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Graphical system advantages

Symbols recognized faster than text

Faster learning

Faster use and problem solving

Easier remembering

More natural

Fewer errors

Increased feeling of control

Immediate feedback

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Graphical system advantages

Predictable system responses

Easily reversible actions

More attractive May consume less space

Replaces national languages

Easily augmented with text displays Low typing requirements

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Graphical system disadvantages

Greater design complexity

Learning still necessary

Lack of experimentally-derived designguidelines

Inconsistencies in technique and terminology

Not always familiar

Window manipulation requirements

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Graphical system disadvantages

Production limitations

Few tested icons exist

Inefficient for touch typists Not always the preferred style of interaction

Not always fastest style of interaction

May consume more screen space Hardware limitations

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Characteristics of the Graphical User

InterfaceSophisticated Visual Presentation : [It is what people see on the screen]

The objective is to reflect visually on the screen the real world of the useras realistically, meaningfully, simply, and clearly as possible.

The sophistication of a graphical system permits displaying lines, includingdrawings and icons.

It also permits the displaying of a variety of character fonts, includingdifferent sizes and styles.

The meaningful interface elements :

windows (primary, secondary, or dialog boxes)

menus (menu bar, pull-down, pop-up, cascading)

Icons (programs , files)

assorted screen-based controls (text boxes, list boxes, combination boxes,settings, scroll bars, and buttons)

a mouse pointer and cursor.

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Pick-and-Click Interaction

To identify a proposed action is commonlyreferred to as pick, the signal to perform an

action as click.Restricted Set of Interface Options

The array of alternatives available to the user iswhat is presented on the screen or what may beretrieved through what is presented on thescreen, nothing less, and nothing more. Thisconcept fostered the acronym WYSIWYG.

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Visualization

Visualization is a cognitive process that allowspeople to understand information that is difficultto perceive, because it is either too voluminous

or too abstract. The goal is not necessarily to reproduce a realistic

graphical image, but to produce one that conveysthe most relevant information.

Effective visualizations can facilitate mentalinsights, increase productivity, and foster fasterand more accurate use of data.

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Object Orientation

A graphical system consists of objects and

actions. Objects are what people see on the

screen as a single unit.

Classes of Objects:

Data objects, which present information

Container objects to hold other objects

Device objects, represent physical objects in the

real world.

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Objects relationships

Collections: simplest relationship- sharing a

common aspect of objects.

Constraints: stronger relationship changing

an object in a set affects some other object in

the set.

Composites: significant relationship

aggregation itself can be identified as an

object.

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Containers: object in which other object exist.

Persistence: is the maintenance of a state

once it is established

An object state [window size, cursor

location, scroll position] should always be

automatically preserved when the user

changes it

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Properties or Attributes of Objects : Properties are theunique characteristics of an object. Properties help todescribe an object and can be changed by users.

Actions : People take actions on objects.

Property/attribute specification sequence: The user selects an objectfor example, several words

of text.

The user then selects an action to apply to that object,

such as the action BOLD. The selected words are made bold and will remain bold

until selected and changed again.

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Application versus Object or Data

OrientationAn application-oriented approach takes an action:

object approach, like this:

Action> 1. An application is opened (for example,word processing).

Object> 2. A file or other object selected (forexample, a memo).

An object-oriented object: action approach doesthis:

Object> 1. An object is chosen (a memo).

Action> 2. An application is selected (wordprocessing).

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Views

Views are ways of looking at an objects information.

1. Composed: present information and objects

contained within an object.

2. Contents: list the components of objects.

3. Settings: permit seeing and changing object

properties.

4. Help: provide all the help functions.

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Use of Recognition Memory:

Continuous visibility of objects and actions encourages to

eliminate out of sight, out of mind problem

Concurrent Performance of Functions:

Graphic systems may do two or more things at one time.

Multiple programs may run simultaneously.

When the system is not busy on a primary task, it may process

background tasks (cooperative multitasking)

When the appl are running truly separate tasks, the system

may divide the processing power into time slice & allocate

portions to each appl ( preemptive multitasking).

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The Web User Interface

The design goal is to build a hierarchy of menus

and pages that feels natural, is well structured, is

easy to use, and is truthful.

Web interface design is essentially the design ofnavigation and the presentation of information.

Proper interface design is largely a matter of

properly balancing the structure andrelationships of menus, content, and other linked

documents or graphics.

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The Web User Interface

Web interface design is difficult for a number

of reasons.

The main issues concern information

architecture and task flow, neither of which is

easy to standardize.

Difficult It is more difficult because of the

availability of the various types of multimedia.

users are ill defined & the users tools so

variable in nature

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The popularity of Web

It allows millions of people scattered across the

globe to communicate, access information,

publish, and be heard. It allows people to

control much of the display and the renderingof Web pages.

Web usage has reflected this popularity. The

number of Internet hosts has risendramatically.

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Users have become much more discerning

about good design.

Slow download times

Confusing navigation

Confusing page organization

Disturbing animation

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Printed Pages versus Web Pages

Page size

Page rendering

Page layout Page resolution

Page navigation

Interactivity Page independence:

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