إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

Urinary system is one of the excretory systems of the body, and plays a major role in the elimination of metabolic waste products and toxic substances and regulating the rates of elimination of water and electrolytes from the body.

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

The urinary system consists of;

The kidneys which filter blood and secrete urine.

The uriters which transport urine the bladder The urinary bladder where urine collects and

temporarily stored. The urethra through which the urine is

discharged to the exterior.

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

Kidney anatomy; Kidney weights between 120-170g, is

from 10-13cm in length, 5-6cm wide, and 3-4cm thick. About the size of a large bar of soap.

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

The NephronesEach kidney contains at least 1000,000 nephrons, the nephrone is the functional unit of the kidney and has the structure necessary for urine formation.

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

A nephrone consists of a number of anatomically distinct regions;Renal corpuscle: where fluid is filtered.Renal tubule: into which the filtered fluid posses.

Renal corpuscle: it is formed of ; Bowman's capsule; its contentious with the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule. Its lined by a thin membrane farmed of sequamous epithelium on a fine basement membrane .Glomerulus : it consists of multiple capillary vessel connect with each other by short vessels . these capillary vessels are surrounded by the thin membrane of bowman's capsule . blood enters the glamerulus by afferent arteriole and leave by efferent arteriole .

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

Renal tubule : it is farmed of : Proximal convoluted tubule: it receives the filtrate from bowman's capsule and then pours it into descending loop of henle .Loop of henle: it is second part of renal tubule. Formed of two lops, ascending and descending loop of henle.Distal convoluted tubule: it is the last part of renal tubule. It receives the tubular fluid from ascending loop of henle. The collecting tubules: each of which receives urine from many nephrons, run downward through the medullary pyramids, giving them their striped appearance. They deliver the final urine product into the calyces and renal pelvis.

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

Urine formation; Formation of urine by the nephrone

result from three physiological activities that occur in different regions of the nephrone;

Filtration Re-absorption Secretion

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

Collection of urine specimen; Urine should be collected in a clean

container and stored in a cool place until tested. The best time for collecting a urine sample is three hours after a meal.

Appearance of test specimen; The visual appearance of urine sample is

the first important thing to consider.

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

Color; Normally, urine is some shade of yellow because of

the presence of urochrome pigment, that is the end product of hemoglobin breakdown.

  The color varies according to; for example. Metabolic products; food, drugs, and pigments. Chronic kidney disease; in diabetes insipidus, diabetes

mellitus, very pale yellow or greenish yellow. Bile pigment; green or blue green. Liver disease; black, grey, or brown; the color due to

bilirubin.  

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

Odor; Normally urine is aromatic due to

volatile acids and some metabolites give certain specific odor. Fruity odors due to acetone in diabetes mellitus. Or by bacterial decomposition, which produce an ammonical odors.

An offensive odor may be the results of bacterial action in the presence of pus.

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

Transparency and turbidity; Fresh urine is clear. Causes of turbidity; temperature and

pH, amorphous phosphate and carbonates, urate, oxalate, pus, bacteria and fat.

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

Test strip method for urine analysis;

 shake the sample of urine and dip the test

portion of an strip into the urine.Touch the tip of the strip against the edge of

the urine container to remove excess urine.Immediately compare the test area with the

color chart on the bottle.Record your results.

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

Microscopic examination of urine (urinary deposits).

Urinary sediment provides useful information both for prognosis and diagnosis. Usually urine contains microscopic elements such as cells, crystals, and casts. These elements can be collected by centrifugation and a drop of the deposit is examined microscopically.

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

Procedure; a fresh, midstream urine sample should be collected in

the laboratory in the clean labeled container. Pour 10ml of well-mixed urine into a labeled conical

centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes.

Pour off the supernatant urine without shaking. Suspend the sediment by shaking the tube. Place one drop on a clean slide and cover it with a

cover slip. Examine under the microscope, using the X10 then X40

objective. And look for cells, crystals, casts, larva. Ova …etc.

Record the result and mention the quantity of each element seen under the microscope.

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

Microscope ElementExpected RangeClinical significance of Increased

No.

Red Blood Cells0-2/HPFMore than 2/HPF indicates; Bleeding, Renal Stones, Pyelonephritis, Cystitis, Prostitis, Tuberculosis.

Red Blood Cells CastsNoneAcute inflammatory disorder in the glomreuli.

White Blood Cells0-8/HPFMore than 8/HPF indicates; Bacterial infection.

White Blood Cells castsNoneIndicate renal infection.

Yeast cellsNoneOccasionally present in urine containing glucose.

Hyaline castsNone or occasional

Fever exercise nephritic syndrome.

Epithelial cellfewNephrosis, poisoning from heavy metals or toxin.

Granular castsNone or occasional

Glomereonephritis, Pyelonephritis lead poisoning.

Bacteria (fresh urine)noneUrinary tract infection (coliform).

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

إعداد: عــلي عــاشور