TUFS Semi… · Web viewMomo Lartey is a final year PhD Candidate with the Institute of African...

UP-TUFS Seminar

13th‐14th September 2018

University of Pretoria, South Africa

Plant Science Auditorium

Contents

Program of the UP-TUFS Seminar

Abstracts of the Day 1 Presentations

Abstracts of the Day 2 Presentations

Participants’ Short Biography

Campus Map, University of Pretoria

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Program

Program of the UP-TUFS Seminar

Date: 13-14 September 2018Venue: Plant Science Auditorium, Hatfield (Main) Campus,

University of Pretoria (see the Campus map)

Day 1: 13 September 2018Topic: UP and TUFS in the Context of South Africa – Japan

Relations

10:00　Registration

10:30　Opening remarks : Maxi Schoeman (UP, South Africa)

Session 1: History and Society (10:45-12:15) Chair: Mabutho Shangase (UP, South Africa)

(Each presenter makes 15 min presentation)Nisa Paleker (UP, South Africa) “Rewriting the Cinematic History of Apartheid: A ‘Post-Apartheid’ Re-

imagining”Tsutomu Tomotsune (TUFS, Japan)

“Commodifying Imperial Reign: Tokyo 2020 Olympics and Urban Redevelopment”

Shinichi Takeuchi (TUFS / IDE-JETRO, Japan) “Land and Power in Contemporary Africa: What Recent Land Reforms

Have Brought About”

12:15-13:30 Lunch

Session 2: Politics and International Relations (13:30-15:00) Chair: Nisa Paleker (UP, South Africa)

Yumi Nakayama (TUFS, Japan) “Analysis of Multilateral Migration Governance in Southern Africa”Chizuko Sato (IDE-JETRO, Japan) “Congolese Mixed Migration to South Africa and Their Livelihood

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Program

Activities”Mabutho Shangase (UP, South Africa) “State Autonomy and State Capture in South Africa: A Conceptual Critique”

15:00-15:15 BreakSession 3: Economy and Development (15:15-16:45)

Chair: Shinichi Takeuchi (TUFS/IDE-JETRO, Japan)Kazue Demachi (TUFS, Japan) “New African Debts and Procyclicality of the Macroeconomy” Kensuke Oshima (JICA, South Africa) “South Africa - JICA Partnership and Possible Collaboration with

Academia”Hiroyuki Nemoto (JETRO, South Africa) “JETRO’s Activities in Africa”

17:00- Reception offered by TUFS

Day 2: 14 September 2018Topic: Resource Management and Political Power in Rural

Africa

8:30 Registration

8:50 Opening remarks (Shinichi Takeuchi)

Session 1 (9:00-10:30) Chair: Kazu Sasaki (PIASS, Rwanda)

Horman Chitonge (UCT, South Africa) “Land Governance in Africa: The State, Traditional Authorities and

the Administration of Customary Land”Chizuko Sato (IDE-JETRO, Japan) “Contentions Surrounding Land Tenure Reform in South Africa”

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Program

Peter Narh (University of Ghana, Ghana) “Institutionalising Power for Land Conservation on Agro-plantations

in Ghana and Kenya”

10:30-10:45 Break

Session 2 (10:45-12:15) Chair: Horman Chitonge (UCT, South Africa)

Takanori Oishi (TUFS, Japan) “Impact of Trade in Forest Products During the Colonial Period upon

Forests and the Local Community: An Attempt to Integrate the Historical Ecology of an African Tropical Forest with Global History”

Ngansop Tounnkam Marlène (University of Yaounde I, Cameroon) “Identification of Main NTFPs and Related Stakeholders in Their Value

Chain in Gribe Locality of Southeastern Cameroon”Ongsabien Efombo Annie Laure (University of Yaounde I, Cameroon) “Mapping/Assessing Carbon Stocks in the Perspective of Payment for

Environmental Services for Rural Communities in East Cameroon”

12:15-13:15 Lunch

Session 3 (13:15-14:45) Chair: Lungisile Ntsebeza (UCT, South Africa)

Kazu Sasaki (PIASS, Rwanda) “Agroecological Approaches to Smallholder Agriculture in Rwanda:

Opportunities and Challenges”Gloriose Umuziranenge (PIASS, Rwanda) “Achieving Environmental Justice through Women Empowerment:

The Case of Women Handcraft Association in Kitabi Sector”Yasuo Matsunami (TUFS, Japan) “Oromo Nationalism and the “Heritagisation” in Ethiopia”

14:45-15:00 Break

Session 4 (15:00-17:30) Chair: Shinichi Takeuchi (TUFS/IDE-JETRO, Japan)

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Program

Kanton Lurimuah Tontie (University of Ghana, Ghana) “Political Conflicts and Resource Capture: Charcoal in the Ghanaian

Transition Zone”Akiyo Aminaka (IDE-JETRO, Japan) “Implementation of Land Law and Political Dynamics in Mozambique:

The State and Rural Communities under Virtual Recentralization”Michael Godet C. A. Sambo (IESE, Mozambique) “In the Name of Development: Mineral Resources Management in

Mozambique’s Remote Villages – The Case of Heavy Mineral Sands”

Carlos Uilson Muianga (IESE, Mozambique) “The Land Question and the Debates over Agrarian and Rural

Transformation in Mozambique”

Wrap up and way forward

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Day 1: 13 September 2018

Day1: 13 SeptemberUP and TUFS in the Context of South Africa – Japan Relations

【Session 1】History and Society (10:45-12:15)

Presentation 1Rewriting the Cinematic History of Apartheid: A ‘Post-Apartheid’ Re-imagining

Nisa Paleker (Department of Historical and Heritage Studies – University of Pretoria, South Africa)

AbstractFor a few years now there has been an ongoing rediscovery of the ‘black film industry’ and the film productions that were the products of this industry. Gravel Road Entertainment and its subsidiary, Gravel Road African Film Legacy Initiative is a South African company that has quietly been acquiring copyright ownership of numerous films produced in terms of the state subsidy for film production for African audiences. The discourse accompanying the purchase, digitization and sale of these films has been framed in terms of heritage and legacy, as evident also in the name of the subsidiary company. This paper problematises and interrogates the framing of heritage and legacy as it is used in this particular context, arguing that this framing is ahistorical, decontextualised and seeks to rewrite or re-vision South African cinematic history.

Keywords: black film industry, heritage, apartheid

Presentation 2Commodifying Imperial Reign: Tokyo 2020 Olympics and Urban Redevelopment

Tsutomu Tomotsune (Institute of Japan Studies – Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Japan)

AbstractThe construction of the New National Stadium for the 2020 Olympics is in progress. Its location in the Meiji Park, bearing the name of the former Emperor Meiji, involuntarily reflects the fact that all three Tokyo Olympics (including unrealized 1940 olympics) are

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conditioned by the legacies and properties involving the emperor.The contemporary Olympics are situated as sites for ‘Selling the Global Cities’

and ‘Fiestas of Competitive Power (of Global Cities).’And as an urban sociologist Phil Cohen demonstrated, the Olympics’legacy economics is performed through an auto-poietic audit culture in which exceeded costs are reciprocally justified by manipulating the accounting standard. It is worth considering that the reciprocal audit culture shares the same auto-poiesis as war. In this paper, by focusing on the urban redevelopment projects, including the redevelopment of the Meiji Park, led by Mitsui Fudosan Company, one of the two representative real estate companies in Japan, I will examine how the loyal properties have been utilized for the urban development, and how the national projects authorized through the auto-poetic audit culture, which strongly supports neoliberal economic policies.

Keywords: 2020 Tokyo Olympics, the Meiji Park, Mitsui Fudosan Company, Audit Culture

Presentation 3Land and Power in Contemporary Africa: What Recent Land Reforms Have Brought About

Shinichi Takeuchi (African Studies Centre – Tokyo University of Foreign Studies / Institute of Developing Economies – Japan External Trade Organization, Japan)

AbstractSince the 1990s, many African countries have launched land law reforms, aiming at strengthening tillers’ rights and improving land governance. With donors’ strong support, a number of new land laws and policies have been adopted. In particular, many African countries have promoted the land registration. Examining effects of the new land policies on the basis of several case studies in African countries, this paper argues they have led to two outstanding consequences. First, the new land policies have clearly promoted commercialization of land. Within a decade or two, a huge swath of lands in Africa has been enclosed by private actors. Although the main driver of this change should be attributed to other factors including a soaring demand for farm lands due to many reasons such as the rise of emergent economies as well as African macro-economic policies promoting foreign investments, it is no doubt that the land law

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reforms, in encouraging marketization of land, have pushed this change. Secondly, some countries have strengthened control over the land through the reform. Although rampant “land grabs” have been recently observed in Africa, this does not necessarily means that African authorities have lost their control over the territory.

Keywords: land law reform, commercialization, state-building, Africa

【Session 2】Politics and International Relations (13:30-15:00)

Presentation 1Analysis of Multilateral Migration Governance in Southern Africa

Yumi Nakayama (African Studies Centre – Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Japan)

AbstractThe various efforts to develop international migration governance is active since 1990s. Thus, international migration governance has become to contain global, regional, inter-regional and bilateral approach. This presentation analyses how the regional migration governance in Southern Africa has been developed.

Efforts for establishing regional migration governance would be divided into three waves. The first wave was observed around the mid 1990’s, which focuses on economic integration in particular. Although the Draft Protocol on the Free Movement and the Draft Protocol on the Facilitation of Movement was introduced in 1995 and 1997, neither of them supported by some SADC member states. The second wave was started in the early 2000’s, when the Migration Dialogue for Southern Africa (MIDSA) was established in 2000 to encourage the regional dialogue among states, which discussed various problems such as trafficking, smuggling and migrants’ health. Eventually, the Protocol on The Facilitation of Movement of Persons within SADC was signed in 2005, however, it is not in effect because of ratification problems. Finally, the third wave occurred in 2010’s, several action plans for SADC regional labour migration were adopted which included concrete measures to encourage cooperation for migrants’ health and social protection for migrants among member states.

Keywords: International migration, regional governance, SADC, MIDSA

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Presentation 2Congolese Mixed Migration to South Africa and Their Livelihood Activities

Chizuko Sato (Institute of Developing Economies – Japan External Trade Organization, Japan)

AbstractSince the early 1990s, when the apartheid regime was about to end, South Africa has become one of the more favourable destinations for migrants as well as asylum-seekers from Zaire (later known as the Democratic Republic of Congo - DRC). The persistent political instability, the two wars, and the associated economic crises of the 1990s and beyond forced or prompted many Congolese to move from where they had been living. Available statistics, while limited, indicate that the inflow of Congolese to South Africa has increased rather than decreased since the formal end of the war in the DRC. The earlier migrants from Zaire/DRC settled down in the inner city neighbourhoods of Johannesburg, and the presence of the Congolese community has been recognised since the mid-1990s. In contrast, little is known about their living spaces and livelihoods in other cities. Based on semi-structured interviews conducted in 2014, this paper explores reasons for migration by Congolese people who have left the DRC since the 2000s and have settled down in Cape Town. It also discusses what kind of living spaces they occupied in a divided city like Cape Town and their livelihood activities, in order to examine to what extent their expectations have been fulfilled.

Keywords: mixed migration, Congolese, South Africa, livelihoods, Cape Town

Presentation 3State Autonomy and State Capture in South Africa: A Conceptual Critique

Mabutho Shangase (Department of Political Sciences – University of Pretoria, South Africa)

AbstractThe decade after the African National Congress (ANC) elective conference in 2007 was marked by an acceleration of graft and corruption reporting within the social and political discourse. These incidents of mass patronage and grand corruption culminated

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in the Public Protector’s State of Capture report in 2015 following an investigation into graft and theft within the public sector and State Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Several commentators and academics added to the discourse with some reports and academic papers confirming the existence of state capture in South Africa. However the narrative of state capture in South Africa arguably countervails the dominant literature on the subject warranting a conceptual critique. In essence state capture has to be understood as an erosion and antithesis to state autonomy by putting policy-making at the centre of all claims and analysis on the subject. The core argument of this paper is that any explanation of state capture would be incomplete without a thorough interrogation and understanding of state autonomy and ideational approaches into policy making. Moreover, the relationship between state bureaucracy and public institutions has to be understood from the vantage point of policy making which is the ultimate articulation of government position on public policy.

Keywords: State Capture, State Autonomy, Policy-making, Bureaucracy, Grand Corruption.

【Session 3】Economy and Development (15:15-16:45)

Presentation 1New African Debts and Procyclicality of the Macroeconomy

Kazue Demachi (African Studies Centre – Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Japan)

AbstractMany African countries suffered from debt overhung for long years since the 1980s to 2000s. As bilateral debt cancellation scheme for the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs), followed by the Multilateral Debt Restructuring Initiative (MDRI) freed the African countries from the debt burden, they regained access to external borrowing. Using a dynamic panel consists of 36 Sub-Saharan African countries including 28 HIPCs from 2005 to 2016, the impacts of external debts on their macroeconomy, especially consumption and domestic investment are tested. The results indicate that current external debt is not fostering domestic investment. On the other hand, the data shows that the procyclical linkage of the economy with external debt is positively correlated with higher growth. While this finding suggests that current SSA external

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borrowing is contributing to stabilizing the economic growth, the dependence on external debt is risky given the changes in the international market and the chronic weakness of the SSAs in earning foreign currency.

Keywords: HIPCs, sovereign bond, debt, Procyclicality

Presentation 2South Africa - JICA Partnership and Possible Collaboration with Academia

Kensuke Oshima (Japan International Cooperation Agency, South Africa)

AbstractJICA, Japan International Cooperation Agency, is an implementation agency of Japanese official development assistance. Based on mutual understandings between African countries and Japan under the framework of TICAD, Tokyo International Conference for African Development, JICA supports Africa’s development activities in variety areas.

Since 1997, South African Government and JICA have been tackling the country’s socio and economic challenges such as younger generation’s human capacity development.

Towards seventh TICAD in 2019, JICA is proposing to enhance partnership with academia more broadly, and networking universities and research institutes between Africa and Japan. The presentation introduces past experience of collaboration between South African Government and JICA in the field of human capacity development, and further possible collaboration between South African academia and JICA.

Keywords: JICA, TICAD, human capacity development

Presentation 3JETRO’s Activities in Africa

Hiroyuki Nemoto (Japan External Trade Organization – Johannesburg, South Africa)

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AbstractJETRO’s activities can be summed up into five categories. Promoting investment by Japanese companies under ownership of Africa. Creating business opportunities in Africa for Japanese companies. Promoting cooperation between Japanese companies and third-county companies. Promoting “quality infrastructure” business by Japanese companies. Enhancing provision of business information on Africa to Japanese companies.

Keywords: Investment, business, foreign trade, Africa, Japan

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Day2: 14 September 2018Resource Management and Political Power in Rural Africa

【Session 1】9:00-10:30

Presentation 1Land Governance in Africa: The State, Traditional Authorities and the Administration of Customary Land

Horman Chitonge (University of Cape Town, South Africa)

AbstractLand is one of the basic, but critical natural resources. Most human activities take place on land and most of the valuable natural resources are found on land. Because of its important role in sustaining human life and defining communities and polities, control over land confers power and influence to those who administer land resources. It is therefore not surprising that control and management of land is often contested by various groups in society. In most African counties, traditional authorities have always been recognised as a key stakeholder in the administration of land, especially in rural areas. In this paper, I examine the contestation between traditional leaders and the state in the bid to take control over the administration of customary land. The paper draws from the current contest between traditional leaders and the Zambia government over the proposed land policy which is perceived by the traditional authorities as something that is under-mining not only their authority in rural communities, but their future as well. In this contest, while it is clear that the state, as a sovereign entity, has legal jurisdiction over all the land in Zambia, there are unresolved matters around who should be and is in control of customary land. Although legally all land in Zambia is vested in the President who holds the land in trust on behalf of the Zambian people, traditional authorities also believe that they are the custodians of customary land and hold it on behalf of their communities. In the case of Zambia, the tension between the state and traditional leaders concerning the administration of customary land exploded earlier this year, when traditional leaders storming out of a meeting meant to validate and confirm the newly drafted national land policy. In this paper, I particularly seek to illustrate the challenge of using the principle of eminent domain in the context of customary land administration in Africa.

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Keywords: Customary land, traditional authorities, state, Zambia, land governance

Presentation 2Contentions Surrounding Land Tenure Reform in South Africa

Chizuko Sato (Institute of Developing Economies – Japan External Trade Organization, Japan)

AbstractThe strengthening of rights to land by former homeland residents has been one of the important policy challenges in a democratic South Africa. The White Paper on Land Policy (1997) proposed tenure reform and the Communal Land Rights Act (CLaRA) was enacted for this purpose, but was never implemented. It remains to be seen when the new bill published recently (July 2017) will become law. This paper explores contentions surrounding land tenure reform in South Africa by examining the legal challenge posed to the CLaRA. While the court declared the CLaRA unconstitutional due to procedural reasons, it avoided any judgement on the constitutionality of its individual clauses. This paper argues that the matter of defining the boundaries of communities which would become the legal owners of land is fundamentally important in reforming the customary land tenure system. The author also raises questions about whether it is wise or practical to match these boundaries of collective community ownership with those of traditional authorities, as envisaged by the CLaRA as well as by the new bill, by referring to a case-study of land allocation and administration in a former KwaZulu homeland.

Keywords: tenure reform, South Africa, the Communal Land Rights Act (CLaRA), KwaZulu

Presentation 3Institutionalising Power for Land Conservation on Agro-plantations in Ghana and Kenya

Peter Narh (Institute of African Studies – University of Ghana, Ghana)

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AbstractLand conservation challenges in the relationship between communities and corporates in Africa are tenacious. In contributing to lasting solutions, this paper analyses the strategies farmers on agricultural plantations adopt to confront constraints in their relationships with corporates, and their outcomes for land conservation. Sugarcane production in Mumias in Kenya and Teak plantation development in Dormaa in Ghana are two cases studied. Community-corporate relations in various sectors are dominantly characterised by tensions and mistrust due to negative consequences. In attempts to address these consequences, various institutions and regulations come to play, many of them externally managed. Nonetheless, land degradation persists. It is posited in this paper that many of these institutions and regulations ironically backfire and rather contribute to persistent degradation. This happens in two main ways. First, regulatory mechanisms provide political power to corporates that lead to undue control over community land resources. Second, the mechanisms with other factors promote a dependency complex among communities that hinder land conservation, with farmers adopting strategies to survive where needs are not met. If extensively studied and understood, these strategies however, can be institutionalised as sources of sustainable political power for the conservation of land and land resources.

Keywords: Farmer strategies, power, conservation, community-corporate relations, Ghana, Kenya

【Session 2】10:45-12:15

Presentation 1Impact of Trade in Forest Products During the Colonial Period upon Forests and the Local Community: An Attempt to Integrate the Historical Ecology of an African Tropical Forest with Global History

Takanori Oishi (African Studies Centre – Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Japan)

Abstract

Keywords:

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Presentation 2Identification of Main NTFPs and Related Stakeholders in Their Value Chain in Gribe Locality of Southeastern Cameroon

Ngansop Tounnkam Marlène (University of Yaounde I, Cameroon)

AbstractAlthough viewed as low-power income product, in rural communities trade of Non-Timber Forest Products (hereafter, NTFPs) represent the major source of income for local residents who depend on it in rural communities. Their valorisation and commercialization strategies do not, however, benefit the rural collectors. This experience is centred on monitoring and quantitative recording of each NTFPs gathering in the forest by villagers. The results revealed that main products collected include: Irvingia gabonensis, Aframomum sp., Pentaclethra macrophylla; Ricinodendron heudelotii, and Afrostyrax lepidophyllus. The main stakeholders in NTFPs gathering and selling were identified as: collectors, local traders, semi-distributors intermediates, and wholesalers (Nigerian and Malian living in the village). The prices of these NTFPs had fluctuated between 0.35-1.30 USD the coumbo at rural market, however these products are generally resold between 1.73- 4.32 USD the coumbo in urban market.

The collection of NTFPs does not benefit to rural collectors, whereas they are the main contributors of NTFPs value chain. The main reason is the poor organization of collectors, low access to market information, low power in price negotiation, lack of storage and drying facilities, ambient poverty in rural areas as well as the high purchasing power of wholesalers who intervene in the current value chain. (1) The strengthening of the capacities for women on drying, conservation and processing techniques, pricing and on the principle of group sale of NTFPs; (2) the creation and empowerment of collectors organization and their networking with buyers; (3) the development of market information system and an enabling environment that facilitate market access to local collectors will improve the profitability of NTFP value chain in the area.

Keywords: NTFP, Rural collectors, value chain, profitability

Presentation 3

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Mapping/Assessing Carbon Stocks in the Perspective of Payment for Environmental Services for Rural Communities in East Cameroon

Ongsabien Efombo Annie Laure (University of Yaounde I, Cameroon)

AbstractRural Africa play an important role in the stabilization of the world’s climate. Given that greenhouse gases are emitted from different sources and places, they accumulate over time and mix globally. Climate change can then be effectively tackled if collective actions are taken at global level. Though most decisions are taken by international conservation organizations, the implimetations are done at rural levels by local and indegenous communites who direclty depend on the forest. The 1994 forest reform law through community forest projects under administrative control was created for this purpose. Here it can be seen an overlap between the new climate reforms and the previous effort of devolution of power on natural resources. Given the importance of the Mpemog community forest as a reservoir for carbon stocks, this study tries to presents the carbon storage potential towards payment for environmental services for environmental sustainability and socio-economic development. Equally, these analyses have led to raise some questions in the socio-economic context on the effectiveness of the benefit sharing mechanisms with regards to the vulnerable population and how to solve the problem of carbon leakages?

Keywords: climate change, community forestry, carbon stocks, benefit sharing

【Session 3】13 :15-14 :45

Presentation 1Agroecological Approaches to Smallholder Agriculture in Rwanda: Opportunities and Challenges

Kazu Sasaki (Protestant Institute of Arts and Social Sciences, Rwanda)

AbstractAs a highly densely populated country, Rwanda faces interrelated problems of increasing land scarcity, rural poverty and food insecurity. Over 70% of the Rwandan

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population engages in subsistence or semi-subsistence agriculture in which smallholder farmers produce diverse food crops with an average land holding of less than 0.5 ha. In 2007, the Rwandan government launched a Crop Intensification Program (CIP) as the centerpiece of its policies for transforming traditional subsistence farming into a modern, market-oriented one. The CIP has two principal thrusts: increasing agricultural productivity through the use of purchased inputs (improved seeds and chemical fertilizers) and achieving economies of scale through the production of single commercial crops on larger consolidated land plots. Ten years after the introduction of this ambitious program, the government boasts about its positive contributions to increased agricultural productivity, improved food security, and reduced poverty. However, a growing number of scholars criticize the program as a forceful imposition of a capital intensive, market-oriented approach to intensification at the expense of food security of resource-poor farmers and environmental sustainability. In this paper, I discuss the need to consider agroecological intensification—an approach to intensify agricultural production through the enhancement of ecological processes—as a viable strategy for pro-poor, environmentally sustainable intensification of smallholder agriculture in Rwanda. I also present my preliminary observations on the opportunities and challenges in the promotion of agroecological practices (such as minimal tillage, soil cover, intercropping, crop rotation, soil fertility management through organic fertilizer, agroforestry, etc.) under the current Rwandan government’s policy framework.

Keywords: Rwanda, Crop Intensification Program, smallholder agriculture, agroecological intensification

Presentation 2Achieving Environmental Justice through Women Empowerment: The Case of Women Handcraft Association in Kitabi Sector

Gloriose Umuziranenge (Protestant Institute of Arts and Social Sciences, Rwanda)

AbstractEnvironmental justice deals with the inequities perceived and experienced by diverse stakeholders as they are subjected to activities that affect their lived environments. This concept is very relevant in the context of Rwanda, especially for communities surrounding national parks. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the extent

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to which environmental justice can be achieved through women empowerment. In doing so we selected purposively Kitabi sector which presents an interesting case as it is currently among the most visited tourism zones surrounding Nyungwe National Park with many conservation initiatives. Interviews were conducted within women handcraft association composed by women who have been involved in Nyungwe destruction activities before it became a national park and today are grouped together for its protection. Our findings suggest that women cooperatives present an effective strategy to sensitize the local population to abandon activities that endangered Nyungwe fauna and flora. The strategy of the Rwanda Development Board consisted of using a small share of revenues from tourism to help women grouped in cooperatives to find alternative sources of incomes. This strategy is key to environmental justice, and can be an important policy tool to achieve at least three intertwined variants of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) gender empowerment, poverty reduction and environmental protection.

Keywords: Environmental justice, Nyungwe National Park, women empowerment

Presentation 3Oromo Nationalism and the “Heritagisation” in Ethiopia

Yasuo Matsunami (African Studies Centre – Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Japan)

AbstractGada has become the accepted name for the cyclical generation-set system in traditional Oromo societies in Ethiopia. It has been an orderly way to transmit most non-inheritable rituals and social responsibilities for the next generations. Local Gada system has developed varying organisations, but the essential principles and values have remained constant. Gada system has become one of the key words of Oromo culture, which though it cannot be given a univocal interpretation, stands for several related ideas and a whole way of life. In December 2016, the Gada system was inscribed in United Nations Education, Science and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Intangible World Heritage List. 2016 was also the year that massive protests by the Oromo and other ethnic groups resisted the government. The protests was considered as a part of resurgent of the Oromo nationalism, which has been a major potential threat to successive Ethiopian

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regimes. This presentation is intended to investigate how the “heritagisation” of Gada system relates to the movement of the Oromo nationalism.

Keywords: Ethiopia, Gada system, Oromo nationalism, UNESCO World Heritage

【Session 4】15:00-17:30

Presentation 1Political Conflicts and Resource Capture: Charcoal in the Ghanaian Transition Zone

Kanton Lurimuah Tontie (Institute of African Studies – University of Ghana, Ghana)

AbstractThis paper examines charcoal policy in Ghana and conflicts within Charcoal production communities. Policies use narratives about charcoal to blame charcoal production and the need to regulate it. All these policy narratives are underscored by political conflicts over the exercise of power, legitimacy and control of resources. This paper argues that there are four distinct types of conflicts within charcoal producing districts: 1) conflict between chiefs and local government over regulation; 2) conflicts between chiefs over exercise of power over subjects and over legitimacy; 3) conflicts between chiefs and their subjects over the allodia and use rights in land and extraction of rents; and 4) conflicts between categories of charcoal producers with different access to rights and land resources.

Keywords: charcoal policy, narratives, conflicts, regulation, chiefs

Presentation 2Implementation of Land Law and Political Dynamics in Mozambique: The State and Rural Communities under Virtual Recentralization

Akiyo Aminaka (Institute of Developing Economies – Japan External Trade Organization, Japan)

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AbstractMozambican Land Law of 1997 is highly appraised because of its recognition to the effectiveness of customary law, which was understood as decentralization at the lowest level. However, numerous cased of “land grab” were observed.

This study employs the combination of policy analysis and fieldwork. Firstly, the study makes policy analysis over the land reform and rural governance since the 1990s, with special focus on the changing status of traditional authorities into the communal authorities in order to understand political motivation of central government.Secondly, the study compares the differences in the process of implementation of the Land Law in two communities selected based on the election results. Both communities locate in the targeted area for Nacala Development Corridor in northern Mozambique but its communal authorities have different political position.

The findings are the exclusion of pro-opposition communal authority from the consultation process, and the fact that an adversarial relationship within the members of communal authorities influence the setting and process community consultation. This study provide us the better understanding on intention of the government for centralization through virtual decentralization.

Keywords: land reform, traditional authority, governance, decentralization, state-building

Presentation 3In the Name of Development: Mineral Resources Management in Mozambique’s Remote Villages – The Case of Heavy Mineral Sands

Michael Godet C. A. Sambo (Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Económicos, Mozambique)

AbstractAfter around 10 years of heavy mineral sands prospection by international companies, in 2007 the Irish multinational Kenmare resources plc pioneered its exportation. The Chinese companies Jinan Yuxiao Group (2009) and Haiyu Mozambique Mining Company (2010) followed, seeking to explore the biggest heavy mineral sands deposits in Africa located along the Mozambique´s coast line. However, the exploration processes and engagements early started to adversely impact the lives of the communities, thus leaving trails of conflicts. Analyzing the ways that the mineral

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resources are managed in the very remote villages of Mozambique, this article focus on how the local communities are engaged in these processes: the pre-exploration interactions, including the community consultation and those that continue throughout the mineral resource exploration involving the Government, the companies and the communities as the three main partakers. The article suggests that the mineral resource deals has been undermining the communities’ legal rights by neglecting them, and that their claims are often overshadowed by the authorities in the name of Development.

Keywords: mineral resources, community engagement, social exclusion, development.

Presentation 4The Land Question and the Debates over Agrarian and Rural Transformation in Mozambique

Carlos Uilson Muianga (Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Económicos, Mozambique)

AbstractThe land question remains central to the debate over the dynamics of agrarian change and rural transformation in Mozambique. With the increasing penetration and expansion of capital(ism) in rural social relations, the land question and its resolution became more complex and new and old questions have been raised. Current debates over the land question in Mozambique have revolved around what O’Laughlin (2013) has called “rights of ownership and legitimacy of belonging”, a fact that is understandable as on the one hand most research and activism is concerned on how these rights are defined and protected and on the other hand there are concerns about the legitimacy and nature of the state and state ownership of the land. This paper argues that a resolution of the land question requires a broader understanding over land-centered accumulation dynamics and the corresponding and differing processes of agrarian class formation and their impacts on agrarian and rural change over time. It emphasizes the need to understand some of the fundamental questions raised in the past (which are still relevant actually), namely how the land question has been placed within a broader process of social and capital accumulation in Mozambique and the southern Africa region.

Keywords: land, agriculture policy, capitalist accumulation, rural change

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Participant`s Short Biography

Agnes Naa Momo Lartey is a final year PhD Candidate with the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana. She has backgrounds in Human Resource Development from the University of Cape Coast, Ghana, and Leadership Development from the University of Professional Studies, Accra. For her PhD, her interest is in the Relationship between Traditional and Local Authorities in the Management of Natural Resources – A case study of Beaches in Accra.

Aminaka Akiyo is research fellow of the IDE-JETRO (Institute of Developing Economies – Japan External Trade Organization). She has written articles including “Transition in Immigration Policy: Inclusion and Exclusion in the South African State after Democratisation”, in Makino, Kumiko and Sato, Chizuko eds., Public Policy and Transformation in South Africa after Democratisation (Chiba: IDE, 2013). She also published book in Japanese entitled Colonial Rule and Development: Mozambique and the South African Gold Mining Industry (Tokyo: Yamakawa-Shuppansha, 2014). Her current interests lie in labor migration, state-building of post-conflict countries and land issue combined with development scheme transplantation with particular focus on Mozambique and Angola.

Annie Laure Ongsabien Efombo

Carlos Muianga is a researcher at the Institute of Social and Economic Studies (IESE) in Mozambique. He holds a MSc degree in Development Economics from the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. His recent research interest is related to Agrarian political economy, the agrarian question and the dynamics of indigenous rural accumulation in Mozambique and their implications for processes of agrarian change and rural transformation.

Demachi Kazue has been focusing on analyzing the macro economies of natural resource-rich countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Her current academic interests are in evaluating the resource-led growth of Africa in the 2000s, fostering of manufacturing sectors in developing economies to support non-resource-based growth, and sovereign debt issues.

Gairoonisa Paleker is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Historical and Heritage Studies at the University of Pretoria. Her research interest include film and history, film viewing cultures in Africa and more recently, the history of technology and transport.

Gloriose Umuziranenge is a lecturer at Protestant Institute of Arts and Social Sciences; she is the Head of the department of Natural Resources and Environment Management. She is also a PhD candidate in Natural Resources Governance at the University of Bamberg in Germany.

Horman Chitonge is Associate Professor and head of African Studies at the University of Cape Town. His research interests include agrarian political economic, economic growth and development in Africa, social welfare, poverty and inequality. He has published several monographs and peer reviewed journal articles. His most recent books

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include the Economic Growth and Development in Africa: Understanding Trends and Prospects (2015) by Routledge, and Customary Land in Africa: Navigating the Contours of Change (2018) by Cambridge Scholars Publishers.

Kanton Lurimuah Tontie is a PhD candidate in the Institute of African Studies – University of Ghana, Legon. He had also worked at the Bagabaga College of Education in Tamale in the northern region of Ghana, as a lecturer and the head of department of the Environmental and Social studies (2004 – 2015).He holds an M.Phil in African studies, in the area of gender and development in Africa. He had done extensive research with Professor Kojo Amanor, in the areas of the environment, natural resource use, management, control and conflicts, and farming systems. He had also done some research in the area of teacher education in Ghana. His interest areas are; the environment, natural resources use, management, control and conflicts, environmental policy, farming systems, charcoal production, gender and development in Africa and teacher education.

Lungisile Ntsebeza is a professor of African Studies and Sociology at the University of Cape Town. Holds two research chairs – the AC Jordan Chair in African Studies and the NRF Research Chair in Land Reform and Democracy in South Africa. His research interests in Land and Agrarian Studies in sub-Saharan Africa and currently writing a book on Archie Mafeje. With June Bam-Hitchison and Allan Zinn, editing a book Whose History Counts? which will be published towards the end of this year (2018).

Mabutho Shangase completed his Ph.D. in African Studies at the University of Edinburgh in 2016. His thesis was titled “Stability and Change in South African Public Policy: 1994-2014”. He holds an MA degree in Development Studies from the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (2008), and an MBA in Public Services Management from Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (2005) (on a Chevening Scholarship). He currently teaches research methodology and public policy at post-graduate level at the University of Pretoria. Dr. Shangase has also conducted research on regional integration focusing on the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the South African Customs Union (SACU).

Marlène Ngansop Tounkam is a PhD. Student in University of Yaounde I Department of Plant Biology in forest ecology. She is working on natural regeneration of Non Timber Forest Product in Gribe forest of southeastern Cameroon.

Matsunami Yasuo is a Specially Appointed Researcher of African Studies Center –Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. He has made extensive studies of how the people of the rural Oromo communities in Ethiopia forge bonds of solidarity through their participation in pilgrimages and rituals. His research focuses on the relationship between people’s sufferings and the practices of the indigenous spirit cult, including the function of the daily religious meetings held by followers of the cult. His most recent research explores the practice of sharing stories of suffering with others, and how communality is formed in sacred places.

Michael Godet Chico Alberto Sambo is a researcher at Instituto de Estudos Sociais e

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Económicos (IESE) and a lecturer of International Economics at Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM). He has served in various areas within the Institute, including as communication assistant, a coordination of a specific CSO´s training project as well as in international research projects. He participated in the World Bank´s international research project “Gender Dimensions of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining” (2010); other international research projects include “Food riots and food rights, the moral and political economy of accountability for hunger” (with IDS of Sussex). He owns a Master´s in Development Studies and a major in Social Policy for Development, from the ISS of Erasmus University of Rotterdam, and a degree in Economics from UEM. His current research focuses on the South-South Cooperation with particular emphasis on the BRICS and Mozambique´s relations.

Nakayama Yumi is lecturer, African Studies Centre – TUFS. She was a former previously Assistant Professor of Graduate School of Law at Kyoto University. Having received PhD from Kyoto University, her current academic interests include global and regional governance of refugees and migrants. She has published Global Governance of Refugee Problem (Toshindo, 2014).

Nemoto Hiroyuki is the Executive Director of Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) Johannesburg and also a board member of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Japan in South Africa (CCIJ). Mr. Nemoto also worked in overseas offices such as JETRO Bangkok, in Thailand as the Vice President; He now has over 28 years of experience with the organization.Mr. Nemoto currently serves as the Head of the Africa Region in JETRO, overlooking seven offices in Africa. His position plays a fundamental role in promoting and facilitating the development of a mutually beneficial economic relationship between Africa and Japan.

Oishi Takanori

Oshima Kensuke is the Senior Representative of JICA South Africa Office since 2017.He has been engaged development cooperation in Africa for 18 years continuously. He served JICA overseas office in Kenya (Regional Support Office for Eastern and Southern Africa), Sudan and South Sudan before assigned to South Africa.

Peter Narh researches sustainability in Africa, with current sites being communities in agro-plantations in Ghana and Kenya. He is a Fellow at the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, and has previously studied Development at the University of Bayreuth in Germany. His interests lie also in uncovering innovative research methodologies in African contexts and philosophies.

Sasaki Kazuyuki is a scholar-practitioner of peacebuilding and development with over 22 years of experience in Africa, mainly in Rwanda and Ethiopia. He currently serves as the Head of Peace and Conflict Studies Department at the Protestant Institute of Arts and Social Sciences (PIASS), Huye, Rwanda. His research interests lie mainly in transitional justice and reconciliation processes in post-genocide Rwanda. He is currently starting a research project on political economy of agroecological smallholder farming in Rwanda. In the late 1980s and 1990s, he worked for food security and rural

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development projects in Ethiopia as a member of an international humanitarian NGO. Since the early 2000s, he has been working for research and peacebuilding activities in Rwanda. He holds a Ph.D. in Peace Studies from the University of Bradford, UK, a M.P.S. in International Agriculture and Rural Development from Cornell University, U.S.A, and a Bachelor of Agriculture from Kagoshima University, Japan.

Sato Chizuko is a research fellow at the Institute of Developing Economies, IDE-JETRO, in Chiba, Japan. She researches a wide-range of topics related to the South African politics and society, including land reform, small-scale farming and international migration. Her latest publications in English are included in F. Brandt and G. Mkodzongi, eds., Land Reform Revisited: Democracy, State Making and Agrarian Transformation in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Leiden: Brill, 2018) and in Y. Mine and H. Chitonge, eds., Land, Agriculture and Unfinished Decolonization in Africa: Essays in Honour of Sam Moyo, African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue, No.57, 2018.

Serge Muvunyi is the Assistant Coordinator of the Center for Research and Action towards Sustainable Peace and Development at Protestant Institute of Arts and Social Science (PIASS) since 2015, and he hold a Bachelor’s degree of Development Studies in Peacebuilding and Development from PIASS. His has an experience in working with and supporting reconciliation groups, facilitation of conflict management trainings. His area of interests is reconciliation from grassroots level through the restoration of relationship.

Takeuchi Shinichi is the Director of African Studies Center – Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, and double-appointed as a Chief Senior Researcher at the Institute of Developing Economies – JETRO. He had also worked at JICA Research Institute during 2009-2012. Holding Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo, he has studied politics of Central African countries including Rwanda, Burundi, DR Congo, RO Congo, and Gabon. His recent interests lie mainly in illuminating the relationship between natural resources (in particular, land) and political power. He edited a book titled Confronting Land and Property Problems for Peace, (Oxon: Routledge, 2014).

Tomotsune Tsutomu is professor of Institute of Japan Studies, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. He is also a vice-director of International Center for Japanese Studies in Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Holding Ph.D. from the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, he has studied Intellectual History of Modern Japan and the minorities in Japan. His recent interests lie in the relationship between the urban development and underclass, and the subaltern issues mainly focusing on Japan and Asian countries including South Asia.

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