Ubiquitous Computing, Ubiquitous Services

PREST

Institute of Innovation Research

“2006 International Symposium on Ubiquitous Society” Seoul, Korea

Ubiquitous … ServicesUbiquitous … ServicesIan Miles

PREST/MBSUniversity of Manchester

[email protected]

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Themes

• The Evolving Service Economy

• The Evolving Information Society

• Services in Information Societies

• The Ubiquitous Service Information Society

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Growth of the Service Economy illustrated by Service Sectors

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Though Different Services display Different Patterns of Growth

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35Germany France Netherlands

Sw eden UK US

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350

5

10

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35Distributive Services

Personal Services Producer Services

Social Services

1960 1973 1984 1997

1960 1973 1984 1997

Growth has been relatively slow

Growth has been relatively

fast

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G Hotels, Restaurants

H Transport, Storage

I Finance

J Real estate, Renting, Business Activities

K Trade & Repair

L Public Administration, Defence, Social Security

M Education

N Health, Social Work

O Other Community, Social, Personal

What are services?

The statistics featured Services Sectors – the tertiary sector - specialised in providing specific services

But all sectors produce (and use) some services… …and consumers use manufactured products to access services and produce their own servicesThey are often the end-point of economic activity.

Services do not directly produce raw materials (the role of the primary sector) or physical artefacts (the role of the the secondary sector) They are often interactive/user-intensive; they are often intangibleThey do transform artefacts & environments (e.g. physical services like goods transport, warehousing, trade, remediation)

people (e.g. personal and social services like health and personal care)

information and symbols (e.g. communication and data processing services, and KIBS - Knowledge Intensive Business Services like consultancy, professional and technical services)

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Services in the evolving Information Society

Information Society involves not only the production and diffusion of hardware (which requires services)It involves the use and patterns of use of new Information Systems…… to supply end-users and business users with services…and this will be supported by all sorts of new intermediate services…and will provide challenges for established services

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source: http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html

Evolution of Computing: Mark Weiser’s Overview

Sal

es/Y

ear

MAINFRAME: one computer serves many people

PC: one -----computer per person

UBIQUITY: ---many ---------computers per person

Envelope curve (systems of all types)

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http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/2720070203.pdf

DistantDistant

LocalLocal

MobileMobile

UbiquitousUbiquitous

Information Society v1.0 - v4.0

1960s/ 70s 1980s/ mid90s mid1990s/ 2000s 2010s?/?

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DistantDistant

LocalLocal

MobileMobile


1960s/ 70s 1980s/ mid90s mid1990s/ 2000s 2010s?/?

Information Society v1.0

One computer to many users “Come here”

Expensive Systems requiring… Expert Users using…

Crude Peripherals for… Number-Crunching

Centralising influence Policies:National Computer

Industry Plans





Industry Plans

Information Technology (Mainframes)Information Technology (Mainframes)

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DistantDistant

LocalLocal

MobileMobile


1960s/ 70s 1980s/ mid90s mid1990s/ 2000s 2010s?/?

Information Society v2.0Information Technology (PCs)Information Technology (PCs)

“At your desk”

One to one/several

Stand alone systems

Challenge to DP centres

“At your desk”

One to one/several

Stand alone systems


Powerful local processing: many

applicationsModerate skills required,

simplified interfaces (WIMP/GUIs)

Pervasive use by Professionals

Policies: IT and telecomms R&D

programmes






programmes

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DistantDistant

LocalLocal

MobileMobile


1960s/ 70s 1980s/ mid90s mid1990s/ 2000s 2010s?/?

Information Society v3.0Information Technology (Notebooks, Web)Information Technology (Notebooks, Web)

“Reaching out” and “Getting around”

Several to one User-friendly Cheap, Accessible Portable Simple Networking Many devices with

embedded IT



embedded IT

Policies:Information

Society, Superhighway



Dedicated/ multifunction• Delayering


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DistantDistant

LocalLocal

MobileMobile


1960s/ 70s 1980s/ mid90s mid1990s/ 2000s 2010s?/?

Information Society v4.0Information Technology (AmI)Information Technology (AmI)

“Surrounding you”/ “Ambient”

Many to one Disposable/ wearable/ “Invisible”

Pervasive Networking Numerous interoperable devices, networks

Location, identification, monitoring, tagging





Organisation: Googleocracy?

Net governance? Policies: Privacy? Security? Data Protection ?



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Information Societies are Service Economies

• Generations of Information Technology and Information Society

• have been accompanied by ongoing evolution of service activities

• Here is a very brief account of how services have transformed themselves, and been challenged by users and competitors, in successive generations of IT and other technologies

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DistantDistant

LocalLocal

MobileMobile


1960s/ 70s 1980s/ mid90s mid1990s/ 2000s 2010s?/?

Information Society v1.0





Industry Plans

Information Technology (Mainframes)Service EconomyService EconomyLARGE SCALE SERVICE ORGANISATIONS USING BACK-OFFICE COMPUTING.

But more widely: CHEAP GOODS BASED ON ELECTRONICS, ELECTRICAL POWER, INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Consumer self-service displacing many traditional consumer services – laundry, transport, leisure

Drivers – cost (manufacturing achieving high productivity increase), convenience (closer fit to user requirements in time and space), autonomy

New support services – mass broadcasting and media, garages, retail and repair…

Changing ways of life: where and how people/families live

LARGE SCALE SERVICE ORGANISATIONS USING BACK-OFFICE COMPUTING.

But more widely: CHEAP GOODS BASED ON ELECTRONICS, ELECTRICAL POWER, INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Consumer self-service displacing many traditional consumer services – laundry, transport, leisure

Drivers – cost (manufacturing achieving high productivity increase), convenience (closer fit to user requirements in time and space), autonomy

New support services – mass broadcasting and media, garages, retail and repair…

Changing ways of life: where and how people/families live

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DistantDistant

LocalLocal

MobileMobile


1960s/ 70s 1980s/ mid90s mid1990s/ 2000s 2010s?/?

Information Society v2.0Information Technology (PCs)

“At your desk”

One to one/several

Stand alone systems







programmes

Service EconomyService EconomySome services reverse self-service trends: “industrialising” with fast food etc., creating leisure experience with shopping, new attractions (theme parks, etc.)

Much use of self-service with IT systems IN service organisations: supermarkets and especially banks (ATMs) – moving from back-office to store-front IT use.

MANY SERVICE ORGANISATIONS USING BASIC STORE-FRONT/ FRONT-OFFICE IT SYSTEMS

Some services reverse self-service trends: “industrialising” with fast food etc., creating leisure experience with shopping, new attractions (theme parks, etc.)

Much use of self-service with IT systems IN service organisations: supermarkets and especially banks (ATMs) – moving from back-office to store-front IT use.

MANY SERVICE ORGANISATIONS USING BASIC STORE-FRONT/ FRONT-OFFICE IT SYSTEMS

Early mass networking and e-services mostly meet with poor reception (1) significance of messaging/user content apparent; (2) email lags behind fax; (3) telephone banking surpasses online consumer banking/financial services.

Early mass networking and e-services mostly meet with poor reception (1) significance of messaging/user content apparent; (2) email lags behind fax; (3) telephone banking surpasses online consumer banking/financial services.• New waves of consumer

goods using microelectronics, providing improved

quality (interactive media) but few really new functions

• Massive growth of KIBS

• New waves of consumer goods using

microelectronics, providing improved

quality (interactive media) but few really new functions

• Massive growth of KIBS

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DistantDistant

LocalLocal

MobileMobile


1960s/ 70s 1980s/ mid90s mid1990s/ 2000s 2010s?/?

Information Society v3.0Information Technology (Notebooks, Web)



embedded IT




Service EconomyService EconomyServices “industrialisation” becomes more sophisticated (modularisation & customisation)

Take-off of email and Internet use on wide scale: innovations like P2P services: mass “user” participation.

Hype and burst bubble on e-services (especially ecommerce) – but steady growth.

Largely unexpected success of mobile voice and then text communications

Services “industrialisation” becomes more sophisticated (modularisation & customisation)

Take-off of email and Internet use on wide scale: innovations like P2P services: mass “user” participation.

Hype and burst bubble on e-services (especially ecommerce) – but steady growth.

Largely unexpected success of mobile voice and then text communications

Consumers informing selves, providing content, and forming communities via web: challenge expertise and authority of various kinds – creative industries, health and education, etc. – and intermediaries (e.g. music distribution)

Offshoring of routine (and some higher-level) service work

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DistantDistant

LocalLocal

MobileMobile


1960s/ 70s 1980s/ mid90s mid1990s/ 2000s 2010s?/?

Information Society v4.0Information Technology (AmI)







Service EconomyService EconomyUbiquitous

New Technological Opportunities

Skills, Institutions and Structures

Choices: Adoption of Products to provide Services, Introduction of New Practices

Cost, convenience, quality Fit with routines, Learning, Autonomy

Other technologies Ways of life, business models

Location

Identification

Environment

Biotechnology

New Business sers

User Content,

P2P

Privacy

Security

Identity

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Pinpoint - workshop

At: http://www.pinpoint-faraday.org.uk/downloads/prest_29062004_workshop_report.pdf

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Ubiquitous - ServicesUSERS as critical for successful innovation processes

Important user requirements for health and security support, leisure and social coordination

Locational services as a vehicle for P2P content? Shared realities…

Enhanced realities, as well as e-scape

Services as a focus for (new types of) R&D

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