Unit 3 Creative Project

www.evidentcrimescene.com

Evidence and It's Importance Evidence and It's Importance

Unit 3 Creative ProjectUnit 3 Creative Project

Elizabeth HallElizabeth Hall

Kaplan UniversityKaplan University

CJ210 Criminal InvestigationCJ210 Criminal Investigation

Joseph ReynoldsJoseph Reynolds

November 3 2009November 3 2009

Gathering Fingerprint Evidence


QuestionQuestion

What are the main types of evidence, and What are the main types of evidence, and what is their importance to the investigative what is their importance to the investigative

process?process?

Crime Scene Tool Kit Kit


Types of Evidence, and Types of Evidence, and the Techniques Used for Collectionthe Techniques Used for Collection

Evidence is predominantly grouped into two Evidence is predominantly grouped into two categories which can then be broken down categories which can then be broken down

into subgroups:into subgroups:

Physical Evidence also known as "real Physical Evidence also known as "real evidence.- "Locard's Exchange Theory: everyevidence.- "Locard's Exchange Theory: every

contact leaves a trace". (DNA Initiative, 2008)contact leaves a trace". (DNA Initiative, 2008)

Testimonial Evidence is statements, or oral Testimonial Evidence is statements, or oral facts given to investigators by witnesses, facts given to investigators by witnesses,

informants, or victims. informants, or victims.

Evidence Collection ID Tag



ContinuedContinued

Physical EvidencePhysical Evidence

Fingerprints- Collected with a variety of tapes, Fingerprints- Collected with a variety of tapes, powders, chemicals, and glues using the contrast powders, chemicals, and glues using the contrast

technique.technique.

Firearms- Bullet casings, striation marks and spent Firearms- Bullet casings, striation marks and spent cartridges, these are collected with tweezers and cartridges, these are collected with tweezers and

sealed in an evidence containersealed in an evidence container

Trace Evidence- Hairs, fibers, and particulate Trace Evidence- Hairs, fibers, and particulate material, collected by shaking, sifting, tape lifting, or material, collected by shaking, sifting, tape lifting, or

vacuuming.vacuuming.

Fingerprint- Green Magnetic Powder



Continued 2Continued 2

Biological Specimen Kit

Physical Evidence 2Physical Evidence 2 Biological evidence- Biological evidence-

Document evidence- Letters, papers, handwriting samples Document evidence- Letters, papers, handwriting samples collected, and sealed in evidence containerscollected, and sealed in evidence containers

Physical evidence, properly collected, documented, and Physical evidence, properly collected, documented, and analyzed is:analyzed is:

more reliable than testimonial evidence, more reliable than testimonial evidence, known as the silent witnessknown as the silent witness

can corroborate witness statementscan corroborate witness statements help investigators reconstruct the crimehelp investigators reconstruct the crime

is completely objective is completely objective can help to prove or disprove innocence. (DNA Initiative. can help to prove or disprove innocence. (DNA Initiative.

(2008))(2008))



Continued 3Continued 3

Testimonial EvidenceTestimonial Evidence

Testimonial evidence includes signed statements, Testimonial evidence includes signed statements, videos, and audio recordings. videos, and audio recordings.

Can be gathered in various places, for example: the Can be gathered in various places, for example: the police station, a person's home, a hospital, or police station, a person's home, a hospital, or

anywhere an officer can talk to or ask a person anywhere an officer can talk to or ask a person questions.questions.

Is collected with the use of paper, pens, video Is collected with the use of paper, pens, video equipment, or audio equipment.equipment, or audio equipment.

Photographic Barrier Filter


Evidence ExaminationEvidence Examination

Once evidence is collected, it must be developed and Once evidence is collected, it must be developed and examined using various types of equipment and examined using various types of equipment and

chemicals.chemicals.

Fingerprints-developed and examined using the Fingerprints-developed and examined using the contrast method, and fuming methods, comparison to contrast method, and fuming methods, comparison to

known prints, and fingerprint microscopes.known prints, and fingerprint microscopes. Firearms and tool striations- developed and Firearms and tool striations- developed and

examined using morphology, spectrophotometers, examined using morphology, spectrophotometers, mass spectrographs, and various magnifying mass spectrographs, and various magnifying

instrumentsinstrumentsTrace Evidence- developed and examined using Trace Evidence- developed and examined using

tapes, filters, spectrometers, high resolution lenses, tapes, filters, spectrometers, high resolution lenses, various microscopes, spectrographs, x-ray diffraction, various microscopes, spectrographs, x-ray diffraction, neutron activation, and chromatography instruments neutron activation, and chromatography instruments

Cyanoacrylate Fuming

Chamber


Evidence Examination 2Evidence Examination 2

Blood Spatter Tool Kit

Biological evidence is developed and examined in different Biological evidence is developed and examined in different ways depending on the materialways depending on the material

DNA- short tandem repeat (STR) testingDNA- short tandem repeat (STR) testingBlood- Leuco-Malachite Green Test, Luminol,Blood- Leuco-Malachite Green Test, Luminol,Reduced Phenolphthalein Test, Tetramethyl Reduced Phenolphthalein Test, Tetramethyl

Benzidine Test, Hemin Crystal Test, Precipitin Benzidine Test, Hemin Crystal Test, Precipitin Test, Blood Group Test, and DNA tests, Spatter Trajectory Test, Blood Group Test, and DNA tests, Spatter Trajectory

TestsTestsBiological evidence can definitively tie a suspect to a crime, Biological evidence can definitively tie a suspect to a crime, since no two person's DNA is the same with the exception of since no two person's DNA is the same with the exception of

some twins.some twins.


Evidence Examination 3Evidence Examination 3

Document Evidence is developed and examined in Document Evidence is developed and examined in numerous ways, by experts in forgery, handwriting, numerous ways, by experts in forgery, handwriting,

fingerprints, paper, and ink, using fuming, fingerprints, paper, and ink, using fuming, microscopes, magnifiers, chemicals, spectrometers, microscopes, magnifiers, chemicals, spectrometers,

chromatographs, and spectrophotometerschromatographs, and spectrophotometers

Testimonial evidence is examined with polygraph Testimonial evidence is examined with polygraph tests, voice analysis, body language, and the skills tests, voice analysis, body language, and the skills

developed by the investigator.developed by the investigator.

Fingerprints-Check developed with Ninhydrin


Information from EvidenceInformation from Evidence

Information found through investigation can:Information found through investigation can:

"Identify a substance, object, or instrument""Identify a substance, object, or instrument"

"Link suspect to crime and or victim""Link suspect to crime and or victim"

"Reconstruct the crime""Reconstruct the crime"

"Protect the innocent""Protect the innocent"

"Provide expert testimony" (Osterburg & Ward 2007)"Provide expert testimony" (Osterburg & Ward 2007)

Fingerprints- can definitively identify a suspect, and place them at the scene Fingerprints- can definitively identify a suspect, and place them at the scene of the crime because no two people have the same fingerprint whirls, arches, of the crime because no two people have the same fingerprint whirls, arches,

loops, dots, ridge endings, bifurcations, short ridges, enclosures, bridges, spurs, loops, dots, ridge endings, bifurcations, short ridges, enclosures, bridges, spurs, or trifurcation ridge endingsor trifurcation ridge endings

Firearms, shoes, and tools develop individualized striations from use or Firearms, shoes, and tools develop individualized striations from use or manufacture that can positively identify them as being at the scene, or help to manufacture that can positively identify them as being at the scene, or help to

reconstruct the scene using morphologyreconstruct the scene using morphology

Fingerprint- Orange Fluorescent Fingerprint Powder


Contamination IssuesContamination Issues

The rules of Locard's Law applies to everyone, not just The rules of Locard's Law applies to everyone, not just suspects, victims and witnessessuspects, victims and witnesses

Environmental issues such as rain, heat, wind can Environmental issues such as rain, heat, wind can contaminate or cause the evidence to erode, deteriorate, contaminate or cause the evidence to erode, deteriorate,

or disappearor disappear

For witness corroboration, people can forget detailsFor witness corroboration, people can forget details

Too many people in the crime scene areaToo many people in the crime scene area

Improper packaging or storageImproper packaging or storage

Tamper Resistant Evidence Bag


Relevant IssuesRelevant Issues

The sciences of evidence have come a long The sciences of evidence have come a long way in a few short years. While there are still way in a few short years. While there are still issues concerning the reliability of the science issues concerning the reliability of the science

behind the results, the advanced use of behind the results, the advanced use of science has proved to be an invaluable tool in science has proved to be an invaluable tool in

the protection of those who are innocentthe protection of those who are innocent

Wheel used to mark off crime scene


ReferencesReferences

Shoeprint lifted with gel

The DNA Initiative. (2008). Crime Scene and DNA Basics for The DNA Initiative. (2008). Crime Scene and DNA Basics for Forensic Analysis Retrieved from the World Wide Web Forensic Analysis Retrieved from the World Wide Web

October 30, 2009 http://dna.gov/training/evidenceOctober 30, 2009 http://dna.gov/training/evidence

Evident Crime Scene Products (2009) Quality Products Delivered. Evident Crime Scene Products (2009) Quality Products Delivered. Retrieved from the World Wide Web October 30, 2009. Retrieved from the World Wide Web October 30, 2009.

http://www.evidentcrimescene.com/cata/photo/photo.htmlhttp://www.evidentcrimescene.com/cata/photo/photo.html

Osterburg and Ward. (2007). Criminal Investigation: A Method for Osterburg and Ward. (2007). Criminal Investigation: A Method for Reconstructing the Past. Fifth Edition. Pages 25 – 106. Reconstructing the Past. Fifth Edition. Pages 25 – 106. Copyright © 2007 Matthew Bender & Company, Inc. Licensed Copyright © 2007 Matthew Bender & Company, Inc. Licensed

to Kaplan University in Agreement with LexisNexis Anderson to Kaplan University in Agreement with LexisNexis Anderson PublishingPublishing

www.shutterstock.com- 93154 (n.d.) Chalk Body Outline Retrieved www.shutterstock.com- 93154 (n.d.) Chalk Body Outline Retrieved from the World Wide Web October 30, 2009from the World Wide Web October 30, 2009

Michael Jackson (2006) Smooth Criminal. Smooth Criminal albumn Michael Jackson (2006) Smooth Criminal. Smooth Criminal albumn released 2006released 2006

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