Unit 4 Warm Ups

Mrs. Hilliard

Unit 4 Vocabulary Words

1. Recessive 2. Dominant 3. Phenotype 4. Genotype 5. Allele 6. Homozygous 7. Heterozygous 8. Independent assortment 9. Segregation- separation of

chromosomes and alleles 10. Genetic Variation- the variety of

genes within a species. 11. Crossing Over 12. Codominance 13. Incomplete Dominance

14. Genetic Engineering 15. DNA fingerprinting 16. Electrophoresis 17. Gene therapy 18. Recombinant DNA 19. Stem cell 20. Cloning 21. DNA sequencing 22. Mutation 23. Deletion 24. Substitution 25. Insertion 26. Frameshift mutation 27. Nondisjunction

Write word and look up definition. Put on flash cards to study.

Vocabulary Words for Quiz 1

1. Recessive 2. Dominant 3. Phenotype 4. Genotype 5. Allele 6. Homozygous 7. Heterozygous 8. Independent

assortment 9. Segregation-

separation of chromosomes and alleles

10.Genetic Variation- the variety of genes within a species.

11.Crossing Over 12.Codominance 13.Incomplete

Dominance

Write word and look up definition. Put on flash cards to study.

Vocabulary Words for Quiz 1 1. Recessive- an allele that is expressed

only when no dominant allele is present in an individual. (ex: r)

2. Dominant- an allele that is fully expressed whenever the allele is present in an individual. (ex: R)

3. Phenotype- an organism’s appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism’s genotype and environment. (ex: red, yellow, tall, short)

4. Genotype- the combination of genes for one or more specific traits. (Rr, RR, rr)

5. Allele- one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color. (ex: R or r)

6. Homozygous- an individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes. (ex: RR or rr)

7. Heterozygous- an individual that carries two different alleles of a gene.

(ex: Rr) 8. Independent assortment- the random

distribution of pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes.

9. Segregation- separation of chromosomes and alleles

10. Genetic Variation- the variety of genes within a species.

11. Crossing Over- the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

12. Codominance- both alleles are fully expressed. (ex: you see both colors, red and white flowers produce polka dot red and white flowers)

13. Incomplete Dominance- a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual’s two parents because the dominant allele is unable to express itself fully. (ex: mixing of colors, red and white flowers produce pink offspring)

Vocabulary Words for Quiz 2

1. Genetic Engineering 2. DNA fingerprinting 3. Electrophoresis 4. Gene therapy 5. Recombinant DNA 6. Stem cell 7. Cloning (clone) 8. DNA sequencing 9. Mutation 10. Deletion-removing one

or more nucleotides from the DNA sequence.

11. Substitution-(point mutation)- replacement of a single nucleotide with another nucleotide. (A changed to G)

12. Insertion-adding one or more nucleotides to the DNA sequence.

13. Frameshift 14. Nondisjunction

Write word and look up definition. Put on flash cards to study.

Vocabulary Words for Quiz 2 1. Genetic Engineering- change in the

genetic material to improve the characteristics.

2. DNA fingerprinting- pattern of DNA that is unique to the organism.

3. Electrophoresis- method for separating and analyzing macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size and charge. The process by which electrically charged particles suspended in a liquid move through the liquid because of the influence of an electric field.

4. Gene therapy- putting a gene into a cell to correct a disease or mutation.

5. Recombinant DNA- molecules that are artificially created by adding DNA from another organism.

6. Stem cell- cell that can be divided and differentiate into specialized cells.

7. Cloning (clone)- making a genetic duplicate.

8. DNA sequencing- determining the order of nucleotides in a gene.

9. Mutation- a change in the structure or

amount of the genetic material of an organism.

10. Deletion-removing one or more nucleotides from the DNA sequence.

11. Substitution-(point mutation)- replacement of a single nucleotide with another nucleotide. (A changed to G)

12. Insertion-adding one or more nucleotides to the DNA sequence.

13. Frameshift mutation- a mutation, such as insertion or deletion of a nucleotide, that results in the misreading of the code during translation because of the change in the reading frame.

14. Nondisjunction- the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis II.

Heredity

Use the glossary and pages 282- 284 in the book to answer the following questions.

1. What are the differences in genes, traits, and alleles? Give an example of each.

2. What is polygenic inheritance? Give an example.

3. What is Incomplete Dominance? Give an example.

4. What are Multiple Alleles? Give an example.

5. What is Codominance? Give an example.

Heredity Answers 1. What are the differences in genes, traits, and alleles? Give an example if

possible. • Genes are a section of DNA that codes for a trait, Traits an inherited

characteristic (hair color, skin color, eye color), and alleles are a version of a gene (letters used to determine genotype- Aa, BB)

2. What is polygenic inheritance? Give an example. • Several genes that code for a characteristic/trait (eye color- controlled by

several genes to control amount of greenness, brownness, and the recessive trait blue eyes, skin color and height)

3. What is Incomplete Dominance? Give an example. • An intermediate phenotype between two traits (Red and white snapdragon

flowers produce a mixed color- pink) 4. What are Multiple Alleles? Give an example. • Genes that have three or more possible alleles (hair color in cats, blood

types ABO, alleles are IA, IB, and i) 5. What is Codominance? Give an example. • Two traits that appear at the same time for a characteristic, both alleles for

the same gene are fully expressed. (Blood types, IAIB will have type AB blood because neither allele is dominant over the other. Type AB blood cells make both A-type and B-type molecules.)

Punnett Squares

6. Show the cross of 2 heterozygous Big nose parents if N- big nose and n- little nose.

7. Show the cross of a Homozygous dominant male with Brown eyes with a homozygous recessive female with blue eyes if B- brown and b- blue.

8. Red is heterozygous for her color and she marries a homozygous recessive Yellow. Can they have a red child? R- red, r-yellow

Punnett Square Answers

6. Show the cross of 2 heterozygous Big nose parents if N- big nose and n- little nose.

7. Show the cross of a Homozygous dominant male with Brown eyes with a homozygous recessive female with blue eyes if B- brown and b- blue.

8. Red is heterozygous for her color and she marries a homozygous recessive Yellow. Can they have a red child? R- red, r-yellow

B B

b Bb Bb

b Bb Bb

Heredity

Use pages 267-275

9. What are Mendel’s Laws?

10. What is Mendelian Inheritance?

Answers Use pages 267-275 9. What are Mendel’s Laws? Two versions of a gene combine and result in one of several possible traits. (Mendel did not know about Polygenic inheritance, Multiple alleles, Codominance, or Incomplete Dominance)Law of segregation, law of independent assortment 10. What is Mendelian Inheritance? One of each allele is combined to form a gene which is then expressed as a trait (eye color). Law of segregation- each pair of alleles is separated and randomly chosen, each gamete has an equal chance of receiving either allele. There are dominant and recessive traits and you receive one allele from each parent. Law of independent assortment- Each allele segregates independently (seed color and seed shape- dihybrid cross)

Dihybrid Crosses

11.Make a punnett square showing the cross between a solid black spider (B) and a polka-dot black and white spider (b). Determine the phenotypic ratio. Determine the genotypic ratio.

12.Cross two heterozygous spiders and determine the ratios.

13.Cross two spiders that are BbHh (heterozygous for color and hairy legs where hairy legs are dominant H to smooth legs h). How many are Polka-dot and smooth legs?

Dihybrid Cross Answers

11.Phenotypic ratio- 100% Solid black

genotypic ratio- 100% Bb

12.Phenotypic ratio-75% solid black

25% polka-dot

genotypic ratio- 25% BB, 50% Bb, 25% bb

13. One is polka-dot and smooth bbhh

Dihybrid Crosses 2

14.What is the probability of having a brown and short guinea pig if Black is dominant B and Short is dominant S and parents are heterozygous for both traits? Do the dihybrid cross.

15.What are all the possible phenotypes of the cross between a round and yellow pea plant (RRYY) with a wrinkled and green pea plant (rryy)?

16.What are all the possible phenotypes of the cross between two of the F1 plants? (cross 2 of the plants made in #2)

Dihybrid Crosses 2 Answers

Genetic Disorders

17.What types of genetic disorders are caused by nondisjunction (chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis)?

18.What type of mutation causes the most changes to occur? (gene or chromosome mutation)

19.How many chromosomes should you have?

20.Do all mutations cause a genetic disorder?

Genetic Disorders Answers 17. What types of genetic disorders are caused by

nondisjunction (chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis)? Down Syndrome (trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), Patau Syndrome (trisomy 13), and Turner syndrome (monosomy 23, X- only surivivable monosomy disorder).

18. What type of mutation causes the most changes to occur? (gene or chromosome mutation) Chromosomal mutation

19. How many chromosomes should you have? 46, 23 pairs

20. Do all mutations cause a genetic disorder? No, some are silent mutations, which means you have the mutation and you do not even know, no real change to what it codes for.

Mutations 21. If the following DNA was mutated by a chemical toxin, what type of mutation

is shown mutated sequence? DNA: AGG CCG GAT mutated DNA: AGG CCA GGA T

22. Researchers have found that x-rays can change DNA base sequences. Based on this research, the use of x-rays has been greatly reduced because they do this to human DNA?

23. Within an individual mouse, four different mutations occurred in different genes, located on separate chromosomes and in different cells, as shown in the table below. Which of these mutations could not be passed on to the mouse’s offspring?

24. Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can damage cells and increase a person’s risk of developing skin cancer. Why would UV radiation be considered harmful?

Mutations 21. If the following DNA was mutated by a chemical toxin, what type of mutation

is shown mutated sequence? DNA: AGG CCG GAT mutated DNA: UCC CCA GGA T Insertion

22. Researchers have found that x-rays can change DNA base sequences. Based on this research, the use of x-rays has been greatly reduced because they do this to human DNA? Are capable of causing mutations in humans

23. Within an individual mouse, four different mutations occurred in different genes, located on separate chromosomes and in different cells, as shown in the table below. Which of these mutations could not be passed on to the mouse’s offspring? Fur color, fur thickness, and tail length

24. Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can damage cells and increase a person’s risk of developing skin cancer. Why would UV radiation be considered harmful? Because it can change DNA base sequences and cause mutations

Mutations 25. What is a genetic condition that results from a problem with the

separation of chromosomes during meiosis?

26. What is the purpose of the homologous chromosomes separating in Meiosis as shown below?

27. Ralph and Teresa are siblings, but Ralph looks like their father while Teresa looks like their mother. What would be the best explanation for the difference in Ralph’s and Teresa’s features?

28. The diagram below represents a genetic procedure in which a human gene is inserted into a bacterial cell. This takes place to make human insulin. What is the name of this type of technology?

Mutations 25. What is a genetic condition that results from a problem with the separation

of chromosomes during meiosis? Any genetic disorder that has 1 or 3 copies of a chromosome instead of 2 copies. Trisomy or monosomy.

26. What is the purpose of the homologous chromosomes separating in Meiosis as shown below? Sex cells (gametes) are produced with unique combinations of genes.

27. Ralph and Teresa are siblings, but Ralph looks like their father while Teresa looks like their mother. What would be the best explanation for the difference in Ralph’s and Teresa’s features? Ralph and Teresa inherited different combinations of 23 chromosomes from their mother and 23 chromosomes from their father due to crossing over of the traits.

28. The diagram below represents a genetic procedure in which a human gene is inserted into a bacterial cell. This takes place to make human insulin. What is the name of this type of technology? Genetic engineering

Genetics

29. A gene that codes for resistance to Roundup, a weedkiller, has been inserted into certain plants. As a result, these plants will be more likely to do what when Roundup is sprayed on them?

30. Gel electrophoresis is commonly used to do what?

31. Who is the “Father of Genetics”?

32. What is the study of heredity?

33. What is the passing of traits from parents to offspring called?

34. According to Mendel’s law of segregation, what happens to the alleles of a gene pair?

35. An observable trait such as hair color would be called what?

36. Any change in the structure or sequence of DNA in a cell is called what?

37. An organism that carries two different alleles for a certain trait, such as Bb for eye color, is said to be __________ for that trait.

38. What is a possible cross that would give only Bb, heterozygous traits for the offspring?

Genetics

29. A gene that codes for resistance to Roundup, a weedkiller, has been inserted into certain plants. As a result, these plants will be more likely to do what when Roundup is sprayed on them? Survive

30. Gel electrophoresis is commonly used to do what? Determine the biological parents, identify unknown human remains, or identify a suspected criminal based on bodily fluids.

31. Who is the “Father of Genetics”? Gregor Mendel 32. What is the study of heredity? Genetics 33. What is the passing of traits from parents to offspring called? Heredity 34. According to Mendel’s law of segregation, what happens to the alleles of a

gene pair? They are separated during meiosis 35. An observable trait such as hair color would be called what? Phenotype 36. Any change in the structure or sequence of DNA in a cell is called what?

Mutation 37. An organism that carries two different alleles for a certain trait, such as Bb

for eye color, is said to be __________ for that trait. Heterozygous 38. What is a possible cross that would give only Bb, heterozygous traits for the

offspring? Homozygous Dominant BB x Homozygous recessive bb