Unidad 1 Programaci n de Interfaces

8/13/2019 Unidad 1 Programaci n de Interfaces

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Learning Objectives

Understand the difference between the levels

of individual, work group, and organization.

Define and discuss individual-level systems.

Define and discuss work grouplevel systems.

Define and discuss organizational-level

systems.

Define and discuss inter-organizational-levelsystems.


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Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Why study HCI?

To help make IS users more productive,

To help IS professionals develop moreusable and successful systems,

To enhance organizational effectiveness,

To provide researchers with cohesive andcumulative knowledge for theory building,and,

To apply this theoretical knowledge toenhance real information systems.


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Conceptos de Sistemas

Definicin de Sistema: Conjunto de elementos

interrelacionados para lograr un objetivo comn.

Los sistemas existen en el medio ambiente de forma

natural, mucho antes de existir el hombre, pero ha

sido hasta su aparicin y posterior organizacin para

desarrollar actividades que tienen que ver con

creaciones de l que se han desarrollado teoras

para poder crear nuevos sistemas, modificar los

existentes, mantener con vida los existentes, mejorarlos existentes.


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Clasificacin de los Sistemas

Naturales: Sistemas fsicos y

biolgicos.

Creados por el hombre: Sistemas

que crea para facilitar sus tareas.Abstractos

Tarea Humana

Por su

Comporta

-miento

Abiertos: Son aquellos que intercambian materiales, energa o

informacin con su medio ambiente. Pueden cerrarse: cortando

su relacin medio ambiente incluyendo la parte de relacin.

Cerrados: Sistemas que no interactan con su medio a. Solo

existen en teora.

Por su

Accin

Adaptables: Reaccionan ante los cambios del medio

ambiente tomando en cuenta la finalidad para la que fueron

diseados.

Inadaptables: No reaccionan a cambios

Por su origen


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Elementos de un sistema

Proceso: funcin de transformacin por medio de la cual los elementos de

entrada al sistema se convierten en elementos de salida.

Entrada: Elementos sobre los cuales se aplican los recursos con los que

cuenta el sistema.

Salida: Resultado o beneficio de la conversin obtenida de la aplicacin de los

recursos a los elementos de entrada.

Control: se relaciona con la naturaleza del sistema, son los elementos que les

permiten averiguar si trabajan dentro de sus estndares, de lo contrario toman

acciones correctivas. Estos elementos usan:

Un estndarpara lograr un desempeo aceptable.

Un mtodo para medir el desempeo actual.

Un medio para compararel desempeo actual contra el estndar.

Un mtodo de retroalimentacin

ENTRADA PROCESO SALIDA

CONTROL

RETROALIMENTACION


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Componentes de un sistema

Un elemento de un sistema se forma por

entidades, las cuales se relacionan y de esa

relacin surge la estructura del sistema.

Atributos: Son las caractersticas de cadauno de los elementos que conforman al

sistema


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Dato, Informacin, Conocimiento

Dato: Valor aislado que por si solo no expresada nada. Son los

valores almacenados en la realidad en la Base de Datos.

Informacin: Resultado de aplicarle una o mas operaciones

de procesamiento a un dato o conjunto de ellos. Es el

significado de los valores almacenados en la Base de Datosdesde el punto de vista de un usuario.

Conocimiento: Es la informacin a la cual se le han agregado

experiencias, sensaciones, etc.



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Dr. Irma Becerra-Fernadez, FIU

Knowledge - Definitions

Two types of knowledge are tacitand explicit

Explicit knowledge can be expressed in

numbers and words and shared formally and

systematically in the form of data,

specifications, manuals, and the like)

Tacit knowledge includes insights, intuitions,and hunches, is difficult to express and

formalize, and therefore difficult to share


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Overview of types of systems [2]

Structured

decisionesNeed for

Information

Daily operations

DSS

MIS

TIS

TIS

High

Less

Less


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Categoras de los sistemas de

informacinCaractersticas

Sistema para procesamiento de

transacciones

(TIS)

Sustituye los procedimientos manuales por otros basados

en computadoras.

Trata con procesos de rutina bien estructurados.

Incluye aplicaciones para el mantenimiento de registros.

Sistema de informacinadministrativa

(MIS)

Proporciona la informacin que ser empleada en losprocesos de decisin administrativos.

Trata con el soporte de situaciones de decisin bien

estructuradas.

Es posible anticipar los requerimientos de informacin

ms comunes.

Sistema para el soporte dedecisiones

(DSS)

Proporciona informacin a los directivos que deben tomardecisiones sobre situaciones particulares.

Apoyan la toma de decisiones en circunstancias que no

estn bien estructuradas

Sistemas Expertos

(ES)

Un sistema experto es un sistema que emplea

conocimiento humano capturado en una computadora para

resolver problemas que ordinariamente requieren de

experiencia humana


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System classification by

organizational level


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1. Individual Level Systems [1]

CustomersSelf Service

Ordering systems

Recruits

Resume self- service

Benefits enrollment

Office Support Staff

Document preparation systems

Data entry systems

Customer service systems

Knowledge Workers

Computer Assisted Design and

Manufacturing systems

Systems development environments

Middle Managers

Decision Support Systems

Executives


Executive Support Systems

Office Support Staff

Document preparation systems

Data entry systems

Customer service systems

Knowledge Workers

Computer Assisted Design and

Manufacturing systems

Systems development environments

Middle Managers


Executives



External Systems Internal Systems


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1.1 Office Automation Systems [1]

Office Automation Systems: Systems

designed to automate and support the work

of white-collar support staff members.

Interface consistency is critical to the successof these systems.


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Document Preparation Systems

Document Preparation Systems: Office

Automation systems that are designed to

support document preparation such as word

processors, presentation software,publication software, and others.

Examples: word processors, spreadsheets,

presentation and desktop publishing

software.


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Document Preparation Systems (Multi-layer Model

task, semantic, syntactic, lexical)

Tasks

Create useful, meaningful, and aesthetically pleasingdocuments

Easy and accurate input

Management and output of unstructured data and somestructured data such as tables

Semantics and Syntactical

Documents or Files (open, save, print)

Blocks of text (cut, paste, copy, move, find)

Objects (pictures, tables, charts)

Tools (spell check, Thesaurus) Lexical

Menus

Dialog boxes

Message boxes

Icons


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Document Preparation Systems

Figure 2.2 Screen shot of File Menu and text in Microsoft Word

Figure 2.3 Screen shot of Edit Menu in Microsoft Word


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Individual Level Systems:

Data Entry Systems

Data Entry Systems: Systems used to

support the manual processes of data entry.

These systems are generally proprietary and

developed in-house specifically to accomplishdata entry tasks.


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Data Entry Systems (TSSL)

Task:

to support entry of data

to give the user control

to eliminate redundant entries

support natural navigation of the screens Semantic:

save,

open,

update,

delete, create, and

append.


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Syntactical:

Form fields: Labels,

Text-boxes,

Check boxes, List boxes,

Combo boxes,

Command buttons, etc.

Lexical:

Short-cut keys

Tab keys

Mouse clicks

Interfaces that are easy to read and easy to learn.

Data Entry Systems (TSSL)


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Data Entry Systems

Figure 2.5 Screen Shot from a Self-serve Internet Order Form


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Customer Account Management Systems

Customer Account Management Systems:

These systems support the management of

customer accounts. They may be purchased

as part of an off-the-shelf system.


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Task:

transfer funds,

make payments,

check balances,

apply for new accounts, etc.

Semantic: Login

Retrieval of accounts

Payments

Transfers

Syntactical: Submitting a parameter (like an account number)

Retrieving information Lexical:

Mouse clicks

Keystrokes List selection

Customer Account Management

Systems (TSSL)


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1.2 Knowledge Work Systems

(KWS)

Single-user systems designed to support

knowledge creation activities.

Components:

Diagram support

Stress and capacity testing

Simulation

Prototyping tools KWS vary from domain to domain and/or task

to task



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Knowledge workers perform three key roles that are critical to

the organization and to the managers who work within the

organization:

Keeping the organization current in knowledge

Serving as internal consultants regarding the areas of theirknowledge

Acting as change agents

Knowledge workers rely on traditional office systems but often

require highly specialized knowledge work systems with

powerful graphics, analytical tools, and communications anddocument management capabilities. These systems require

great computing power, access to external databases, easy-to-

use interfaces, and optimization for the specific tasks to be

performed.


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KWS components


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Examples of knowledge work systems

CAD/CAM systems: Computer-aided design (CAD) and

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems automate the

creation and revision of designs, using computers and

sophisticated graphics software. They provide engineers,

designers, and factory managers with precise manufacturing

control over industrial design and manufacturing

Virtual reality systems: These use interactive graphics

software to aid drug designers, architects, engineers, and

medical workers by presenting precise, three-dimensional

simulations of objects.

Investment workstations: These are high-end PCs used in the

financial sector to analyze trading situations instantaneously and

facilitate portfolio management.


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The Four Modes of Knowledge

Conversion [3]

Knowledge is created through the interaction

between tacit and explicit knowledge.

Nonaka identifies four possible modes:

socialization, externalization, combination,

and internalization


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Conversion

Socialization Externalization

Internalization Combination

Tacit Knowledge To Explicit Knowledge (K)

Tacit K

From

Explicit K


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Conversion

Externalization

Involves the expression of tacit K and its

conversion into comprehensible forms which

others can understand

Involves techniques that help to express

ideas or images as words, concepts, visuals,

or figurative language

Metaphors, analogies, narratives

T To Explicit Knowledge (K)

Tacit K

From

Explicit


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Conversion

Combination

Involves converting explicit K into more

complex sets of explicit K.

Key issues are communication anddiffusion processes and the

systemization of K into a K system.

Computer databases

T To Explicit Knowledge (K)

Tacit K

From

Explicit

K


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Conversion

Socialization

The sharing of tacit K between individuals,usually through joint activities rather than written

or verbal instructions.

Transferring ideas and images in an

apprenticeshipK is produced in a group setting through the

sharing of a common understanding.

Tacit Knowledge To Explicit

Tacit K

From

Explicit


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Conversion

Internalization

The process of embodying explicit K

into ones self tacit K

Learning by doing, on-the-job training,learning by observation, and face-to-

face meetings

Tacit Knowledge To Explicit

Tacit From

Explicit

K


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1.3 Decision Support Systems [1]

Decision Support Systems: Single-user

systems designed to support decision making.

DSS components include: database, model-

base and user interface. The user interfaceis critical to the success of a DSS.


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Graficamente [2]

Diversos

sistemas basados

en computadoras

Administracin

del modelo

Administracin

de datos

Administracin

del

conocimiento

Administracindel dialogo

Administracin

(Usuario)

Datos; Externos

e Internos


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Decision Support Systems (TSSL)

Tasks: Sales forecasting,

Resource allocation,

Scheduling,

Routing,

Cost minimization,

Profit maximization, etc. Semantic:

Problem definition,

Data selection,

Model selection,

Execution.

Syntactical: Tables

Mathematical functions

Lexical: Input - Q&A

Output - graphical format

Help


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Figure 2.8 Sales Forecasting


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1.4 Executive Support Systems [1]

Executive Support Systems: Strategic

systems designed to support executives.

These systems give executives the capability

of viewing data from an aggregate level andthey allow drill down to the more detailed

level of data to help executives understand

the nature of the aggregate level of data.


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Graficamente [2]

Fuentes no

computacionales

EjecutivosOtras fuentes

computacionales

Executive Information System (EIS)Presentacin integrada y personalizada de:

Indicadores Clave

Estado y tendencias de la informacin

Excepciones

MIS

Bsquedas en el medio

ambiente

Bases de datos comerciales

y servicios de InformacinProcesamiento de

Transacciones


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Executive Support Systems (TSSL)

Tasks: monitor the critical success factors

Semantic:

information retrieval

Find

Open Extract

Summarize etc.

Syntactical:

SQL (Structured Query Language) Predefined reports

Lexical: Natural language interface

Query-by-Example


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Figure 2.9 An ESS Interface


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Task Nature User Type System Organizational Concern Interface Focus

Routine,

repetitive,

Highly

structured

Office support staff Document

Preparation

Technology Acceptance

User Productivity

User Satisfaction

Document

Data entry staff or

Customer self-

entry via Internet

forms

Data Entry User Productivity

User Satisfaction

Flow

Trust

Technology acceptance

Data entry form

Customer service

representatives or

Customer self-

service via Internet

Customer

Account

Management


Trust

Motivation to use

Account

Intermittent,

Semi- or

unstructured

Upper or middle-

level managers

DecisionSupport

Systems

Technology acceptanceTrust

Motivation to use

Graphs and charts

Executive

Support

Systems


Trust

Motivation to use

Graphs Charts

Visualization

Table 2.1 Summary Table for Individual User Level

in the Organizational Context


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2. Work Group Level Systems [1]

Work Group Level: Groups of people who

work together such as departments and

project teams.


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2.1 Project Management Systems

(PMS) [1]

Project Management Systems: Systems

designed to support the management of

projects. These systems include

mechanisms for decomposing large tasks intosmaller, more manageable subtasks. They

also include modules that help to manage

resources including time, labor, and money.


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Tasks:

Manage Time,

Cost,

Resources, etc.

Semantic: Activities,

Durations,

Dependencies,

Work break down structures.

Syntactical: Rules

Cells

Lexical:

Similar to a spreadsheet.

Project Management Systems (TSSL)


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Project Management Systems

Figure 2.10 GANTT CHART and Work Breakdown Structure


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2.2 Work Flow Management

Systems [1]

Work Flow Systems: Systems that are

designed to manage the flow of work. These

systems include routing information (the path

that work follows from person-to-person ordepartment-to-department). Other

components of work flow systems include

version control and work specification.


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Work Flow Management Systems (TSSL)

Tasks: Discrete activities

Computer operations

Rules

Semantic: Workflow type definition Activity

Transition conditions

Invoked application

Syntactical: Symbols

Terms

Lexical: Selection (drag and drop)

Build diagrams


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Work Flow Management Systems

Figure 2.13 Work flow diagram chart.


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2.3 Group Support Systems (GSS) [1]

Group Support Systems: Systems designed

to support group processes including:

decision making, communication, meetings,

document control, calendaring, and others.


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Group Support Systems (GSS) Summary Table

Tasks Duration User type

Technical

staff

System

Work Flow

Systems

Organizational

Concern

Shared

Workspace

Interface

Focus

Tasks

Flow diagrams

ProjectManagement Ad hoc User reps ProjectManagement

Systems

GroupSatisfaction,

Coordination,

Leadership,

Motivation

WorkBreakdown

Structures

Gantt charts

PERT charts

Managerial

Strategic

Decision

Making

On-going Managers Group

SupportSystems

Coordination,

Anonymity,

Leadership

Graphs

Charts

Organization

Charts

Table 2.2 Summary Table of Work Group Level in the Organizational Context


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3. Organizational Level Systems [1]

Organizational Level: These systems are

designed to support the entire organizational

entity and include communications, personnel

management, and organizational learning.


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3.1 Communication Systems [1]

Enterprise Communication Systems:

Systems designed to support enterprise-level

communications including email systems and

conferencing systems.


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Communication Systems

Task: Messaging

Threaded discussions

Chatting

Asynchronous communication

Calendar-related functions

Semantic: Send

Open

Reply

Organize

Delete, etc.

Syntactical: time and/or date related

Lexical: Mouse-clicks

Keystrokes


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Communication Systems

Figure 2.15 Screen for Outlook Calendar.

3 2 E t i R Pl i


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3.2 Enterprise Resource Planning

(ERP) [1]

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Systems: Systems designed to support all

the functions and activities of an organization

including marketing, production management,order fulfillment, accounting, personnel

management, and financial management.


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Customer relationship management (CRM)

systems enable organizations to better serve

their customers via software in contrast to

customer service systems (mentionedabove). The term CRMcan be used to

describe either the software itself or the

whole business strategy.

3.3 Customer Relationship Management

(CRM) [1]


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CRM

Figure 2.16 Customer recommendations from eGourmet.

Table 2 3 S mmar of Organi ational Le els


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User Type System OrganizationalConsiderations InterfaceFocus

Communication

All levels

and types

of users

E-mail

systems

and document

management

systems

Communication

effectiveness

Anthonys pyramid

E-mails

Documents

Calendars

Personnel

management

Intranet

human

resource

portal

Locus of control

Forms

Announcements

Policies

Organizational

learning

E-training Organizational learningTraining

modules

Functional

systemsERP

Organizational

effectiveness and

efficiency

Reports and

data retrieval

Extra-

organizationalCRM

Revenue generation and

customer service

Customer

service

Table 2.3 Summary of Organizational Levels

in the Organizational Context


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4. Inter-organizational Systems [1]

Inter-organizational systems are those

systems that link companies with external

organizations (not individual customers).

Usually this link is a B2B (business-to-business) link between suppliers and

business customers.


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Supply Chain Management Systems


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Summary

This chapter is structured around four levels

of information systems: the individual, the

work group, the entire organization, and the

inter-organizational level.At each level, various systems that support

the level are presented along with the four

levels of HCI (task, semantic, syntactic, and

lexical).

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