Ty’n Y Llidiart, B5437, Corwen, Denbighshire, LL21 9RJ ......Archaeological Assessment Aeon...

Archaeological Assessment

Ty’n Y Llidiart, B5437, Corwen, Denbighshire, LL21 9RJ.October 2016 V 2.0

Project Code: A0097.1Report no. 0107

on a

rcha

eolo

gya e

Archaeological Assessment

Aeon Archaeology25, Mold RoadBroughtonChesterCH4 0PQ

Ty’n Y Llidiart, B5437, Corwen, Denbighshire, LL21 9RJ.October 2016 V 2.0

Project Code: A0097.1Date: 24/10/2016Client: Wholebake LtdWri en by: Richard Cooke BA MA [email protected]

Report no. 0107 v2.0

on a

rcha

eolo

gya e

Figure 01: Loca on of proposed development site at Ty’n y Llidiart, Corwen, Denbighshire. Scale 1:20,000 at A4.


Figure 03: Loca on of non-designated monument points from the Clwyd-Powys Historic Environment Record and projected lines of Roman Roads. Scale 1:10,000 at A4.

Figure 04: Loca on of non-designated monument points from the Na onal Monument Record. Scale 1:10,000 at A4.

Figure 05: Loca on of Listed Buildings. Scale 1:10,000 at A4.

Figure 06: Loca on of past archaeological events. Scale 1:10,000 at A4.

Figure 07: Loca on of Scheduled Ancient Monuments. Scale 1:10,000 at A4.

Figure 08: Loca on of the assessment area on the Corwen the map of 1840.

Figure 09: Loca on of the assessment area on the first edi on County Series 6” Ordnance Survey map of 1879.

Figure 10: Loca on of the assessment area on the second edi on County Series 6” Ordnance Survey map of 1891.

Figure 11: Loca on of the assessment area on the fourth edi on County Series 6” Ordnance Survey map of 1901.

Figure 12: Loca on of archaeological sites within the proposed development area. Scale 1:2,500 at A4.

Figure 13: Loca on and orienta on of photographs. Scale 1:2,500 at A4.

Plate01: View across the assessment area, from the southeast.

Plate 02: View across the assessment area showing gravel ridge, from the northeast.

Plate 03: View across the assessment area, from the northwest.

Plate 04: Hedgerow field boundary feature 1, from the west. Scale 1.0m.

Plate 05: Hedgerow field boundary feature 4, from the south. Scale 1.0m.

Plate 06: Hedgerow field boundary feature 5, from the southeast. Scale 1.0m.

Plate 07: Earthwork enclosure feature 6, from the south.

Plate 08: View from assessment area towards Caer Drewen Camp Scheduled Ancient Monument (ME012) feature 9, from the west.

Plate 09: View from Caer Drewen Camp Scheduled Ancient Monument (ME012) feature 9 towards proposed development site, from the east.

Plate 10: View from the B5437 across the proposed development site to Caer Drewen Camp Scheduled Ancient Monument (ME012) feature 9, from the southwest.

Figures

Plates

1.0 NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY ........................................................................................ 1 2.0 INTRODUCTION, AIMS AND PROJECT DESIGN ......................................................... 2 3.0 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES ....................................................................................... 3

3.1 Archival research .............................................................................................................. 3 3.2 Site walkover .................................................................................................................... 3 3.3 Assessment report ............................................................................................................. 3 3.4 Project archive .................................................................................................................. 4

4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND ................................ 5 4.1 Topographic Description .................................................................................................. 5 4.2 Statutory and non-statutory designations .......................................................................... 5

4.2.1 Non-designated monument points from the Clwyd-Powys Historic Environment Record (figure 3) ................................................................................................................. 5 4.2.2 National Monuments Record (figure 4) ..................................................................... 6 4.2.3 Listed Buildings (figure 5) ......................................................................................... 6 4.2.4 Events (figure 6) ......................................................................................................... 6 4.2.5 Scheduled Ancient Monuments (figure 7) ................................................................. 6 4.2.6 Historic Landscape Character Areas (HLCAs) .......................................................... 7 4.2.7 Historic Parks and Gardens ........................................................................................ 7 4.2.8 Conservation Areas .................................................................................................... 7 4.2.9 Aerial Photographs ..................................................................................................... 7

5.0 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT .......................................................................................... 8 5.1 Prehistoric and Roman Period .......................................................................................... 8 5.2 Early Medieval, Medieval and Post-Medieval Periods ..................................................... 9

6.0 ASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL ASSETS .................................................................... 12 6.1 Definitions ...................................................................................................................... 12

7.0 SITE GAZETTEER ............................................................................................................ 15 8.0 IMPACT AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 27

8.1 Direct physical impact .................................................................................................... 27 8.2 Indirect physical and non-physical (visual) impact ........................................................ 27 8.3 Site Specific Recommendations ..................................................................................... 27 8.4 General recommendations .............................................................................................. 28

9.0 SOURCES .......................................................................................................................... 29 APPENDIX 1: SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED SITES WITHIN 1.0KM .............. 30 APPENDIX 2: DEFINITIONS OF FURTHER ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATORY MEASURES ............................................................................................................................. 38

1 1.0 NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY | Aeon Archaeology

1.0 NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY Aeon Archaeology was commissioned by Wholebake Ltd to carry out an archaeological assessment and field visit of a proposed development to include the construction of a (relocated) food manufacturing plant with ancillary staff gym in advance of planning application. The proposed development site is to be located on land to the immediate north of the B5437, approximately 970.0m north of the village of Corwen, in the county of Denbighshire, North Wales. The assessment has established that the proposed development will directly physically impact upon six sites of archaeological importance, although three of these sites are of local or negligible importance and no further assessment or mitigatory measures are made. The remaining three sites include the former grade II Listed Building of Llidiart-afallen; cropmarks identified by the RCAHMW which may represent a prehistoric defended enclosure; and earthwork enclosure of unknown age. These three sites are believed to be of local/regional; regional to national; and unknown importance respectively, and as such recommendations have been made for a watching brief to record any surviving remains of Llidiart-afallen and geophysical survey potentially followed by a phase of archaeological trenching to evaluate the two enclosures. The proposed development is also expected to have a visual impact upon the Scheduled Ancient Monument of Caer Drewen Camp (ME012) and recommendations for further assessment to include photographic or wireframe montage have been made so that this impact can be fully established. It has also been recommended that Cadw be consulted on the proposed development.

Aeon Archaeology | 2.0 INTRODUCTION, AIMS AND PROJECT DESIGN 2

2.0 INTRODUCTION, AIMS AND PROJECT DESIGN Aeon Archaeology was commissioned by Wholebake Ltd to carry out an archaeological assessment and field visit of a proposed development to include the construction of a (relocated) food manufacturing plant with ancillary staff gym in advance of planning application. The proposed development site is to be located on land to the immediate north of the B5437, approximately 970.0m north of the village of Corwen, in the county of Denbighshire, North Wales (centred on NGR SJ 07840 44418) (figures 1 and 2). A mitigation brief was not prepared for this scheme by the Denbighshire Development Control Archaeologist as the Client has commissioned the assessment report in advance of planning application and as part of a scoping study for the development of the site. This archaeological assessment is for the proposed development area, which includes two large grazing fields enclosed by hedgerows, and bordered by the disused Denbigh, Ruthin and Corwen Railway section in the north; an unnamed minor road in the east; the B5437 in the south; and the Ty’n Y Llidiart industrial estate in the west. The assessment area encompasses approximately 4.79 hectares. As part of the archaeological assessment a 1.0km search area centred on the proposed development site was utilised for a search of the Clwyd-Powys Historic Environment Record (HER). This provided a background historical narrative of the area and included source material from the Meirionnydd Archives and Record Office, Dolgellau. Information on Scheduled Ancient Monuments and Listed Buildings was obtained from Cadw. The following report conforms to the guidelines specified in Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-based Assessment (Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014). The archaeological assessment considered the following:

(i) The history of the site; (ii) The significance of any remains in their context both regionally and nationally; (iii) The potential impact of the proposed development on known sites of archaeological

importance including their setting. The archaeological assessment was undertaken in four stages:

(i) Archival research (ii) Field visit/site walkover of all accessible areas (iii) Written report (iv) Project archive

Assessment Area

Aeon ArchaeologyRichard Cooke BA MA MCIfA

25 Mold Road, Broughton, Chester CH4 0PQTel: 07866925393 / 01244 531585

www.aeonarchaeology.co.uk


Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2016

B5437

Ffordd Ty Cerrig






Plate 01: View across the assessment area, from the southeast.

Plate 02: View across the assessment area showing gravel ridge, from the northeast.

Plate 03: View across the assessment area, from the northwest.

3 3.0 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES | Aeon Archaeology

3.0 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES 3.1 Archival research The archaeological assessment involved the study of the following records:

• The regional Historic Environment Record (Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, 41 Broad Street, Welshpool, SY21 7RR) was examined for information concerning the study area. This included an examination of the core HER, and secondary information held within the record which included unpublished reports, the 1:2500 County Series Ordnance Survey maps, and the National Archaeological Record index cards and aerial photography.

• The National Monuments Record (NMR RCAHMW, National Monuments Record of

Wales, Plas Crug, Aberystwyth, SY23 1NJ) was checked for sites additional to the HER.

• Information about Listed Buildings and Scheduled Ancient Monuments from Cadw

were examined in the regional HER. The Register of Outstanding and Special Historic Landscapes and the Register of Parks and Gardens was checked, and also the location of World Heritage Sites.

• The regional archives (Meirionnydd Archives and Record Office, Dolgellau) were visited to examine primary and secondary sources related to the assessment area, including estate maps, tithe maps, Ordnance Survey maps, land tax assessments, rental agreements, and any information stored within the archives collection relating to the site.

• Secondary sources were examined, including the Inventories of the Royal

Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments for Wales, and works held within the regional libraries and archives.

• Results from previous archaeological work within the area was also reviewed.

3.2 Site walkover The site walkover was carried out on 18th October 2016 by Richard Cooke BA MA MCIfA, archaeological contractor and consultant at Aeon Archaeology. The weather conditions were satisfactory for the field search being generally overcast with sunny spells. All archaeological sites and viewpoints were photographed using a digital SLR (Canon 600D) set to maximum resolution (72 dpi). Where the indirect non-physical (visual) impact of the proposed development upon archaeological receptors has been assessed the digital SLR camera was set to a 35mm lens in order to simulate actual viewpoints. 3.3 Assessment report All features identified from the archival research and site walkover were assessed and allocated to categories of international, national, regional/county, local and none/unknown importance as listed in section 6.0. These are intended to place the archaeological feature within a geographical context of importance and thus help inform the most suitable level of mitigatory response. The criteria used for allocating features to categories of importance are based on existing statutory designations and, for non-designated assets, the Secretary of State's non-statutory criteria for Scheduling Ancient Monuments; these are set out in National

Aeon Archaeology | 3.0 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES 4

Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), Welsh Office Circular 60/96, Planning Policy Wales, and the Historic Environment Act (Wales) 2016. 3.4 Project archive A full archive including plans, photographs and written material was prepared. All plans, photographs and written descriptions were labelled and cross-referenced using Aeon Archaeology pro-formas. A draft copy of the report was sent to the client and upon written approval from them paper and digital copies of the report will be sent to the regional HER (Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, 41 Broad Street, Welshpool, SY21 7RR), the Denbighshire Development Control Archaeologist, and the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historic Monuments in Wales (RCAHMW). Copies of all notes, plans, and photographs from the assessment are stored at Aeon Archaeology under the project code A0097.1 with the originals being lodged in a suitable repository to be agreed with the Client and archaeological curator.

5 4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND | Aeon Archaeology

4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND 4.1 Topographic Description Corwen is a town, community and electoral ward in the county of Denbighshire in Wales; it was previously part of the county of Meirionnydd, and stands on the banks of the River Dee beneath the Berwyn Mountains. The town is situated 10 miles west of Llangollen and 13 miles south of Ruthin. At the 2001 Census, Corwen had a population of 2,398, reducing to 2,325 at the 2011 census. The topography mildly undulating across the site with a gravel ridge located in the north-eastern corner at 165.0m OD and in the north-western corner at 166.0m OD. The site mostly slopes southward with the centre of the site lying at 164.0m OD. The proposed development site occupies a ridge of higher ground that follows the route of the current B5437 running northwest to southeast, with the land sloping southward to the flood plain of the River Dee, and upwards to the north to the foothills of the Berwyn Mountains. The site lies within the parish of Corwen Community, within the unitary authority of Denbighshire. Mostly given over to pasture, the farmland is dominated by improved grassland and is mostly enclosed by hedgerows although wooden post and wire fence has also been utilised in places. The land is primarily given over to sheep farming, although some cattle farming also takes place within the localised landscape. The bedrock geology is of the Elwy Formation, a mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone sedimentary bedrock that formed approximately 419 to 423 million years ago in the Silurian Period within an environment previously dominated by deep seas. The superficial deposits are of Devensian sand and gravel, that formed up to 2 million years ago in the Quaternary Period when the local environment was dominated by Ice Age conditions (British Geological Survey). 4.2 Statutory and non-statutory designations 4.2.1 Non-designated monument points from the Clwyd-Powys Historic Environment Record (figure 3) The Clwyd-Powys Historic Environment Record (HER) maintains a register of non-designated archaeological sites represented as single point data or as polygons. These are identified through their Primary Reference Number (PRN). These include sites which are of archaeological/historical interest, artefact find spots, documentary evidence, and locations of past events such as archaeological projects. There are 77 non-designated monuments within 1.0km of the proposed development site (see appendix I) and the following lie within the site boundary:

(i) The site of the post-medieval former grade II Listed Building of Llidiart-afellen (PRN: 25,664) (now demolished).

The proposed development site lies within 100.0m of the following non-designated monuments:

(i) Approximately 9.0m north of the post-medieval Llidiart-afallen shelter (PRN: 66,507);

Aeon Archaeology | 4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND

6

(ii) Approximately 11.0m northwest of the projected line of the Rhyn Park to Rhug Roman Road (PRN: 47,537).

4.2.2 National Monuments Record (figure 4) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historic Monuments in Wales (RCAHMW) maintains the National Monuments Record (NMR) for Wales. This is a register of non-designated archaeological sites represented as single point data or as polygons. These are identified through their National Primary Reference Number (NPRN) and include sites which are of archaeological/historical interest, artefact find spots, documentary evidence, and locations of past events such as archaeological projects that are not statutorily protected. There are 18 non-designated monument points within 1.0km of the proposed development site (see appendix I) and the following lie within the site boundary:

(i) The suspected prehistoric defended enclosure Trewyn Fawr cropmark (NPRN: 408,289);

(ii) The site of the post-medieval former grade II Listed Building of Llidiart-afallen

(NPRN: 41,700) (now demolished). There are no other recorded sites on the NMR within 100.0m of the site boundary. 4.2.3 Listed Buildings (figure 5) The Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport holds a List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest, considered to be of national importance. Compiled under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, the List includes structures from boundary walls and telephone boxes to cathedrals. Listing gives statutory protection and restrictions apply. Consent may be required for works to, or that affect the setting of, a Listed Building and the Local Planning Authority conservation officer should be consulted if in doubt. There are 28 Listed Buildings within 1.0km of the proposed development site (see appendix I) but none lie within the site boundary or within 100.0m. 4.2.4 Events (figure 6) The proposed development site has not been included within any past archaeological assessment or mitigatory events nor has there been any within 500.0m of the site boundary. 4.2.5 Scheduled Ancient Monuments (figure 7)

Scheduled monuments are those considered to be monuments of national importance. The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 supports a formal system of Scheduled Monument Consent (SMC) for any work to a designated monument. Any works within a Scheduled area will require SMC; this includes non-invasive techniques such as geophysics or field-walking.

7 4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND | Aeon Archaeology

There is 1 Scheduled Ancient Monument within 1.0km of the proposed development area (see appendix I) but none lie within the site boundary or within 500.0m. 4.2.6 Historic Landscape Character Areas (HLCAs) Cadw, National Resource Wales (formerly the Countryside Council for Wales), and the International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS UK) compiled the two volume Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales. This includes 58 landscapes of outstanding or special historic interest, which are considered to be the best examples of different types of historic landscapes in Wales. The Register provides information to decision makers and landscape managers, to help ensure that the historic character of the landscape is sustained, and that where change is contemplated, it is well-informed. The proposed development site does not lie within a designated historic landscape area.

4.2.7 Historic Parks and Gardens Cadw holds a Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest. These Registered landscapes are graded I, II* or II, and include private gardens, public parks and other green spaces. They are valued for their design, diversity and historical importance. Inclusion on the Register brings no additional statutory controls, but there is a presumption in favour of conservation of the designated site. Local authorities are required to consult Cadw on applications affecting sites Registered as grade I or II* and the Garden History Society on sites of all grades. There are no historic parks and gardens within the site boundary or within 1.0km of the proposed development area. 4.2.8 Conservation Areas

A Conservation Area is an area considered worthy of preservation or enhancement because of its special architectural or historic interest, "the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance," as required by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (Section 69 and 70). There are additional planning controls over certain works carried out within the Conservation Area. The designation does not preclude development from taking place, but does require that developments preserve or enhance the historic character of the area, for example by ensuring that newly constructed buildings are of a high quality design. Conservation Area status also removes some permitted development rights that apply in undesignated areas. There is 1 Conservation Area within 1.0km of the proposed development area but none lie within 100.0m of the site. 4.2.9 Aerial Photographs A range of vertical and oblique aerial photographs were examined for sites additional to those above and from those identified during the site walkover. These included modern satellite imagery as well as stills dating to 2006, 2008 and 2009 taken by the RCAHMW. No additional sites were observed.




Figure 03: Loca on of non-designated monument points from the Clwyd-Powys Historic Environment Record (red dots) and projected lines of Roman Roads (red lines). Scale 1:10,000 at A4.





Figure 04: Loca on of non-designated monument points from the Na onal Monument Record. Scale 1:10,000 at A4.





Figure 05: Loca on of Listed Buildings. Scale 1:10,000 at A4.





Figure 06: Loca on of past archaeological events. Scale 1:10,000 at A4.





Figure 07: Loca on of Scheduled Ancient Monuments. Scale 1:10,000 at A4.


Aeon Archaeology | 5.0 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT 8

5.0 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT The following sections describe the known archaeological record within the general area of the proposed development. Sites are identified by their Primary Reference Number (PRN) which is the number by which they are identified in the Clwyd-Powys Historic Environment Record (HER), or by their Scheduled Ancient Monument reference, Listed Building reference and/or there National Primary Reference Number (NPRN) if applicable. The intention of this section is to provide a historical and archaeological context to the site. This aids in establishing the relative importance of an archaeological feature within its landscape, as well as assessing the potential for unknown buried archaeological remains on the proposed development site. The beginning and end of certain periods is a contentious issue. In the Clwyd-Powys Historic Environment Record (HER) the following dates are used. This is a standard convention across all of the Welsh HERs.

Table 1. Historic periods Palaeolithic (prehistoric) 500,000 BC – 10,001 BC Mesolithic (prehistoric) 10,000 BC – 4,001 BC Neolithic (prehistoric) 4,000 BC – 2,351 BC Bronze Age (prehistoric) 2,350 BC – 801 BC Iron Age (prehistoric) 800 BC – 47 AD Romano-British 48 AD – 409 AD Post-Roman (Early Medieval) 410 AD – 1065 AD Medieval 1066 AD – 1539 AD Post-Medieval 1540 AD – 1900 AD Modern 1901 AD – 2050 AD

5.1 Prehistoric and Roman Period The prehistoric period is represented primarily by the imposing hillfort and Scheduled Ancient Monument of Caer Drewyn (ME012) located approximately 580.0m east of the site boundary. The monument dominates the landscape with commanding views over the important route ways of the valley of the Afon Dyfrdwy to the south. The hillfort consists of a massive stone-built rampart with entrances on the west and northeast sides. The northeast entrance has guard-chambers built into it and is protected by a deep ditch. A triangular-shaped enclosure was added to the side of the fort at a later date, probably during the Romano-British or Early Medieval period, inside which are the remains of stone-built roundhouses. The hillfort interior has not been excavated but would probably have contained roundhouses of stone or wood as well as rectangular four-post granary structures. The ruins of a number of stone buildings and the remains of house platforms can be seen in the northeast corner and on the south side of the fort. Before the stone-walled fort was constructed an earlier Iron Age enclosure was built on the hill, slight remains of which can be seen on the eastern side. The remains of a number of medieval houses set on platforms in the western entrance of the hillfort show that the area was utilised long after the fort fell into disuse. Air photographs show that beyond the hillfort to the north are the remains of field banks and a rectangular enclosure on the hillslope below. The date of these is not known but they may be

9 5.0 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT | Aeon Archaeology

associated with the hillfort. Another enclosure with a double-ditch lies further north and may be of Iron Age date (CPAT HER PRN: 100,810). Further evidence of the prehistoric period can be seen to the south of the SAM polygon and approximately 630.0m east of the site boundary where a perforated stone mace-head was uncovered during the construction of the farm track running east from Tan-y-Gaer in 1984 (PRN: 101,845). Within the proposed development site boundary itself cropmarks identified by the RCAHMW in 2008 at the eastern side of the area appear to show the north-western side of a concentric, curvilinear enclosure sited on a slightly higher gravel ridge surrounded by lower-lying ground (NPRN: 408,289). This feature was identified as a suspected prehistoric defended enclosure although the indistinct nature of the cropmark makes the interpretation uncertain. Approximately 11.0m south of the proposed development site boundary the projected line of the Rhyn Park to Rhug Roman Road (PRN: 47,537) was identified from a flat terrace in aerial photographs by the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust in 2002-2003. The projected line follows the route of the current B5437 before turning southwest and following Ffordd Ty Cerrig until it meets the A5104 after which it continues southwest across the fields. Moreover, within Corwen and approximately 820.0m south of the site a Roman denarius of 1st-2nd Century date was found (PRN: 119,405). Also within Corwen itself a building said to be of ‘great antiquity’ was revealed during construction behind the Midland Bank and reported in the Llangollen Advertiser in 1910 (PRN: 102674). Its origin and date remains unclear but a Roman bust of Greek marble was also apparently found which was subsequently destroyed by enemy action between 1939 and 1945. The proposed development site occupies a ridge of high ground running from northwest to southeast along the line of the current B5437 which would have provided one of the only easily accessible routes through the river valley. This coupled with the fertile hunting grounds of the floodplain to the immediate south and the relatively flat ground towards the centre of the site, would have made the area conducive to early habitation. 5.2 Early Medieval, Medieval and Post-Medieval Periods The town of Corwen meaning ‘the white church’ and located approximately 800.0m to the south of the proposed development area, dates back to the 6th century when it grew up around a religious community founded by the Breton-Welsh saints Mael and Sulien. Later in the 13th century the current church of Saints Mael and Sulien was constructed within, but set back slightly, from the town. This church was founded in the early medieval period and became a mother or ‘clas’ church for the area. The medieval structure had a west tower and transepts but the south transept was demolished when an aisle was built in the 19th century, and both the tower and the body of the church have seen considerable reconstruction. The main roof is late 17th century in date, and significant fittings include an early font, a 14th century priest's effigy and a pillar stone used as a door lintel. A monolith of putative prehistoric date is built into the porch wall and there is the shaft of a fine 12th century cross in the churchyard. The churchyard itself is surrounded by buildings and its shape has almost certainly been modified over the centuries. It contains a good range of grave memorials, many dating back to the 18th century (CPAT HER). Further to the northwest is the Scheduled Ancient Monument of Rug Mound medieval motte (ME019). The mound has been excavated several times in the past which confirmed that it was a castle mound constructed over an earlier Bronze Age burial cairn . The only other castle site identified within the commote is located on the other side of the River Dee and is the

Aeon Archaeology | 5.0 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT 10

Scheduled Ancient Monument of Owen Glyndwr’s Mount (ME017). To the immediate north of the mound stood the original Rhug estate house which most likely originated from a medieval hall. The close proximity of the unfortified estate house to the castle mound is a relationship that can be seen elsewhere in Merionydd at Castell Prysor (NPRN 308964) and Crogen (NPRN 306558). The estate house was replaced by the current mansion at the end of the 18th century by which time the medieval motte had been utilised as a garden feature with the erection of a summer house or folly on the summit. Within the site boundary itself the 16th Century barn of Llidiart-afallen was located at the eastern limit of the site, and was a grade II Listed Building until its demolition sometime in the late 20th Century (PRN: 25,664; NPRN: 25,664). The barn is described by the RCAHMW as ‘stone built with old random slates, coped gables, plain slit openings, tie beam and struts’ (Coflein) and is depicted on the Corwen tithe map of 1840 (figure 8) as well as on the first, second and fourth edition County Series 6” Ordnance Survey maps of 1879, 1891, and 1901 (figures 9-11 respectively), but is not shown on the Ordnance Survey map of 2000. The proposed development area is first shown in detail on the Corwen tithe map of 1840 (figure 8) where the site is shown as occupying parts of five enclosed fields including the barn of Llidiart-afallen and its small enclosure plot at the eastern end. The unnamed road is shown bordering the eastern edge of the site but the B5437 followed a slightly different route at this point in time and curved further to the north crossing part of the development area. The Denbigh, Ruthin and Corwen Railway (PRN: 66,516) had not been constructed by this point in time, neither had the Ty’n Y Llidiart industrial estate and the area to the north and west of the site is shown as a continuation of enclosed fields.

Table 2: Tithe apportionment for the 1840 tithe map of Corwen

Plot Landowner Occupier Field Name A/R/P 646 Griffith Howell

Vaughan Esq John Davies Cae Llidiart 2/2/9

748 Griffith Howell Vaughan Esq

Gaenor Hughes

Cae Pen yr Heol

2/2/12


Gaenor Hughes

Cae Canol and Waen Wen

5/2/37


Gaenor Hughes

Cae Melyn 5/3/20


Gaenor Hughes

Llidiart y Fallen

-

All of the field plot names given within the tithe apportionment for the proposed development area relate to the location or size of the fields. The Rug estate reputedly extended over an area of around one thousand acres from the river valleys of the River Dee and Afon Alwen, through the wooded valley slopes to the open hill land at the foot of the Berwyn range. The landscape is one of numerous small farms, some of which have now been sold off or allowed to fall into ruin. At the centre of the estate is Rug House set amongst formal park land and surrounded by the large agricultural farms of Gefn Rug and Plas yn ol. The historic estate was the site of the capture of Gruffudd ap Conan in 1080 by the Earl of Chester during a false truce. The estate has passed through a number of famlies, the Salesburys held the manor for several centuries. During the sixteenth century the family provided several High Sheriffs of Denbeighshire. William Salesbury defended Denbeigh Castle during the Civl War, and as thanks Charles I gave him a cap

11 5.0 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT | Aeon Archaeology

which was kept at Rug, William also founded Rug chapel. In 1780 the Lordship passed to Thomas First Lord Newborough, the house and estate however passed to Edward William Vaughan and remained with the family descendants until 1859, when the estate reverted back to the Lords Newborough. The proposed development site is shown in detail on the first, second and fourth edition 6” Ordnance Survey County Series maps of 1879, 1891 and 1901 respectively (figures 9, 10 and 11). All three maps depict the assessment area as occupying three enclosed field plots and show the Denbigh, Ruthin and Corwen Railway (PRN: 66,516) embankment running from east to west and demarcating the northern boundary of the site. The railway was built in 1864 and as a result the north-easternmost two fields were amalgamated into one plot. The B5437 is shown as still crossing the southern part of the site on all three maps and the 16th Century barn of Llidiart-afallen is also depicted at the eastern limit. Towards the north-western corner of the site a roughly circular enclosure appears to represent a pond which is also apparent on the open Lidar data, as well as existing as an earthwork identified during the site walkover – see section 7.0.




Figure 08: Loca on of the assessment area on the Corwen the map of 1840.




Figure 09: Loca on of the assessment area on the first edi on County Series 6” Ordnance Survey map of 1879.




Figure 10: Loca on of the assessment area on the second edi on County Series 6” Ordnance Survey map of 1891.




Figure 11: Loca on of the assessment area on the fourth edi on County Series 6” Ordnance Survey map of 1901.

Aeon Archaeology | 6.0 ASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL ASSETS 12

6.0 ASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL ASSETS 6.1 Definitions Definitions of importance, impact, and significance of effect as used in the gazetteer (section 6.2) are listed below. 1. Definition of Categories of importance The following categories were used to define the importance of the archaeological resource. Significance Description International (Very High)

Archaeological sites or monuments of international importance, including World Heritage Sites. Structures and buildings inscribed as of universal importance as World Heritage Sites. Other buildings or structures of recognised international importance.

National (High)

Ancient monuments scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, or archaeological sites and remains of comparable quality, assessed with reference to the Secretary of State’s non-statutory criteria. Listed Buildings. Undesignated structures of national importance.

Regional/ County (Medium)

Conservation Areas Archaeological sites and remains which, while not of national importance, score well against most of the Secretary of State’s criteria.

Local (Low)

Archaeological sites that score less well against the Secretary of State’s criteria. Historic buildings on a 'local list'.

Negligible/None Areas in which investigative techniques have produced no or only minimal evidence for archaeological remains, or where previous large-scale disturbance or removal of deposits can be demonstrated.

Unknown Archaeological sites whose importance cannot be determined with the information currently at hand. This can include sites where the extent of buried remains is unknown.

13 6.0 ASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL ASSETS | Aeon Archaeology

2. Definition of Impact The direct impact of the proposed development on each site was estimated. The impact is defined as follows: Magnitude Direct Impacts Indirect Impacts High Adverse Complete removal of an

archaeological site. Complete destruction of a designated building or structure.

Radical transformation of the setting of an archaeological monument. A fundamental change in the setting of a building.

Medium Adverse Removal of a major part of an archaeological site and loss of research potential. Extensive alteration (but not demolition) of a historic building or feature, resulting in an appreciable adverse change.

Partial transformation of the setting of an archaeological site (e.g. the introduction of significant noise or vibration levels to an archaeological monument leading to changes to amenity use, accessibility or appreciation of an archaeological site). Partial adverse transformation of the setting of a designated building.

Low Adverse Removal of an archaeological site where a minor part of its total area is removed but the site retains a significant future research potential. Change to a historic building or feature resulting in a small change in the resource and its historical context and setting.

Minor change to the setting of an archaeological monument or historic building.

Negligible/ Neutral

No impact from changes in use, amenity or access. No change in the ability to understand and appreciate the resource and its historical context and setting.

No perceptible change in the setting of a building or feature.

Low Beneficial Land use change resulting in improved conditions for the protection of archaeological remains or understanding/ appreciation of a historic building or place

Decrease in visual or noise intrusion on the setting of a building, archaeological site or monument. Improvement of the wider landscape setting of a building, archaeological site or monument.

Medium Beneficial

Land use change resulting in improved conditions for the protection of archaeological remains, or understanding/ appreciation of a historic building or place, including through interpretation measures (heritage trails, etc). Removal of harmful alterations to better reveal the significance of a building or structure, with no loss of significant fabric.

Significant reduction or removal of visual or noise intrusion on the setting of a building, archaeological site or monument; and Improvement of the wider landscape setting of a building, archaeological site or monument Improvement of the cultural heritage amenity, access or use of a building, archaeological site or monument.

High Beneficial

Arrest of physical damage or decay to a building or structure;

Exceptional enhancement of a building or archaeological site, its cultural heritage amenity and access or use

Aeon Archaeology | 6.0 ASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL ASSETS 14

3. The significance of effect The significance of effect is derived from the importance of the resource and the magnitude of the impact upon it. Very large - A serious impact on a site of international or national importance with little or no scope for mitigation. These effects represent key factors in the decision making process. Large - Lesser impacts on sites of national importance and serious impacts on sites of regional importance, with some scope for mitigation. These factors should be seen as being very important considerations in the decision making process. Moderate - Moderate or minor impacts on sites of regional importance and minor to major impacts on sites of local or minor importance. A range of mitigatory measures should be available. Slight - Negligible impacts on sites of regional, local or minor importance and minor and moderate impacts on minor or damaged sites. A range of basic mitigatory measures should be available. Neutral - No perceptible effect or change to sites of all categories. The significance of effect will be determined using the table below, a basic matrix combining archaeological value and magnitude of impact. Determination of Significance of Effect

Arc

haeo

logi

cal V

alue

International Neutral Moderate or Large Large or Very Large

Very Large

National Neutral Moderate or Slight Moderate or Large

Large or Very Large

Regional Neutral Slight Moderate Moderate or Large

Local Neutral Neutral or Slight Slight Moderate or Slight

Negligible Neutral Neutral or Slight Neutral or Slight

Slight

None Low Medium High

Magnitude of impact

15 7.0 SITE GAZETTEER | Aeon Archaeology

7.0 SITE GAZETTEER The field walkover and archival search identified 7 sites of archaeological and historic interest within the proposed development site and a further 2 site was identified from historical maps (figure 12), as listed below. In accordance with Paragraph 128 of the National Planning Policy Framework and Welsh Office Circular 60/96 each heritage asset has been assigned a level of importance ranked from International through to National, Regional/County, Local, and None. If it is not possible to assess the importance of the site from the visible remains, then it is ranked Unknown with the suspected importance level placed in brackets if possible. Identified sites were also assigned a level of impact ranked from High through to Medium, and Low. Levels of impact can be considered as both adverse or beneficial, and can be direct (physically impacting upon a site) or indirect (indirectly physically impacting upon a site). The significance of effect is determined from the importance level of the resource and the magnitude of the impact upon it. Where it is expected that a site will be impacted upon by the proposed works then mitigation/assessment recommendations are provided. All archaeological/historical sites identified are depicted on figure 12 and the location and orientation of photographs are shown on figure 13.

Aeon Archaeology | 16

1. Hedgerow PRN: Tbc

Figure: 8-13

Plate: 4

NGR: SJ 07969 44358

Period: Post-medieval

Description A hedgerow runs from northeast to southwest and borders the eastern limit of the proposed development site. It measures approximately 4.0m in height and is made up mostly of hawthorn and hazel. The field boundary is depicted on the 1840 tithe map and although the actual age of the hedge is unknown, under The Hedgerow Regulations 1997 a hedgerow is considered “important” if it is greater than 30 years old and is recorded in a document held at the relevant date at a Record Office as an integral part of a field system pre-dating the Enclosure Acts. The hedgerow will be partially removed as part of the proposed development and as such it is expected that there will be a slight adverse significance of effect. The hedgerow will require a basic descriptive and photographic record to be taken of it prior to partial removal, however the record presented here should be seen as being commensurate with a basic record level and as such no further assessment or mitigatory measures are proposed. Category of importance: Local Level of impact: Medium adverse direct physical (construction) Significance of effect: Slight adverse Recommendations for further assessment: None Recommendations for further mitigatory measures: Basic record - complete

Plate 04: Hedgerow field boundary feature 1, from the northwest. Scale 1.0m.

17 | Aeon Archaeology

2. Llidiart-afallen PRN: 25,664

NPRN: 41,700

Figure: 8-13

Plate: N.A.

NGR: SJ 07944 44339


Description The former grade II Listed Building of Llidiart-afallen was located at this point at the eastern edge of the proposed development area. The barn was of 16th Century date and was described by the RCAHMW as ‘stone built with old random slates, coped gables, plain slit openings, tie beam and struts’ (Coflein). It is depicted on the Corwen tithe map of 1840 (figure 8) as well as on the first, second and fourth edition County Series 6” Ordnance Survey maps of 1879, 1891, and 1901 (figures 9-11 respectively), but is not shown on the Ordnance Survey map of 2000 presumably having been demolished by this point in time and de-listed. It is probable that foundation remains of the barn exist at buried foundation level and will be impacted upon by the associated groundworks. Any structural remains would be considered to be of local/regional importance and as such any groundworks in this area would require monitoring by archaeological watching brief to afford the opportunity for excavation and preservation by record if encountered. Category of importance: Local/regional Level of impact: High adverse direct physical (construction) Significance of effect: Moderate adverse Recommendations for further assessment: None Recommendations for further mitigatory measures: Archaeological watching brief during groundworks in the vicinity.


3. Trewyn Fawr Cropmark NPRN: 408,289

Figure: 8-13

Plate: 3

NGR: SJ 07183 66078


Description Within the proposed development site boundary itself cropmarks identified by the RCAHMW in 2008 at the eastern side of the area appear to show the north-western side of a concentric, curvilinear enclosure sited on a slightly higher gravel ridge surrounded by lower-lying ground (NPRN: 408,289). This feature was identified as a suspected prehistoric defended enclosure although the indistinct nature of the cropmark makes the interpretation uncertain. Any such buried prehistoric remains would be considered to be of regional if not national importance due to their rarity and as such it is recommended that further assessment be undertaken in the form of a geophysical survey to ascertain the nature, scale and extent of remains, if they are indeed present. If suspected prehistoric remains are identified in the geophysical survey then a programme of targeted trenching would likely be required to evaluate the remains prior to the determination of any planning application. Category of importance: Unknown (regional to national) Level of impact: High adverse direct physical (construction phase) Significance of effect: Unknown (moderate to very large adverse) Recommendations for further assessment: Geophysical survey followed by targeted evaluation trenching. Recommendations for further mitigatory measures: Dependent upon the results of further assessment.



Figure: 8-13

Plate: 5

NGR: SJ 07899 44478


Description A hedgerow runs from northwest to southeast and borders the northern limit of the proposed development site. It measures approximately 5.0m in height and is made up mostly of mature trees reinforced by a post and wire fence. The field boundary is depicted on the 1879 Ordnance Survey map and would have been instated upon the construction of the railway embankment in 1864. Under The Hedgerow Regulations 1997 a hedgerow is considered “important” if it is greater than 30 years old and is recorded in a document held at the relevant date at a Record Office as an integral part of a field system pre-dating the Enclosure Acts. The hedgerow will be retained as part of the proposed development and as such no further assessment or mitigatory measures are proposed. Category of importance: Local Level of impact: None Significance of effect: Neutral Recommendations for further assessment: None Recommendations for further mitigatory measures: None

Plate 05: Hedgerow field boundary feature 4, from the south. Scale 1.0m.



Figure: 8-12

Plate: 5

NGR: SJ 07712 44502


Description A hedgerow runs from southwest to northeast and borders the western limit of the proposed development site. It measures approximately 5.0m in height and is made up mostly of hawthorn. The field boundary is depicted on the 1840 tithe map and although the actual age of the hedge is unknown, under The Hedgerow Regulations 1997 a hedgerow is considered “important” if it is greater than 30 years old and is recorded in a document held at the relevant date at a Record Office as an integral part of a field system pre-dating the Enclosure Acts. The hedgerow will be retained as part of the proposed development and as such no further assessment or mitigatory measures are proposed. Category of importance: Local Level of impact: None Significance of effect: Neutral Recommendations for further assessment: None Recommendations for further mitigatory measures: None

Plate 06: Hedgerow field boundary feature 5, from the southeast. Scale 1.0m.


6. Earthwork enclosure PRN: Tbc

Figure: 9-12

Plates: 7

NGR: SJ 07786 44459

Period: Unknown

Description An enclosure measuring approximately 100.0m in diameter is visible as a low earthwork at this location. The feature is visible on open Lidar data and is first depicted on the first, second and fourth edition 6” Ordnance Survey maps of 1879, 1891 and 1901 (figure 9, 10 and 11 respectively) where it is shown as a sub-circular marshy field. The earthwork enclosure is of unknown importance and will require complete removal by the proposed development during the construction phase. It is therefore proposed that further assessment be undertaken in the form of a geophysics survey potentially followed by a phase of evaluation trenching to determine the nature and identity of the enclosure feature. Category of importance: Unknown Level of impact: High adverse direct physical (construction) Significance of effect: Unknown Recommendations for further assessment: Geophysics survey Recommendations for further mitigatory measures: Dependent upon the results of the geophysics survey

Plate 07: Earthwork enclosure feature 6 (shaded red), from the south.


7. Former Road PRN: Tbc

Figure: 8-12

Plates: N.A.

NGR: SJ 07712 44440

Period: Post-Medieval

Description The former route of the B5437 passes through the south-western part of the site, although no visible trace remains at ground level. The route of the road is shown on the tithe map of 1840 (figure 8) and on the first, second and fourth edition 6” Ordnance Survey maps of 1879, 1891 and 1901 (figure 9, 10 and 11 respectively). It is probable that the road was straightened out and located further to the south upon the construction of the Ty’n Y Llidiart industrial estate in the latter part of the 20th Century. The projected route of the Rhyn Park to Rhug Roman Road is thought to pass along Ffordd Ty Cerrig further to the south and as such it is likely that this road is post-medieval in date and of negligible importance. Any preserved buried remains would require removal as part of the development however the feature is not deemed of a high enough importance for any further assessment or mitigatory measures. Category of importance: Negligible Level of impact: High adverse direct physical (construction) Significance of effect: Slight adverse Recommendations for further assessment: None Recommendations for further mitigatory measures: None


8. Extant Field Boundary PRN: Tbc

Figure: 8-12

Plate: N.A.

NGR: SJ 07842 44410


Description A now extant field boundary is depicted on the tithe map of 1840 (figure 8) and on the first, second and fourth edition 6” Ordnance Survey maps of 1879, 1891 and 1901 (figure 9, 10 and 11 respectively) as dividing the proposed development area into three large field plots. There is no physical trace of the boundary on the ground, although it is likely to have been a hedgerow with possibly a ditch which has since been back-filled. The boundary is of negligible importance and any trace of it will be removed as part of the proposed development, as such the significance of effect is deemed to be slight adverse during the construction phase. No further assessment or mitigatory measures are proposed. Category of importance: Negligible Level of impact: High adverse direct physical (during construction) Significance of effect: Slight adverse Recommendations for further assessment: None Recommendations for further mitigatory measures: None


9. Caer Drewen Hillfort Scheduled

Ancient Monument (ME012) PRN: 100809; 100810; 100811; 100812; 130146 NPRN: 24506; 95431

Figure: 10-14

Plate: 8-10

NGR: SJ 08770 44400

Period: Multi-period

Description The hillfort and Scheduled Ancient Monument of Caer Drewen camp is located approximately 580.0m east of the proposed development site boundary, however due to its elevated position any proposed development within 1.0km of the site would need to demonstrate the non-physical (visual) impact upon the setting of the monument. It is not within the limits of this assessment report to ascertain the full visual impact of the development and it is recommended that photographic or wireframe montage be produced showing the proposed development as viewed from the western edge of the SAM polygon. Moreover, Cadw will need to be consulted on the development proposals. Initial assessment using photographs taken using a 35mm lens to simulate actual viewpoints shows that although the proposed development would fill in a gap in a line of modern development to the northwest and southeast, the overall adverse visual impact when viewing west from the SAM polygon along the river valley is high. Furthermore, initial assessment would suggest that the adverse visual impact when viewing from the B5437 north-eastward across the site towards the SAM polygon is also high. The impact could be partially mitigated through the planting of native deciduous trees towards the north-eastern edge of the site to help soften the appearance of the development when viewed from the SAM, as can be seen with the existing industrial estate to the northwest. Category of importance: National Level of impact: Unknown Significance of effect: Unknown Recommendations for further assessment: 1. Photographic or wireframe montage depicting the completed proposed development when viewed from and into the Caer Drewen Camp SAM. 2. Consult Cadw on the proposals Recommendations for further mitigatory measures: Dependent on further assessment.

Plate 08: View from assessment area towards Caer Drewen Camp Scheduled Ancient Monument (ME012) feature 9, (taken using 35mm lens to simulate actual viewpoint), from the west.

Plate 09: View from Caer Drewen Camp Scheduled Ancient Monument (ME012) feature 9 towards proposed development site (shaded red), (taken using 35mm lens to simulate actual viewpoint), from the east.

Plate 10: View from the B5437 across the proposed development site (shaded red) to Caer Drewen Camp Scheduled Ancient Monument (ME012) feature 9, (taken using 35mm lens to simulate actual viewpoint), from the southwest.


Table 2: Summary of archaeological features. GREEN = no action required; RED= Action required

Number

Name Importance Impact Significance of effect Further Assessment

Mitigation Recommendations

PHYSICAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT IMPACTS 1 Hedgerow Local Medium adverse direct

physical (construction) Slight adverse None Basic record - complete

2 Llidiart-afallen Local/regional High adverse direct physical (construction)

Moderate adverse significance of effect

None Archaeological watching brief during groundworks in the vicinity.

3 Trewyn Fawr Cropmark Unknown (regional to national)

High adverse direct physical (construction phase)

Unknown (moderate to very large adverse)

Geophysical survey followed by targeted evaluation trenching.

Dependent upon the results of further assessment.

4 Hedgerow Local None Neutral None None 5 Hedgerow Local None Neutral None None 6 Earthwork enclosure Unknown High adverse direct physical

(construction) Unknown Geophysical

survey followed by targeted evaluation trenching.


7 Former Road Negligible High adverse direct physical (construction)

Slight adverse None Basic record - complete

8 Extant field boundary Negligible High adverse direct physical (construction)

Slight adverse None None

9 Caer Drewen Hillfort Scheduled Ancient Monument (ME012)

National Unknown Unknown 1. Photographic or wireframe



montage depicting the completed proposed development when viewed from and into the Caer Drewen Camp SAM. 2. Consult Cadw on the proposals

B5437

d Ty Cerrig

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 8




Figure 12: Loca on of archaeological sites within the proposed development area. Scale 1:2,500 at A4.


B5437

d Ty Cerrig

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 8




Figure 13: Loca on and orienta on of photographs. Scale 1:2,500 at A4.


Aeon Archaeology | 8.0 IMPACT AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27

8.0 IMPACT AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1 Direct physical impact Construction phase The proposed development scheme is expected to have a medium adverse direct physical impact upon one site (feature 1) and a high adverse direct physical impact upon five sites of archaeological importance (features 2, 3, 6-8) during the construction phase. Feature 1 is a hedgerow of local importance and features 7-8 are a former road and an extant field boundary all of which are considered to be of negligible importance, resulting in a slight adverse significance of effect. Feature 6 is an earthwork enclosure of unknown age and importance. Feature 2 is the location of the former grade II Listed Building of Llidiart-afallen, any remains of which would be considered to be of local/regional importance resulting in a moderate adverse significance of effect. Feature 3 is the Trewyn Fawr Cropmark which has been interpreted by the RCAHMW as the site of a possible prehistoric defended enclosure. As the exact identity, extent and condition of this feature is unknown its importance is therefore also unknown; however if the initial interpretation is correct then it would be of regional to national importance resulting in a moderate to very large significance of effect. Completion phase The proposed development scheme is not expected to have any direct physical impact upon any known sites of archaeological and historical significance upon completion. 8.2 Indirect physical and non-physical (visual) impact Construction phase The proposed development scheme is expected to have an unknown indirect non-physical (visual) impact upon the Scheduled Ancient Monument of Caer Drewen Camp (ME012) during the construction phase. Initial assessment using photographs and a 35mm lens to simulate actual viewpoints suggests that the potential impact is high adverse although further assessment is required. Completion phase The proposed development scheme is expected to have an unknown indirect non-physical (visual) impact upon the Scheduled Ancient Monument of Caer Drewen Camp (ME012) during the completion phase. Initial assessment using photographs and a 35mm lens to simulate actual viewpoints suggests that the potential impact is high adverse although further assessment is required. 8.3 Site Specific Recommendations Site specific recommendations have been made for a watching brief during groundworks in the vicinity of the former grade II Listed Building of Llidiart-afallen (feature 2) so that any surviving buried remains can be preserved via record. Further recommendations have been made for as geophysical survey at the site to investigate the possible prehistoric defended

Aeon Archaeology | 8.0 IMPACT AND RECOMMENDATIONS 28

enclosure (feature 3) identified as cropmarks in aerial photography by the RCAHMW, as well as the unknown earthwork enclosure (feature 6). The results of this survey will inform the requirement for any further evaluation or mitigatory work, although targeted trenching to evaluate the results of the survey is considered a likelihood. Recommendations have also been made for a photographic or wireframe montage to assess the visual impact of the development when complete, upon the Scheduled Ancient Monument of Caer Drewen Camp (ME012). Viewpoints should include views into and out of the designated SAM polygon. It is also recommended that Cadw are consulted on the development proposals. 8.4 General recommendations The proximity of the prehistoric hillfort of Caer Drewen Camp SAM coupled with the suspected prehistoric defended enclosure at the site and the Roman road following the B5437, suggests that there is a high potential for buried remains from the prehistoric and Roman periods. Moreover, the site occupies a ridge of high ground that would have provided one of the only accessible routes through the river valley. This combined with the rich and fertile hunting grounds of the River Dee floodplain and the relatively flat ground would have made the site an ideal location for early occupation. There is little evidence to suggest that the site was utilised in the Early Medieval or Medieval periods and a lack of such sites in proximity would suggest that the potential for any buried remains are low. The examination of historic maps has shown that the former grade II Listed Building and 16th Century barn of Llidiart-afallen stood at the eastern edge of the site. The building is not depicted on the 2000 Ordnance Survey map and is believed to have been demolished and delisted in the late 19th Century. There is likely to be buried remains of this building at foundation level and as such the potential for post-medieval remains at the site is considered to be high. Due to the increased potential for preserved remains related to the prehistoric and post-medieval periods in particular, it is recommended that a phase of geophysical survey is undertaken at the proposed development site in order to identify the nature and frequency of buried archaeology within the site boundary. If this confirms the presence of remains it is recommended that a phased approach of archaeological evaluation be undertaken to confirm or deny the results of the geophysical survey and to create a register of risk to the archaeological resource from the proposed development so that informed mitigatory measures can be made.

29 9.0 SOURCES | Aeon Archaeology

9.0 SOURCES OS Maps 1st edition 6 inch Ordnance Survey Map of 1879. 2nd edition 6 inch Ordnance Survey Map of 1891. 4th edition 6 inch Ordnance Survey Map of 1901. OS 1:10 000 Series sheet SJ 04NE, SJ 04SE, SJ 04SW, and SJ 04NW. Aerial Photographs OS Aerial Photographs 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015 Google mapping Sources British Geological Survey website. www.bgs.ac.uk. Chisholm, H. 1911. Encyclopaedia Britannica Clwyd-Powys Historic Environment Record (HER) Clwyd-Powys Historic Settlement Survey, 2014 Corwen tithe map of 1840. Dodd, C. R. 1844. The Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland English Heritage, 1991. Management of Archaeological Projects (MAP2) English Heritage, 2006. Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE) English Heritage, 2011. The Settings of Heritage Assets NMR Site Record Cards RCAHMW - coflein Silvester R J, Martin C H R, Watson S E , 2014 , Historic Settlements in Denbighshire The Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014 Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Aeon Archaeology | APPENDIX 1: SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED SITES WITHIN 1.0KM

30

APPENDIX 1: SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED SITES WITHIN 1.0KM

Undesignated monuments within 1.0km of the proposed development site as listed on the Clwyd-Powys HER (figure 3)

PRN Name Type Broadclass Period 19155 Corwen Railway Station Railway station Transport Modern 19157 Corwen, Owain Glyndwr Hotel Hotel Monument (by form) Post-Medieval 24732 Corwen, Old Fire Station Fire station Civil Modern 24736 Ty Cerrig hollow way Hollow way Transport Post-Medieval 24737 Corwen, building Building Monument (by form) Post-Medieval 24738 Ty Cerrig well and hand pump Well Water Supply and Drainage Post-Medieval 24739 Ty Cerrig well Well Water Supply and Drainage Post-Medieval 24741 Ty Cerrig green road Road Transport Post-Medieval

24742 Ty Newydd Chapel Nonconformist chapel Religious, Ritual and Funerary Post-Medieval

24743 Ty Newydd building (site of) Building Monument (by form) Post-Medieval 24750 Caer Drewyn clearance cairns Clearance cairn Agriculture and Subsistence Post-Medieval 24752 Caer Drewyn Trial quarries II Quarry Agriculture and Subsistence Post-Medieval 24757 Ty'n Gottel coal shaft Mine shaft (coal) Industrial Post-Medieval 25664 Llidiart-afellen House Domestic Post-Medieval 36095 Corwen, HIgh Street Waterloo House House Domestic Post-Medieval

36096 Corwen, High Street Post Office with attached sorting office House Domestic Post-Medieval

36097 Corwen, High Street Midland Bank Bank (financial) Commercial Post-Medieval 36098 Corwen, High Street National Westminster Bank Bank (financial) Commercial Modern 36099 Corwen, High Street Harp Hotel Hotel Commercial Post-Medieval 36100 Corwen, High Street, Central Hotel 36101 Corwen, High Street London House House Domestic Post-Medieval 36103 Corwen, Stryd y Bont (Bridge Street) 'The Crown' Public house Commercial Post-Medieval 36104 Corwen, Stryd y Bont (Bridge Street) Commerce House Shop Domestic Post-Medieval 36105 Corwen, Stryd y Bont, Capel Seion


36106 Corwen, Stryd y Bont (Bridge Street), Capel Bont gates and railings Gateway

Gardens, Parks and Urban Spaces Post-Medieval

36107 Corwen, Stryd y Bont (Bridge Street) No 1-8 The Terrace House Domestic Post-Medieval

36109 Corwen, Lon Las War Memorial Gates Gateway;WAR MEMORIAL

Gardens, Parks and Urban Spaces;commemorative Modern

36112 Corwen, Trewyn Bach House Domestic Post-Medieval 36113 Trewyn Bach, Corwen, Detached Farmbuilding Barn Monument (by form) Post-Medieval

36120 Corwen, Heol Llundain (London Road) Corwen Court (Old Police Station/courthouse) Police station Domestic Post-Medieval

42282 Corwen, High St Post Office sorting office Sorting office Communications Modern

42283 CORWEN, STRYD Y BONT (BRIDGE STREET) (S SIDE), COMMERCE HOUSE Shop Domestic Post-Medieval

42284 NO 2, THE TERRACE, STRYD Y BONT (BRIDGE STREET) ( N SIDE) House Domestic Post-Medieval

42285 NO 3, THE TERRACE, STRYD Y BONT (BRIDGE STREET) (N SIDE) House Domestic Post-Medieval




42289 NO 7, THE TERRACE STRYD Y BONT (BRIDGE STREET) (N SIDE) House Domestic Post-Medieval


47537 Rhyn Park to Rhug 47538 Rhyn Park to Rhug 66507 Llidiart-afallen shelter Shelter Post-Medieval 66508 Corwen breakwater Breakwater Post-Medieval 66510 Trewyn Fawr well Well Post-Medieval


66511 Trewyn Fawr footbridge I Footbridge Post-Medieval 66512 Trewyn Fawr footbridge II Footbridge Post-Medieval 66513 Trewyn Fawr ford Ford Post-Medieval 66514 Trewyn Fawr trackway Trackway Post-Medieval 66515 Denbigh, Ruthin and Corwen Railway viaduct Railway viaduct Post-Medieval 66516 Denbigh, Ruthin and Corwen Railway (section) Railway Post-Medieval 66519 Trewy Fawr bridge Bridge Post-Medieval 66522 Llangollen and Corwen signal post I Signal post Post-Medieval 66524 Llangollen and Corwen mile post Milepost Post-Medieval 66525 Denbigh, Ruthin and Corwen Railway, signal post Signal post Post-Medieval 66526 Trewyn Fawr trackway Trackway Post-Medieval 72485 Corwen, Bridge Street, St John Roberts Church 72486 Corwen, Bridge Street, former cinema 80379 Clawdd Poncen shaft Mine shaft Industrial Post-Medieval 80380 Rug milestone Milestone Transport Post-Medieval 80473 Ty Cerrig farm Farm Agriculture and Subsistence Post-Medieval 80474 Tythyn y Ffynnon Silien house House Domestic Medieval 80525 Ty Cerrig farm, drinking trough Drinking trough Agriculture and Subsistence Post-Medieval 80597 Ty Cerig bridge Bridge Transport Post-Medieval 93578 Corwen - St Asaph 93579 Corwen - St Asaph

100809 Caer Drewyn hillfort 100810 Caer Drewyn hillfort, iron age phase Hillfort Defence Iron Age 100811 Caer Drewyn hillfort, early medieval phase Enclosure Monument (by form) Early Medieval 100812 Caer Drewyn hillfort, platform house 100813 Ffynnon Sulien well

101325 Cae Garnedd Round barrow Religious, Ritual and Funerary Bronze Age

101845 Caer Drewyn macehead Find Monument (by form) Prehistoric 102674 Corwen, alleged Roman building Building Monument (by form) Roman 106450 Gwyddelwern S Cropmark Non antiquity;Road Unassigned Unknown


119324 Corwen, Coin find currency Post-Medieval 119405 Corwen, Coin find currency Roman 130146 Caer Drewyn warren Rabbit warren Agriculture and subsistence Post-Medieval


NMR Monument Points within 1.0km of the proposed development site (figure 4)

NPRN Name Broadclass Type Period

8349 Clawddponcen calvinistic methodist chapel, dyffryn edeirnion Religious, Ritual and Funerary Chapel Post Medieval

8352 Seion welsh calvinistic methodist chapel, stryd-y-bont, corwen Religious, Ritual and Funerary Chapel Post Medieval

12089 Chapel of rest (cemetery chapel), dyffryn edeirnion, corwen Religious, Ritual and Funerary Chapel Post Medieval

24506 Caer drewyn, warren Agriculture and Subsistence Rabbit warren Post Medieval 28606 Owain glyndwr hotel, corwen Commercial Hotel Post Medieval 32387 Ffynnon sulien Water Supply and Drainage Well Medieval 33153 Corwen Civil Town Multiperiod

34931 Corwen railway station, corwen and bala railway, llangollen and corwen railway;llangollen railway Transport Railway station Post Medieval

41700 Llidiart-afallen Agriculture and Subsistence Barn Post Medieval 54019 River dee railway bridge, near corwen Transport Railway bridge Post Medieval 95431 Caer drewyn;caer drewen Defence Hillfort Iron Age

265147 Ty-cerig, garden, clawdd poncen Gardens, Parks and Urban Spaces Garden Post Medieval

265180 Cae'r delyn, garden, clawdd poncen Gardens, Parks and Urban Spaces Garden Post Medieval

407711 Owain glyndwr statue, the square, corwen Commemorative Statue Modern 408289 Trewyn fawr cropmark Agriculture and Subsistence Defended enclosure Prehistoric 411989 Cefn, corwen Domestic House Post Medieval 412006 Trewyn bach Domestic House Post Medieval 418079 Former british school, bridge street, corwen Education School 19th Century


Listed Buildings within 1.0km of the proposed development site (figure 5).

Ref Name Number Grade 14/B/1 (6) Ffynnon sulien, gypsy lane (s side) 1300 II 14/B/10 (7) Owain glyndwr hotel, high street (s side) 658 II 14/B/11 (7) Waterloo house, high street (s side) 15514 II 14/B/12 (7) Post office, high street (s side) 15515 II 14/B/13 (7) Attached sorting office, high street (s side) 15516 II 14/B/14 (7) Midland bank, high street (w side) 15517 II 14/B/15 (7) National westminster bank, high street (n side) 15518 II 14/B/16 (7) Harp hotel, high street (n side) 15519 II 14/B/17 (7) Central hotel, high street (n side) 15520 II 14/B/18 (7) London house, high street (n side) 15521 II 14/B/20 (7) The crown public house, stryd y bont (bridge street) (n side) 15523 II 14/B/21 (7) Commerce house, stryd-y-bont (bridge street) (s side) 15524 II 14/B/22 (7) Commerce house, stryd y bont (bridge street) (s side) 15525 II 14/B/23 (7) Capel seion, stryd y bont (n side) 15526 II 14/B/24 Gates and railings at capel seion, stryd y bont (bridge street) (n side) 15527 II


(7) 14/B/25 (7) No 1, the terrace, stryd y bont (bridge street) (n side) 15528 II 14/B/26 (7) No 2, the terrace, stryd y bont (bridge street) ( n side) 15529 II 14/B/27 (7) No 3, the terrace, stryd y bont (bridge street) (n side) 15530 II 14/B/28 (7) No 4, the terrace, stryd y bont (bridge street) (n side) 15531 II 14/B/29 (7) No 5, the terrace, stryd y bont (bridge street) (n side) 15532 II 14/B/30 (7) No 6, the terrace, stryd y bont (bridge street) (n side) 15533 II 14/B/31 (7) No 7, the terrace stryd y bont (bridge street) (n side) 15534 II 14/B/32 (7) No 8, the terrace, stryd y bont (bridge street) (n side) 15535 II 14/B/34 (7) War memorial gates, lon las (n side) 15536 II 14/B/35 (6) Trewyn fawr farmhouse, b5437 (sw side) 15537 II 14/B/36 (6) Farmbuildings at trewyn fawr, b 5437 (sw side) 15538 II 14/B/37 (6) Trewyn bach, b5347 (ne side) 15539 II 14/B/38 (6) Detached farmbuilding at trewyn bach, b5437 (ne side) 15540 II


Scheduled Ancient Monuments within 1.0km of the proposed development site (figure 7)

SAM no. SAM Name Type General Broadclass ME012 Caer Drewen Camp Hillfort Prehistoric Defence

Aeon Archaeology | APPENDIX 2: DEFINITIONS OF FURTHER ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATORY MEASURES

38

APPENDIX 2: DEFINITIONS OF FURTHER ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATORY MEASURES 1. Definition of field evaluation techniques Field evaluation is sometimes necessary when the importance of an identified archaeological feature cannot be ascertained via an archaeological desk based assessment alone. There are several different techniques but the three most common are geophysical survey, trial trenching, and supervised metal detector survey: Geophysical survey This technique is a non-intrusive form of archaeological field evaluation. It utilises a magnetometer which detects differences within the earth’s magnetic field caused by the presence of iron in the soil. This iron often takes the form of magnetised iron oxides in the topsoil which have been re-deposited into lower archaeological features through cutting and backfill. A magnetometer can also detect iron artefacts within the soil and the presence of burnt stone material such as on hearths, kilns, and burnt mounds. Trial trenching Where a site is suspected to contain more subtle archaeological features such as pits, a geophysical survey may not be appropriate due to its lack on sensitivity in detecting these features. Indeed, trial trenching can also be utilised when anomalies have been identified during the geophysical survey and clarification is required in order to identify them. Trial trenches usually measure 20m by 2m although can vary ion size if targeting geophysical anomalies. Trenches are excavated using a mechanical tracked excavator and supervised by an archaeologist. The topsoil and subsoil are removed onto buried features or if absent, on to the natural glacial substrata. Any archaeological remains found are usually evaluated and recorded prior to backfilling of the trench, so that further site specific mitigatory recommendations can be made. Supervised Metal Detector Survey Some types of underlying substrata and bedrock can mask the results of investigation techniques such as geophysical survey. In such instances an archaeologically supervised metal detector survey can be undertaken. This involves the supervision of metal detectorists by a suitably qualified archaeologist and the spatial mapping of artefacts as they are discovered. This technique can give a geographical spread of metal finds and thus be indicative of ‘hotspot’ areas which may require further investigation by trial trenching for example. 2. Definition of Mitigatory Recommendations None: No further action is required. Detailed recording: A photographic and concise descriptive record is required, along with a digital survey. Basic recording: A photographic and basic descriptive record is required. Watching brief: Monitoring is required by a suitably qualified archaeologist during the proposed development. An archaeological watching brief is divided in to four categories according the IFA. 2001.


Institute for Archaeologists 2001 Standard and Guidance for an archaeological watching brief:

• comprehensive (present during all ground disturbance)

• intensive (present during sensitive ground disturbance)

• intermittent (viewing the trenches after machining)

• partial (as and when seems appropriate). Avoidance: These features should be avoided by the proposed development and any ancillary works including the establishment of compound and material lay-down areas. It may be necessary to surround the feature with a barrier and/or signage to avoid accidental damage. Reinstatement: These features should be reinstated to their original location and condition. Supervision by an archaeologist is required.

Date post:	17-Sep-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times

Ty’n Y Llidiart, B5437, Corwen, Denbighshire, LL21 9RJ ......Archaeological Assessment Aeon...

Documents