mother

was mad at her. She felt something bad. She does not want this to happen.

She did it intentionally. Menunduk as the translation of looked down

expresses that Laila did this kind of thing as she thought that her mother was

mad at her. She did thing like this because she felt something bad. She did not

want this to happen. She did it intentionally. She did it this way. the

translation is acceptable in TL culture, the meaning of the word menunduk

preserves the emotion of something bad that is happening (sad).

23. Metaphor malika into malika, dehati into dehati,

In the culture that was written in SL, when people say Malika people

think of someone that has power and is superior. On the other hand, dehati is

invariably used for the persons of lower socio-economic class as “Abuse” not

as a simple reference to their rural connection. When people say Dehati,

people think of someone who has no power and becomes inferior. It makes

Malika and Dehati have opposite roles. Malika can do anything to dehati.

Malika feels something good in this kind of situation. Dehati do not want this

thing happened. Dehati cannot do anything. Dehati feel something bad in this

kind of situation. Since TL also used the same word, the mapping remain the

same, even this kind of concept do not exist in TL.

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24. Metaphor Dragged into merayap

Being dragged involves slow motion of something and as if with great

effort. It is also showing proceed for an extended period of time. When

people say being dragged, people think of something move. It moves in

certain way. It moves slowly. This kind of thing happens within a period of

time. People do this thing by walking without lifting the feet. Similar to being

dragged, when people say merayap, people think of something. They thing

something move. Something move slowly in certain way. When they think of

this, they know that merayap is moving slowly. This kind of thing happens

within a period of time.

Both has similar exponent in terms of moving slowly in a period of

time and using certain method. However, the difference is on the way of

method has been applied, dragged method of moving without lifting the feet

while merayap is moving by doing a slow mode of locomotion on hands and

knees. This difference can not affect the translation as the context underlined

the sense of slow movement not the method used. Therefore, the translation is

still understandable by the TL reader.

25. Metaphor fought into berjuang

The lexical item fought is from the form of fight, meaning making a

strenuous or labored effort. When people say fight, people think of a kind of

situation. In this situation something has happened. It is something good or

bad. People feel something good in a good situation (win). People feel

something bad in a bad situation (lose). People will do anything to be good

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(win) therefore people do something continuously and vigorously within a

period of time. Similar to the lexical item berjuang, when people say

berjuang, people think of a kind of situation. People do not want this to

happen. Something god or something bad will happen. People feel something

good in a good situation (win) people feel something bad if in bad situation

(lose). People do something continuously and vigorously within a period of

time. Both metaphors strengthen the meaning of a good effort that has been

done within a period of time. The translation is acceptable in TL concept and

reader’s sense.

26. Metaphor rest in peace into beristirahat dalam kedamaian

Rest as a pause for relaxation, has extended meaning if it is added and

became rest in peace. Some people know rest in peace, when they say rest in

peace, they think of something good and bad in the same time. This thing can

be a good thing when people think that in rest people have some relaxation

since life after death is not as complicated as life prior to death. This thing

could be bad if people feel something missing because somebody is already

dead. The word peace shows that something good will happen anyway. It

will bring the peace for the people who die and people who are left behind.

Rest in peace was literally translated into beristirahat dalam

kedamaian. Beristirahat has similar exponent mapping to rest as both

conveyed the meaning pause of relaxation. Dalam kedamaian also bring the

similar exponent mapping of showing something good has happened. The

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translation is understandable in TL as the culture of TL is known this kind of

metaphor.

27. Metaphor Punishment into hukuman

Punishment for someone is made to do to compensate for a

wrongdoing, especially for crime; the act of punishing. When people say

punishment, people think of something that has happened because this thing

is a bad thing. People know that if people do a bad thing they can have this

kind of thing. If this thing happens they think that something very bad will

happen after. The translation is hukuman. When people say hukuman, people

think of something that has happened because this thing is a bad thing. People

know that if people do a bad thing they can have this kind of thing. If this

thing happens they think that something very bad will happen after. This

similar concept of mapping leads to the similar metaphor meaning and sense.

It makes the translation in TL clear and understandable.

28. Metaphor Mighty, the Great forgiver into Mahaperkasa lagi Maha

pengampun

Mighty is having or showing great strength or force or intensity.

People say mighty because they think of something that has very big power.

When people think like this, they feel nothing; they can do because they are

powerless. When people say The Great forgiver, people think of something. It

is a very big thing. People feel that something very good has happened

because of this thing. People like to hear this thing.

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People say Mahaperkasa, because they think of something that has

very big power. When people think like this, they feel nothing; they can do

because they are powerless. When people say Maha pengampun, people think

of something. It is a very big thing. People feel that something very good has

happened because of this thing. People like to hear this thing.

By the mapping above, the similar exponent mapping of Mighty as

super power that related to the exponent mapping of Mahaperkasa. The same

exponent mapping is also mapped in the metaphor The Great forgiver and

Maha Pengampun. This concept are applied in both SL and TL, and it makes

the translation is being understood by the TL reader.

4.3.2 Metaphor Translated into Non-Metaphorical Expression

This part analyzed the metaphor which was translated into non-

metaphorical metaphor in general, there are about eleven data that showed this

kind of translation.

1. Metaphor Headed into Menuju

Everyone knows that head is part of the body. Everyone knows that

head is a place where the brain is located. In that time, if people think of

something, it controls what they do later. The way the brain controls the

direction, movement or people’s activity is attached to the concept of head.

The people want to move because they think of something. They know that

the people around them do the same thing (the flock of women and children).

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Therefore, headed is associated with the brain activity to direct people to

move from one place to another that they know (the same way).

Menuju, it is kind of activity of someone to move to a place. By this

context, it happens as the people think (brain activity) that they want to do it

because they know people do it the same way. They do it intentionally and

they move to one direction that they know (tempat yang sama).

The exponent mapping of headed and menuju relies on the similar

concept that they want to move because they think of something. They know

people around them do the same thing. They moved to a place, they do

something like this because they want this to happen. By this analysis both

headed and menuju are equivalent.

2. Metaphor shoulder into menanggung

The component mapping of the shoulder is based on the text that is is

a part of the human body as the place to carry on something. It explains the

heaviness of a thing, and it considers the use of the shoulder as metaphorical

meaning will be negative as it can be something bad has happened at that

moment. By the text, Laila feels something bad now. She does not want this

to happen. She does not know what she can do to avoid this situation, because

it happens in a long time. When the shoulder is translated into menanggung

the negative effect is being transferred as menanggung means that Laila feels

something bad and it has happened now, because she does not know what to

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do as it happened a long time ago. She carried the burden on her shoulder for

a long time.

The similarity of exponent mapping of both words is relying on the

negative effect that has happened within a period of time. Even shoulder is

being translated into a non-metaphorical imagery the similar concept is

described and makes the translation understandable.

3. Metaphor foot into telah menanti

People know foot as part of the human body, foot is used to make a

step or move the body from one place to another within a period of time. If

people say foot they think that it functions to make a move, because it can

move the body from one place to another that happens in certain time. When

people say New era in history people think that there should be the old era

before. The change of old era becoming new era shows the process or time

movement. This concept is similar to the body movement concept. When

people say telah menanti people think that something has happened; it means

the process or the time movement has passed. People feel something good

will happen. Foot and telah menanti has different exponent meaning,

however, the context strengthened the concept of foot and make the

translation can be mapped properly.

4. Metaphor infecting into mengacaukan

Infecting is kind of way in which something bad interferes something

good and may possibly change something good into bad. People do not want

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this to happen because they think if this happened in a long time, something

very bad may have happened. Because of that, people would do something to

avoid this. In the text, the attendance of Tariq amongst the girls is considered

a kind of way in which something bad happened for a moment. The girls do

not want this to happen because if it happened in a long time, the girls could

not have done their work properly; therefore, the girls do something to avoid

this by sending him out of the room.

Mengacaukan in the TL is a way of changing something good into

bad. When people say mengacaukan, people think that something bad will

happen and people do not want this to happen in a long time because

something very bad may happen. The idea of infecting and mengacaukan

based on this exponent mapping is considered similar. Although infecting

reflected the way of how something bad has happened, and it is not reflected

in mengacaukan. However mengacaukan underlined the similar concept of

something turn to bad. If the sense of metaphor lying on the concept, the

translation is understandable.

5. Metaphor growing into terjadi

The idea of growing conveys the meaning of something alive that

grows. When people say growing, people see something gradually bigger, it

is like a baby inside the mother’s womb; keeping growing from time to time.

Because of that people feel something good. Therefore, people say something

like that, as growing is considered a positive thing.

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Growing in the TL was translated into terjadi. In the TL, People say

terjadi because people feel something. The reason why people feel something

it is not clearly conveyed by the word terjadi. It can be something good has

happened or something bad has happened. Terjadi only mapped the exponent

of the situation that has happened while the sense of something alive, period

of time and the feeling is not conveyed. The difference of exponent mapping

affects the TL in understanding the metaphor. The suggested translation is

keeping the metaphor expression by translated into tumbuh. the exponent

mapping of tumbuh reflect the entities of something alive live inside the

womb, it is a kind of thing that gradually bigger. something good will happen

within a period of time.

6. Metaphor wheeled into berpaling dan menatap

When people say wheeled, people will think about wheel, people can

see how it works and moves. By this idea, when the text said” Laila wheeled

around to face her mother”, people think that Laila is moving her head back

to see her mother which is standing behind her and see her mother’s face. It

happens because her mother said something to her. At the same time when

people say berpaling means somebody is turned her head back because

something has happened behind. People say Menatap people know that it

means as seeing. The mapping of wheeled underlined the movement and the

ability to see. Berpaling and menatap underlined the same exponent mapping

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and it conveyed the sense of the metaphor wheeled, therefore the translation

consider understandable.

7. Metaphor expense into melontarkan

Apart from expense as mentioned above is the amount paid for goods,

it could also be said as money spent, both definitions reduce the estimate

value of something; therefore, when people say expense people think

something that is reduced because of that people should have something in

return. People say melontarkan because people think of something. People

do this thing intentionally to have feedback from the hearer. Here, in the

context expense has correlation with the word melontarkan as a means of

giving something out while the concept expecting something in return is not

conveyed in the word melontarkan.

However, the translator add the word saling with following mapping,

people do something like this. People did kind like this because they know

something good will happen to them. The concept of expecting something in

return is clearly show through the mapping. By adding the word saling the

metaphor expression become clear and understandable in TL.

8. Metaphor filled her into membuatnya

The lexicon filled is taking up all the available space. People say filled

when they want to move something into some place. This kind of thing is

done repeatedly until the place is full. When people feel like this something

bad will happen. The exponent mapping of membuatnya is expressed by

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people when they want to do something, because of this something bad will

happened. The entities of moving and process in filling a certain place are not

conveyed by the word membuatnya. The difference of the exponent mapping

make the TL reader can not feel the same effect as the word feel.

The suggested translation probably will be tubuhnya dipenuhi with

following mapping; there is something that move and take place inside the

body. This kind of thing is done repeatedly until the place is full. When

people feel like this something bad will happen. The similar exponent

mapping is conveyed the sense of metaphor. The translation will affect the TL

reader.

9. Metaphor contain into menekan

Contain as lexicon means having within; she could barely contain her

own happiness brings the idea that she thinks of something, because of this,

she feels something inside her. She has much of this kind of thing. She wants

a bigger place to have this feeling in. She wants this to happen. Menekan

expresses that she thought something; because of this, she feels something

inside her. She has much of this thing. She does not want this to happen. She

knows she can do something.

The mapping shows different concept between contain and menekan.

Contain relies that something that cannot be controlled, if it has limit it is

going to overload. While menekan, refer to the process of controlling

something into the limit. Feeling is kind of abstract thing that has no limit,

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therefore when the translation of contain is menekan the sense of metaphor

cannot be conveyed properly. The suggested translation that probably used in

this case to convey the sense is menampung kebahagiaan. People say

menampung when they think something that could be filled of something.

People feel something inside. People will need something bigger if the fill is

overload. People want this thing happened.

10. Metaphor spent into menghuni

Spent explains the mapping that Tariq did something; because of this,

something happened to Tariq. Tariq did not want this to happen. Tariq knows

that he cannot do anything to avoid this kind of situation. He did it in a long

time. Comparing to menghuni, if people say menghuni, people think of

something. Tariq lives in a kind of place. People know that this place is for

somebody who did something bad. Tariq did something bad. He lived at this

place for a long time. People say things like this. By the mapping above,

spent conveys the meaning of something bad done by Tariq, and he has to

redeem it in a long period of time, he cannot do anything accordingly. While

menghuni explains about the place where Tariq lives after he does something

bad.

Another suggestion is the translated equivalent should be

menghabiskan instead of menghuni. Here, if people say mengabiskan people

know that Taris did something, because of that something happened to Tariq.

Tariq did not want this to happen. Tariq knows that he cannot do anything to

avoid this kind of situation. He did it in a long time. The word menghabiskan

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refers to the process and time consuming as the impact of something bad done

by Tariq as well as the word spent. If the text strengthens the time spent by

Tariq then the adequate translation should be menghabiskan. However, if the

text is focused on the place where Tariq lives for the period of time then the

word menghuni is enough.

11. Metaphor crawl into pergerakan

The lexical item crawl means moving slowly; in the case of people or

animals, the body is near the ground. When people say crawling people think

of something. This kind of thing is moving slowly. The part of the body of

this thing is near the ground. When people say pergerakan, they think of

something. This kind of thing is moving. When crawl is translated into

pergerakan, the meaning only relies on the similar concept of movement.

However, the word crawling describes the method of how the movement is

performed. This entity is not conveyed by the word pergerakan as this word

is limited to describing the movement while the manner or method of

movement (slowly) is distorted.

The suggested translation is the metaphor crawl is translated into

metaphor expression that known in TL such as merangkak. When people say

merangkak, people think of something is moving. This kind of thing is

moving slowly. The part of the body of this thing is near the ground. The

similar exponent mapping is clearly described and the sense of metaphor is

well transferred to the TL.

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12. Metaphor I’m gone into mati

Gone can be defined as moving away from a place into another

direction. When people say gone, people think of something, because people

feel something bad, if hearing this thing. When people think of this thing,

people think that somebody is moving from one place to another place. This

thing can happen when somebody dies because if somebody is already dead,

the person will move from the place where she lives now to another place

forever.

The lexical item mati as the translation of gone is considered a

journey. When people say mati people think of something, because people

will feel something bad if hearing this thing. When people think of this thing,

people think that somebody is moving from one place to another place

because if somebody is dead the person will move from the place where she

lives now to another place forever. The translation of the metaphor is

acceptable since the exponent mapping conveyed the same idea of moving

and the effect of moving.

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Based on the data analysis in the previous chapter, the conclusions are

drawn out from the types of metaphor, translation techniques and the analysis of

metaphor translation.

The data showed that the conceptual metaphor can be categorized into

source domain and target domain. The source domain is furthermore identified

into the conceptual metaphor of human body, health and illness, animals, plants,

building and construction, machines and tools, games and sport, money and

economic transaction, heat and cold, forces and the last one is movement and

direction. While in the target domain, the metaphors that can be found in the data

are emotion, society/nation, time, life and death and religion. From thirteen

classifications of the conceptual metaphor from the source domain, this study

found eleven types of conceptual metaphors from the source domain and it is

replicated into nine out of thirteen types of target domain.

In regard to the five ways of translating metaphor, all metaphor data if it

is translated into metaphor, the translation are understandable as the sense of

metaphor is preserved. If the translation is changing the form into simile form

the metaphor meaning is acceptable as long as the translation has similar concept

in TL. The translation in way of substitute the same meaning of the metaphor by

finding out equivalence translation on the receptor language depended on the

word choice of the translator. In some cases, the existing word should be added

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another word to explain the metaphor meaning. It leads to the way of translating

metaphor by keeping the metaphor and explain the meaning especially the topic

and the point of similarity. This way of translation makes the metaphor

expression is understandable and clearly described. The sense of metaphor is well

transferred to the TL reader. When the metaphor is translated into a non

metaphorical imagery, the translation depended on the sense that the translator

would like to focus. Some cases can be literally translated if the metaphors are

known in TL, some shall need additional explanation to convey the sense.

The analysis of metaphor translation in by using NSM approach, it is

broken down the meaning as simplest as possible and as natural as the original so

that it determined the closest equivalent of a word. From the data analysis,

metaphor data if it is translated into another metaphor expression that exist in the

TL, the translation are understandable as the sense of metaphor is preserved,

However if the metaphors are translated into non-metaphorical expression, it

depended on the context of the situation. If the translator overlooked the context

of situation the translation tend to shift.

5.2 Suggestion

Metaphor can be translated into several different meanings. However, the

use of NSM by mapping the meaning in detail made the interpretation and the

translation of metaphor become comprehensive. In some cases when the

translator would like to translate the metaphor it is suggested to keep the

metaphorical expression by finding out the same metaphorical expression in the

target language. Besides, it is understandable for the readers in TL that the

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mapping meaning remains equivalent so the meaning is not shifted and distorted.

However, if the translator would like to substitute the meaning or translate the

meaning without keeping the metaphorical imagery it is advised to consider the

word choice so it is translated into an appropriate word.

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