Utilization of water Building Technologies 1.5_Interplan_Brunner_0.pdfGray waterusage • Grey water...

Beratung, Planung, energetische Konzepte für Gebäude

Utilization of water Building

Technologies

NEXUS-program GIZ


Sustainable resources on Earth

To give an overview over the current situation in Drinking water supply

To provide suggestions for problem solving

It´s not a presentation for the specialists in drinking water supply, treatment or others …

Objective of this presentation


Over 70% of our Earth's surface is covered by water ( we should call our planet "Ocean" instead of "Earth"). Although water is seemingly abundant, the real issue is the amount of fresh water available.

97,5 % of all this water is salt water, leaving only 2,5 % as fresh water

Nearly 70% of that fresh water is frozen in the icecaps ofAntarctica andGreenland; most of the remainder is present as soil moisture, or lies in deep underground aquifers as groundwater not accessible to human use.

< 1% of the world's fresh water (~0.007% of all water on earth) is accessible for direct human uses. This is the water found in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and those underground sources that are shallow enough to be tapped at an affordable cost.

Only this amount is regularly renewed by rain and snowfall, and is therefore available on a sustainable basis.

Why do we need a better water management


Rainfall distribution overthe year

(with a measurement of in mm/month)

Water resources on Earth

This movie depicts the global rain precipitation for one year.


Water resources on Earth –Water scarity


The hydrological cycle:

The water cycle on Earth is essentially a closed system – we always have the same amount of water.

The only parts of this cycle appropriated by humans is water held as surface water or shallow aquifers. Let us try to quantify present use.

Water cycle on Earth

110000 km³/yr

70000 km³/yr

390000km³/yr

430000Km³/yr

40000

40000

This graphic depicts the global hydrological cycle from Gleick. Flows are approx. Estimates in cubic kilometers / year.Pictures from USGS


Only 63% of worlds population haveaccess to improved sanitation …

…, but more people in the worldhave access to cell phones thensanitation

Some facts about the way we use our water

Waterborne diseases cause 1,4 million childrens death everyyear

Women spend thousend ofhours each year collecting & carrying water


The population is growing rapidly, putting more pressure on our water supply (demand is increasing), withdrawals increased twice as fast growing (e.g. irrigation)

The amount of water is effectively reduced by pollution and contamination (supply is decreasing)

Economic changes for example a new role of so it‘s called BRIC states (Brazil, Russia, India and China), which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development.

Climate changes / variability ( for example even in Germany we are affected by climate changes …., increasing intensity and frequency of floods (2002 and 2013) and draughts will bemajor effects (IPCC 2007))

Fragmented and uncoordinated develpement andmanagement of the resource ‐ > water governancecrisis

In General : population growth impact more important than climate change

Drivers of global change


1. Water quantity

Current trends suggest that, on a global scale earth MDG (milenium development goals) target on drinking water will bemet (90 % of population will used improved water sources by 2015, accordingWWDR 3)

Current water management problems


2. Water quality

Water quality degradation should be a considerable issue in water management

Every day, 2 million tons of sewage water, industrial and agricultural waste are discharged untreatedin the worlds water, which have significant impact on water quality


Fish kills after pollution (China 30,000 kg fish died in 2007)

Jinangsu sewage report 2010, picture from Henan district

Water will be treated in a certainquality, but the treatment levelincreases


3. Sanitation

4 of 10 people use sanitationfacilities that do not meet basicrequirements for health

Lack of adequate sanitationcontamines water coursesworldwide with other 2 mio tonsof waste/day and is one of themost significant forms of waterpollution

Current trends see onlyreduction of total populationwithout improved sanitationfrom 2,5 to 2,4 billion people2015, this target will be not reached.



Future challenges in water management …

Regional adapted approaches

Only targets are similar, but the ways can be the opposite

Sustainable optimal distribution and uses of water resources ( surface and ground water) without qualitative or quantitaive overuse

Considering ecological functions of water resources

Regulation does not stop at local or international borders

Increasing efficiency in water using

Concepts to be checked generally

Governance concepts to be checked

For water authorities / bodies

Regulation concepts and tactics, especially with in international context



Water consumption(as example for a developed country )

Approx. 70%Approx. 30%

Approx 8%

Approx. 23%

Approx. 69%

35% bathing, showering, hygiene 31% toilet flush 15% laundry 6% dishwashers 4% cleaning 4% others (carwash,…) 3% cooking / drinking 2% gardening

82% cooling + technical installations+ production

2% clarification 10% small companies 6% Showers, drinking water

90% Irrigation of plants through rainfall 10% using drinking water quality


Ground water

Why we are not using groundwater to compensate watershortages in General ?

• Groundwater is naturally replenished by surface water from precipitation, streams, and rivers when this recharge reaches the water table, but it’s not an option in long term processes.

• Also other natural occurrences are difficult to tap. (as melting of ice water for instances … )


Rainwater quantities

In Detail : Comparison of Asian countries

Population Areain km²

Population densityPersons per km²

Rain precipitationper yearmm= Liter/m²

Rain precipitationper yearLiter/km² per year

Rain precipitationper yearm³/km² per year

China 1.358.000.000 9.596.000 138 700 700.000.000 700.000Indonesien 241.000.000 1.904.000 127 2.500 2.500.000.000 2.500.000Malaysia 29.000.000 329.800 86 2.000 2.000.000.000 2.000.000Mongolei 2.900.000 1.564.100 2 200 200.000.000 200.000Philippinen 96.200.000 300.000 333 2.000 2.000.000.000 2.000.000Thailand 69.900.000 513.100 131 1.500 1.500.000.000 1.500.000Vietnam 89.000.000 331.200 270 2.000 2.000.000.000 2.000.000

The quantity of rainfall can very quite severely within the country. China for example from 0 mm/a in the north east (Takla Makan Dessert) up to1500-2000 mm/a in the east.



Old tradition of rainwater usage. 2000 years ago the Nabataeans in the Negev-dessert already had a sophisticated system of rainwater usage. In northern Africa, the middle east and in central Asia all the way to China underground adits (so called Foggara or Kanate) were used to store water from the mountains and to conduct it to settlements. A Kanat only ever supplies the amount of water that is admissible by its water level. Couldn´t we revive such a concept with modern technology?



Introduction/Implementation of local water separating systems

Which can be feed by

gray waterWater consumption in domestic uses is a considerable cost factor. That’s why water recycling here is an ideal solution.50% of the drinking water consumption can be replaced by the use of treated service water in areas where drinking water is not required.A grey water recycling plant can convert between 1 m3 and 150 m3 of used water to service water, depending on the model. The effluents from the shower and hand wash basins are collected and treated so it can be reused in the toilet flush.

raining water

Which can be collected on rooftops of buildings

Water purification plant of Neremberg / Germany

Local house installations


Advantages of Rainwater usages

• Saves transport costs (pipes, pumps and energy)

• Water with drinking water quality can be used for hygiene

• The drinking water reserves are conserved by less consumption

• Ground water levels are being capped

• Saves operation costs for the companies (drinking water does not have to be bought by the

supplying company ->fees

• Supply companies do not have to build bigger water treatment facilities. Most of the time the

required amounts of water can´t even be supplied at the place where it´s needed.

• Rainwater could also be used for fire extinction purposes(Sprinklers, Misting)

• Massive load removal for purification plants

• High payback periods (purchase costs less than 1% of building costs)


Gray water usage

• Grey water usage can have similar effects as rainwater usage

• Usage for: Laundry (13% of drinking water consumption)

Cleaning and gardening (14% of drinking water consumption)

toilets(33% of drinking water consumption)

-> 60% of treated drinking water can be saved.


Compendium

• Grey water usage has the same advantages as rainwater usage. However grey water is always at hand, as the end product after using drinking water.

• Rainwater is accessible in bigger quantities

• Grey and rainwater usage is sensible (considering the just presented advantages)

• Communities and cities should implement these advantages in laws and regulations starting with new building projects and further in renovation projects.

• Regulations if necessary by means of charges


WRM and capacity development ‐Governance

Capacitive developement as decisive factor for sustainable development and forreaching the MDGs. This is essential part of successful projects in the developmentsince :

Often low capacities in the water‐sector institutions

Insufficient and overlapping policies and laws

Unclear responsibilities

Intra‐sectoral collaboration inadequate

Low research and education in related authorities

Capacity development as key for successful implemtation of water resourcemanagement



“In history water was especially at it´s spring an item of respect and worship. The invention of taps and bottled water lead us to forget that water, before it comes out of the tap or is sold in bottles first of all is a gift of nature” Vandana Shiva, bearer of the alternative Nobel price

Dr. Vandana Shiva in Roshni: Ray of Light (2012)

Beratung, Planung, energetische Konzepte für GebäudeCondense water-recovery on air conditioning units

At the process of dehumidification of conditioned air for office /administration / purchasing buildings with a floor space of 1000m² you get• At an air exchange rate of 3• Air temperatures (Bangkok) 37°C, 70% relative humidity 20g/kg …of air per hour

Water amount: 10.000m³/h x 1,2 x 20g/kg= 288.000g/h~ 288 ltr/h

at 10 operating hours = 2880 ltr/ day

The better the maintenance of the air conditioning unit the higher the air quality.

Beratung, Planung, energetische Konzepte für GebäudeCondense water-recovery on air conditioning units

A administration building with 1.000m² (or more)

allocation: 20m²/Person, max: 50 PersonsWater consumption: grey water quality for toilets, laundry, cleaning

approx. 50 ltr/ Person and day = 2500 ltr./ day

The consumption can be covered approximately by condense water from the air conditioning units .

Condense water is usually drained into sewage straight away!!!

Beratung, Planung, energetische Konzepte für GebäudeFuture ambition - compendium

Water savings by use of grey, rain and condense water

8 % households using 60% -> Treated drinking water 3,3 %

23 % Industry using 60% -> Treated drinking water 9,2 %

10 % agriculture using 50% -> Treated drinking water 5,0 %

41 % 17,4 %

Water saving 2,5 timesWithout changing the amount of water respectively habits and comforts

• Modifying the water network (leakage causes up to 40% loss)• Water saving armatures• Tourist metropolis (use of grey, rain and condense water)• Energy reduction be reducing water treatment facilities• Decreasing transport and powered losses• Increasing supply guarantee


Thank you for your attention


Date post:	30-Sep-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	4 times
Download:	0 times

Utilization of water Building Technologies 1.5_Interplan_Brunner_0.pdfGray waterusage • Grey water...

Documents