1
VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE SRM NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR – 603 203
DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL ENGINEERING
CS8261 C PROGRAMMING LABORATORY
LABORATORY MANUAL
Second semester B.E/B.Tech. Students for the
Regulation 2017 ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
Academic Year 2017-2018
Prepared by Mr.S.Parthasarathy,AP/GE,Mr.R.Sangaranarayanan, AP/GE,
Mr.M.Asan Nainar,AP/MCA,Mr.G.Vivekanandan, AP/GE.
2
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORYCLASSES
o Students must wear ID card and shoes before entering into the lab.
o Boys should wear formal shirt, pant and should “tuck in” theshirts.
o You must shutdown the system, switch off the power supply and arrange the
chairs properly before leaving the lab.
o Maintain Observation Notebook and Lab Record neatly and complete them then and there after
completion of each exercise.
o Maintain discipline in the lab and be silent throughout the lab session.
3
Syllabus: CS8261 C PROGRAMMING LABORATORY L T P C
0 0 4 2
OBJECTIVES:
To develop programs in C using basic constructs.
To develop applications in C using strings, pointers, functions, structures
To develop applications in C using file processing LIST OF EXPERIMENTS: 1. Programs using I/O statements and expressions.
2. Programs using decision-making constructs.
3. Write a program to find whether the given year is leap year or Not? (Hint: not every centurion
year is a leap. For example 1700, 1800 and 1900 is not a leap year)
4. Design a calculator to perform the operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division and square of a number.
5. Check whether a given number is Armstrong number or not?
6. Given a set of numbers like <10, 36, 54, 89, 12, 27>, find sum of weights based on the
following conditions
5 if it is a perfect cube
4 if it is a multiple of 4 and divisible by 6
3 if it is a prime number Sort the numbers based on the weight in the increasing order as shown below <10,its weight>,<36,its weight><89,its weight>
7. Populate an array with height of persons and find how many persons are above the average
height.
8. Populate a two dimensional array with height and weight of persons and compute the Body
Mass Index of the individuals.
9. Given a string ―a$bcd./fg‖ find its reverse without changing the position of special characters. (Example input:a@gh%;j and output:j@hg%;a) 10. Convert the given decimal number into binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers using user
defined functions.
11. From a given paragraph perform the following using built-in functions: a. Find the total number of words.
b. Capitalize the first word of each sentence.
c. Replace a given word with another word. 12. Solve towers of Hanoi using recursion.
13. Sort the list of numbers using pass by reference.
14. Generate salary slip of employees using structures and pointers.
15. Compute internal marks of students for five different subjects using structures and
functions.
16. Insert, update, delete and append telephone details of an individual or a company into a
telephone directory using random access file.
17. Count the number of account holders whose balance is less than the minimum balance using sequential access file. Mini Project 18. Create a ―Railway reservation system‖ with the following modules
4
Booking
Availability checking
Cancellation
Prepare chart
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS OUTCOMES: Upon completion of the course, the students will be able to
Develop C programs for simple applications making use of basic constructs, arrays and strings.
Develop C programs involving functions, recursion, pointers, and structures.
Design applications using sequential and random access file processing
5
Table of Contents
Ex.
No. Name of the Experiment
Page
No.
1 Programs using I/O statements and expressions. 7
2 Programs using decision-making constructs. 9
3 To find whether the given year is leap year or Not. 11
4 Arithmetic operations. 13
5 Armstrong number. 15
6 Sort the numbers based on the weight. 17
7 Average height of persons. 20
8 Body Mass Index of the individuals. 22
9 Reverse of a given string.
24
10 Conversion of Decimal number into other bases. 27
11 String operations. 29
12 Towers of Hanoi using Recursion.
33
13 Sorting using pass by reference.
35
14 Salary slip of employees. 37
15 Internal marks of students. 40
16 Telephone directory. 43
17 Banking Application 49
18 Railway reservation system
53
6
Annexure I - Additional C Programs for exercise
57
Annexure I - C Language Questions and Answers
61
7
EX.No. : 1 PROGRAM USING I/O STATEMENTS AND EXPRESSIONS
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to perform I/O statements and expressions.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables and initializations
3. Read the Input variable.
4. Using I/O statements and expressions for computational processing.
5. Display the output of the calculations.
6. Stop
PROGRAM /* * Sum the odd and even numbers, respectively, from 1 to a given upperbound. * Also compute the absolute difference. * (SumOddEven.c) */ #include <stdio.h> // Needed to use IO functions
int main() { int sumOdd = 0; // For accumulating odd numbers, init to 0 int sumEven = 0; // For accumulating even numbers, init to 0 int upperbound; // Sum from 1 to this upperbound int absDiff; // The absolute difference between the two sums int number = 1; // Prompt user for an upperbound printf("Enter the upper bound: "); scanf("%d", &upperbound); // Use %d to read an int // Use a while-loop to repeatedly add 1, 2, 3,..., to the upperbound while (number <= upperbound) { if (number % 2 == 0) { // Even number sumEven += number; // Add number into sumEven
8
} else { // Odd number sumOdd += number; // Add number into sumOdd } ++number; // increment number by 1 } // Compute the absolute difference between the two sums if (sumOdd > sumEven) { absDiff = sumOdd - sumEven; } else { absDiff = sumEven - sumOdd; } // Print the results printf("The sum of odd numbers is %d.\n", sumOdd); printf("The sum of even numbers is %d.\n", sumEven); printf("The absolute difference is %d.\n", absDiff); return 0; } OUTPUT Enter the upper bound: 1000 The sum of odd numbers is 250000. The sum of even numbers is 250500. The absolute difference is 500.
RESULT: Thus a C Program using i/o statements and expressions was executed and the output was obtained.
9
EX.No. : 2 PROGRAM USING DECISION-MAKING CONSTRUCTS
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to perform decision-making constructs.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables and initializations
3. Read the Input variable.
4. Codes are given to different categories and da is calculated as follows:
For code 1,10% of basic salary.
For code 2, 15% of basic salary.
For code 3, 20% of basic salary.
For code >3 da is not given.
5. Display the output of the calculations .
6. Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main () { float basic , da , salary ; int code ; char name[25]; da=0.0; printf("Enter employee name\n"); scanf("%[^\n]",name); printf("Enter basic salary\n"); scanf("%f",&basic); printf("Enter code of the Employee\n"); scanf("%d",&code); switch (code) {
10
case 1: da = basic * 0.10; break; case 2: da = basic * 0.15; break; case 3: da = basic * 0.20; break; default : da = 0; } salary = basic + da; printf("Employee name is\n"); printf("%s\n",name); printf ("DA is %f and Total salary is =%f\n",da, salary); getch(); } OUTPUT Enter employee name sriram Enter basic salary 5000 Enter code of the Employee 1 Employee name is sriram DA is 500.000000 and Total salary is =5500.000000 RESULT
Thus a C Program using decision-making constructs was executed and the output was obtained.
11
EX.No. : 3 Leap year checking
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to find whether the given year is leap year or Not .
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the Input .
4. Take a year as input and store it in the variable year.
5. Using if,else statements to,
a) Check whether a given year is divisible by 400.
b) Check whether a given year is divisible by 100.
c) Check whether a given year is divisible by 4.
6. If the condition at step 5.a becomes true, then print the ouput as “It is a leap year”.
7. If the condition at step 5.b becomes true, then print the ouput as “It is not a leap
year”.
8. If the condition at step 5.c becomes true, then print the ouput as “It is a leap year”.
9. If neither of the condition becomes true, then the year is not a leap year and print
the same.
10. Display the output of the calculations .
11. Stop
PROGRAM /* * C program to find whether a given year is leap year or not */ void main()
12
{ int year; printf("Enter a year \n"); scanf("%d", &year); if ((year % 400) == 0) printf("%d is a leap year \n", year); else if ((year % 100) == 0) printf("%d is a not leap year \n", year); else if ((year % 4) == 0) printf("%d is a leap year \n", year); else printf("%d is not a leap year \n", year); } OUTPUT Enter a year 2012 2012 is a leap year Enter a year 2009 2009 is not a leap year
RESULT Thus a C Program for Leap year checking was executed and the output was obtained.
13
EX.No. : 4 Arithmetic operations
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Design a calculator to perform the operations, namely,
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square of a number.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the Inputs .
4. Calculate Arithmetic operations(+,-,*,/,pow) for the input of two numbers.
5. Display the output of the calculations .
6. Stop
PROGRAM /* * C Program for Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division * and square of two numbers */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h>
int main(){ /* Variable declation */ int firstNumber, secondNumber; int sum, difference, product; long square; float quotient; /* Taking input from user and storing it in firstNumber and secondNumber */ printf("Enter First Number: "); scanf("%d", &firstNumber);
printf("Enter Second Number: "); scanf("%d", &secondNumber); /* Adding two numbers */ sum = firstNumber + secondNumber;
14
/* Subtracting two numbers */ difference = firstNumber - secondNumber; /* Multiplying two numbers*/ product = firstNumber * secondNumber; /* Dividing two numbers by typecasting one operand to float*/ quotient = (float)firstNumber / secondNumber; /* returns remainder of after an integer division */ square = firstNumber *firstNumber; printf("\nSum = %d", sum); printf("\nDifference = %d", difference); printf("\nMultiplication = %d", product); printf("\nDivision = %.3f", quotient); printf("\n Square= %ld", square); getch(); return 0; } OUTPUT Enter First Number: 25 Enter Second Number: 4 Sum = 29 Difference = 21 Multiplication = 100 Division = 6.250 Square = 625 RESULT
Thus a C Program for Arithmetic operations was executed and the output was obtained.
15
EX.No. : 5 Armstrong number
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Check whether a given number is Armstrong number or not
.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the Input number.
4. Calculate sum of cubic of individual digits of the input.
5. Match the result with input number.
6. If match, Display the given number is Armstrong otherwise not.
7. Stop
PROGRAM /*
* C Program to Check whether a given Number is Armstrong */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> void main() { int number, sum = 0, rem = 0, cube = 0, temp;
16
printf ("enter a number"); scanf("%d", &number); temp = number; while (number != 0) { rem = number % 10; cube = pow(rem, 3); sum = sum + cube; number = number / 10; } if (sum == temp) printf ("The given no is armstrong no"); else printf ("The given no is not a armstrong no"); } OUTPUT enter a number370 The given no is armstrong no RESULT Thus a C Program for Armstrong number checking was executed and the output was
obtained.
17
EX.No. : 6 Sort the numbers based on the weight.
DATE :
AIM To write a C Program to perform the following:
Given a set of numbers like <10, 36, 54, 89, 12, 27>, find sum of weights based on the
following conditions
5 if it is a perfect cube
4 if it is a multiple of 4 and divisible by 6
3 if it is a prime number
Sort the numbers based on the weight in the increasing order as shown below <10,its
weight>,<36,its weight><89,its weight>
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the number of elements .
4. Get the individual elements.
5. Calculate the weight for each element by the conditions
5 if it is a perfect cube (pow)
4 if it is a multiple of 4 and divisible by 6 (modulus operator)
3 if it is a prime number(modulus operator)
6. Display the output of the weight calculations after sorting .
7. Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> void main() { int nArray[50],wArray[50],nelem,i,j,t;
18
clrscr(); printf("\nEnter the number of elements in an array : "); scanf("%d",&nelem); printf("\nEnter %d elements\n",nelem); for(i=0;i<nelem;i++) scanf("%d",&nArray[i]); //Calculate the weight for(i=0; i<nelem; i++) { wArray[i] = 0; if(percube(nArray[i])) wArray[i] = wArray[i] + 5; if(nArray[i]%4==0 && nArray[i]%6==0) wArray[i] = wArray[i] + 4; if(prime(nArray[i])) wArray[i] = wArray[i] + 3; } // Sorting an array for(i=0;i<nelem;i++) for(j=i+1;j<nelem;j++) if(wArray[i] > wArray[j]) { t = wArray[i]; wArray[i] = wArray[j]; wArray[j] = t; } for(i=0; i<nelem; i++) printf("<%d,%d>\n", nArray[i],wArray[i]); getch(); } int prime(int num) { int flag=1,i; for(i=2;i<=num/2;i++) if(num%i==0) { flag=0; break; } return flag;
} int percube(int num) { int i,flag=0;
19
for(i=2;i<=num/2;i++) if((i*i*i)==num) { flag=1; break; } return flag; } OUTPUT Enter the number of elements in an array :5 Enter 5 elements: 8 11 216 24 34 <34,0> <11,3> <24,4> <8,5> <216,9> Explanation:
8 is a perfect cube of 2, not a prime number and not a multiple of 4 & divisible of 6 so the
answer is 5
11 is a prime number so the answer is 3
216 is a perfect cube and multiple of 4 & divisible by 6 so the answer is 5+4 = 9
24 is not a perfect cube and not a prime number and multiple of 4 & divisible by 6 so the
answer is 4
34 not satisfied all the conditions so the answer is 0
RESULT Thus a C Program for Sort the numbers based on the weight was executed and the output was obtained.
20
EX.No. : 7 Average height of persons
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to populate an array with height of persons and find how
many persons are above the average height.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the total number of persons and their height.
4. Calculate avg=sum/n and find number of persons their h>avg.
5. Display the output of the calculations .
6. Stop
PROGRAM /* Get a Height of Different Persons and find how many of them are are above average */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() {
int i,n,sum=0,count=0,height[100]; float avg; clrscr(); //Read Number of persons printf("Enter the Number of Persons : "); scanf("%d",&n); //Read the height of n persons printf("\nEnter the Height of each person in centimeter\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) {
scanf("%d",&height[i]); sum = sum + height[i]; } avg = (float)sum/n;
21
//Counting for(i=0;i<n;i++) if(height[i]>avg) count++; //display printf("\nAverage Height of %d persons is : %.2f\n",n,avg); printf("\nThe number of persons above average : %d ",count); getch(); } OUTPUT Enter the Number of Persons : 5 Enter the Height of each person in centimeter 150 155 162 158 154 Average Height of 5 persons is : 155.8 The number of persons above average : 2 RESULT Thus a C Program average height of persons was executed and the output was obtained.
22
EX.No. : 8 Body Mass Index of the individuals
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Populate a two dimensional array with height and weight of
persons and compute the Body Mass Index of the individuals..
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the number of persons and their height and weight.
4. Calculate BMI=W/H2for each person
5. Display the output of the BMI for each person.
6. Stop
PROGRAM #include<stdio.h> #include<math.h> int main(void){ int n,i,j;
printf("How many people's BMI do you want to calculate?\n"); scanf("%d",&n); float massheight[n][2]; float bmi[n]; for(i=0;i<n;i++){ for(j=0;j<2;j++){
switch(j){ case 0: printf("\nPlease enter the mass of the person %d in kg: ",i+1); scanf("%f",&massheight[i][0]); break;
23
case 1: printf("\nPlease enter the height of the person %d in meter: ",i+1); scanf("%f",&massheight[i][1]); break;} } } for(i=0;i<n;i++){ bmi[i]=massheight[i][0]/pow(massheight[i][1],2.0); printf("Person %d's BMI is %f\n",i+1,bmi[i]); } return 0; } OUTPUT How many people's BMI do you want to calculate? 2 Please enter the mass of the person 1 in kg: 88 Please enter the height of the person 1 in meter: 1.8288 Please enter the mass of the person 2 in kg:58 Please enter the height of the person 2 in meter: 2.2 Person 1's BMI is26.31178 Person 2's BMI is11.98347 RESULT
Thus a C Program Body Mass Index of the individuals was executed and the output was obtained.
24
EX.No. : 9 Reverse of a given string
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to perform reverse without changing the position of special
characters for the given string.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables .
3. Read a String.
4. Check each character of string for alphabets or a special character by using
isAlpha() .
5. Change the position of a character vice versa if it is alphabet otherwise remains
same.
6. Repeat step 4 until reach to the mid of the position of a string.
7. Display the output of the reverse string without changing the position of special
characters .
8. Stop
PROGRAM #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <conio.h> void swap(char *a, char *b) { char t; t = *a; *a = *b; *b = t; } // Main program void main() { char str[100];
25
// Function Prototype void reverse(char *); int isAlpha(char); void swap(char *a ,char *b); clrscr(); printf("Enter the Given String : "); // scanf("%[^\n]s",str); gets(str); reverse(str); printf("\nReverse String : %s",str); getch(); } void reverse(char str[100]) { // Initialize left and right pointers int r = strlen(str) - 1, l = 0; // Traverse string from both ends until // 'l' and 'r' while (l < r) { // Ignore special characters if (!isAlpha(str[l])) l++; else if(!isAlpha(str[r])) r--; else { swap(&str[l], &str[r]); l++; r--; } } } // To check x is alphabet or not if it an alphabet then return 0 else 1 int isAlpha(char x) { return ( (x >= 'A' && x <= 'Z') || (x >= 'a' && x <= 'z') ); }
26
OUTPUT Enter the Given String :a@gh%;j Reverse String :j@hg%;a
RESULT Thus a C Program for reverse of a given String was executed and the output was obtained.
27
EX.No. : 10 Conversion of Decimal number into other bases
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Convert the given decimal number into binary, octal and
hexadecimal numbers using user defined functions.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables.
3. Read a decimal number.
4. Develop the procedure for conversion of different base by modulus and divide
operator.
5. Display the output of the conversion value.
6. Stop
PROGRAM #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h>
void swap(char *s1, char *s2) { char temp; temp = *s1; *s1 = *s2; *s2 = temp; } void reverse(char *str, int length) { int start = 0; int end = length -1; while (start < end) { swap(&str[start], &str[end]); start++; end--; } }
28
char* convert(int num, char str[100], int base) { int i = 0; if (num == 0) { str[i++] = '0'; str[i] = '\0'; return str; } while (num != 0) { int rem = num % base; str[i++] = (rem > 9)? (rem-10) + 'a' : rem + '0'; num = num/base; } str[i] = '\0'; // Append string terminator // Reverse the string reverse(str, i); return str; } void main() { char str[100]; int n; clrscr(); printf("Enter the given decimal number : "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\nThe Binary value : %s\n",convert(n,str,2)); printf("\nThe Octal value : %s\n",convert(n,str,8)); printf("\nThe Hexa value : %s\n",convert(n,str,16)); getch(); } OUTPUT Enter the given decimal number : 555 The Binary value : 1000101011 The Octal value : 1053 The Hexa value : 22B RESULT
Thus a C Program for conversion of decimal number into other bases was executed and the output was obtained.
29
EX.No. : 11 String operations
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to perform string operations on a given paragraph for the
following using built-in functions:
a. Find the total number of words.
b. Capitalize the first word of each sentence.
c. Replace a given word with another word.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the text.
4. Display the menu options
5. Compare each character with tab char „\t‟ or space char „ „ to count no of words 6. Find the first word of each sentence to capitalize by checks to see if a character is a
punctuation mark used to denote the end of a sentence. (! . ?) 7. Replace the word in the text by user specific word if match.
8. Display the output of the calculations .
9. Repeat the step 4 till choose the option stop.
10. Stop
PROGRAM #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> void replace (char *, char *, char *); int main() { char choice.str[200]; int i, words;
char s_string[200], r_string[200]; /* Input text from user */ printf("Enter any text:\n "); gets(str);
30
do { printf("\n1. Find the total number of words \n"); printf("2. Capitalize the first word of each sentence \n"); printf("3. Replace a given word with another word \n"); printf("4. Stop\n"); printf("Enter your choice : "); choice=getchar(); switch(choice) { case '1' : i = 0; words = 1; /* Runs a loop till end of text */ while(str[i] != '\0') { /* If the current character(str[i]) is white space */ if(str[i]==' ' || str[i]=='\n' || str[i]=='\t') { words++; } i++; } printf("\nTotal number of words = %d", words); break; case '2' : i = 0; /* Runs a loop till end of text */ while(str[i] != '\0') { /* Checks to see if a character is a punctuation mark used to denote the end of a sentence. (! . ?) */ if(str[i]=='!' || str[i]=='.' || str[i]=='?') { i++; while(str[i]!=' ' || str[i]!='\n' || str[i]!='\t || str[i] != '\0'‟) {putchar (toupper(str[++i])); i++; } }
else putchar (str[i]); i++;
31
} break; case '3' :
/*Get the search and replace string from the user.
Write a user defined function to replace the first occurrence of the search string with the
replace string.
Recursively call the function until there is no occurrence of the search string.*/
printf("\nPlease enter the string to search: "); fflush(stdin); gets(s_string); printf("\nPlease enter the replace string ");
fflush(stdin); gets(r_string); replace(str, s_string, r_string);
puts(str); break; case '4' : exit(0); } printf("\nPress any key to continue...."); getch(); } while(choice!=‟4‟);
return 0; } void replace(char * str, char * s_string, char * r_string) {
//a buffer variable to do all replace things char buffer[200]; //to store the pointer returned from strstr char * ch; //first exit condition if(!(ch = strstr(str, s_string))) return; //copy all the content to buffer before the first occurrence of the search string strncpy(buffer, str, ch-str); //prepare the buffer for appending by adding a null to the end of it
32
buffer[ch-str] = 0; //append using sprintf function sprintf(buffer+(ch -str), "%s%s", r_string, ch + strlen(s_string)); //empty str for copying str[0] = 0; strcpy(str, buffer); //pass recursively to replace other occurrences return replace(str, s_string, r_string); } OUTPUT Enter any text: I like C and C++ programming! 1. Find the total number of words 2. Capitalize the first word of each sentence 3. Replace a given word with another word 4. Stop Enter your choice : 1 Total number of words = 6 Press any key to continue.... 1. Find the total number of words 2. Capitalize the first word of each sentence 3. Replace a given word with another word 4. Stop Enter your choice : 4 RESULT
Thus a C Program String operations was executed and the output was obtained.
33
EX.No. : 12 Towers of Hanoi using Recursion
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Solve towers of Hanoi using recursion.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the Input for number of discs.
4. Check the condition for each transfer of discs using recursion.
5. Display the output of the each move .
6. Stop
PROGRAM /* Rules of Tower of Hanoi:
Only a single disc is allowed to be transferred at a time. Each transfer or move should consist of taking the upper disk from one of the stacks
and then placing it on the top of another stack i.e. only a topmost disk on the stack can be moved.
Larger disk cannot be placed over smaller disk; placing of disk should be in increasing order.
*/ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void towerofhanoi(int n, char from, char to, char aux) { if (n == 1) { printf("\n Move disk 1 from peg %c to peg %c", from, to); return; } towerofhanoi(n-1, from, aux, to); printf("\n Move disk %d from peg %c to peg %c", n, from, to); towerofhanoi(n-1, aux, to, from); }
34
int main() { int n; clrscr(); printf("Enter the number of disks : "); scanf("%d",&n); // Number of disks towerofhanoi(n, 'A', 'C', 'B'); // A, B and C are names of peg getch(); return 0; } OUTPUT Enter the number of disks : 3 Move disk 1 from peg A to peg C Move disk 2 from peg A to peg B Move disk 1 from peg C to peg B Move disk 3 from peg A to peg C Move disk 1 from peg B to peg A Move disk 2 from peg B to peg C Move disk 1 from peg A to peg C RESULT
Thus a C Program Towers of Hanoi using Recursion was executed and the output was obtained.
35
EX.No. : 13 Sorting using pass by reference
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Sort the list of numbers using pass by reference.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables and create an array
3. Read the Input for number of elements and each element.
4. Develop a function to sort the array by passing reference
5. Compare the elements in each pass till all the elements are sorted.
6. Display the output of the sorted elements .
7. Stop
PROGRAM #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() {
int n,a[100],i; void sortarray(int*,int); clrscr(); printf("\nEnter the Number of Elements in an array : "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\nEnter the Array elements\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) scanf("%d",&a[i]); sortarray(a,n); printf("\nAfter Sorting....\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++) printf("%d\n",a[i]); getch(); }
36
void sortarray(int* arr,int num) { int i,j,temp; for(i=0;i<num;i++) for(j=i+1;j<num;j++) if(arr[i] > arr[j]) { temp=arr[i]; arr[i] = arr[j]; arr[j] = temp; } } OUTPUT Enter the Number of Elements in an array : 5 Enter the Array elements 33 67 21 45 11 After Sorting.... 11 21 33 45 67 RESULT
Thus a C Program Sorting using pass by reference was executed and the output was obtained.
37
EX.No. : 14 Salary slip of employees
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Generate salary slip of employees using structures and
pointers.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the number of employees .
4. Read allowances, deductions and basic for each employee.
5. Calculate net pay= (basic+ allowances)-deductions
6. Display the output of the Pay slip calculations for each employee.
7. Stop
PROGRAM #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include "stdlib.h" struct emp { int empno ; char name[10], answer ; int bpay, allow, ded, npay ; struct emp *next;
} ; void main() { int I,n=0; int more_data = 1; struct emp e *current_ptr, *head_ptr; clrscr() ; head_ptr = (struct emp *) malloc (sizeof(struct emp)); current_ptr = head_ptr; while (more_data)
{ { printf("\nEnter the employee number : ") ; scanf("%d", & current_ptr->empno) ; printf("\nEnter the name : ") ;
38
scanf("%s",& current_ptr->name) ; printf("\nEnter the basic pay, allowances & deductions : ") ; scanf("%d %d %d", & current_ptr ->bpay, & current_ptr ->allow, & current_ptr -
>ded) ; e[i].npay = e[i].bpay + e[i].allow - e[i].ded ; n++; printf("Would you like to add another employee? (y/n): "); scanf("%s", answer); if (answer!= 'Y') { current_ptr->next = (struct eme *) NULL; more_data = 0; } else { current_ptr->next = (struct emp *) malloc (sizeof(struct emp)); current_ptr = current_ptr->next; } } } printf("\nEmp. No. Name \t Bpay \t Allow \t Ded \t Npay \n\n") ; current_ptr = head_ptr; for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) { printf("%d \t %s \t %d \t %d \t %d \t %d \n", current_ptr->empno, current_ptr->name, current_ptr->bpay, current_ptr->allow, current_ptr->ded, current_ptr->npay) ; current_ptr=current_ptr->next; } getch() ; } OUTPUT Enter the number of employees : 2 Enter the employee number : 101
Enter the name : Arun Enter the basic pay, allowances & deductions : 5000 1000 250
39
Enter the employee number : 102 Enter the name : Babu Enter the basic pay, allowances & deductions : 7000 1500 750 Emp.No. Name Bpay Allow Ded Npay 101 Arun 5000 1000 250 5750 102 Babu 7000 1500 750 7750 RESULT
Thus a C Program Salary slip of employees was executed and the output was obtained.
40
EX.No. : 15 Internal marks of students
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Compute internal marks of students for five different
subjects using structures and functions.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Read the number of students .
4. Read the student mark details
5. Calculate internal mark by i=total of three test marks / 3 for each subject per
student.
6. Display the output of the calculations for all the students .
7. Stop
PROGRAM #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct stud{ char name[20];
long int rollno; int marks[5,3]; int i[5]; }students[10]; void calcinternal(int); int main(){ int a,b,j,n; clrscr(); printf("How many students : \n");
scanf("%d",&n); for(a=0;a<n;++a){ clrscr(); printf("\n\nEnter the details of %d student : ", a+1);
41
printf("\n\nEnter student %d Name : ", a); scanf("%s", students[a].name); printf("\n\nEnter student %d Roll Number : ", a); scanf("%ld", &students[a].rollno); total=0; for(b=0;b<=4;++b){ for(j=0;j<=2;++j){ printf("\n\nEnter the test %d mark of subject-%d : ",j+1, b+1); scanf("%d", &students[a].marks[b,j]); } } } calcinternal(n); for(a=0;a<n;++a){ clrscr(); printf("\n\n\t\t\t\tMark Sheet\n"); printf("\nName of Student : %s", students[a].name); printf("\t\t\t\t Roll No : %ld", students[a].rollno); printf("\n------------------------------------------------------------------------"); for(b=0;b<5;b++){ printf("\n\n\t Subject %d internal \t\t :\t %d", b+1, students[a].i[b]); } printf("\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); getch(); } return(0); } void calcinternal(int n) { int a,b,j,total; for(a=1;a<=n;++a){ for(b=0;b<5;b++){ total=0; for(j=0;j<=2;++j){ total += students[a].marks[b,j]; } students[a].i[b]=total/3; } } } OUTPUT How many students : 1
Enter the details of 1 student : Enter student 1 Name : H.Xerio Enter student 1 Roll Number : 536435 Enter the test 1mark of subject-1 : 46
42
Enter the test 2 mark of subject-1 : 56 Enter the test 3 mark of subject-1 : 76 Enter the test 1 mark of subject-2 : 85 Enter the test 2mark of subject-2 : 75 Enter the test 3mark of subject-2 : 75 Enter the test 1mark of subject-3 : 66 Enter the test 2 mark of subject-3 : 86 Enter the test 3 mark of subject-3 : 70 Enter the test 1 mark of subject-4 : 25 Enter the test 2mark of subject-4 : 35 Enter the test 3mark of subject-4 : 61 Enter the test 1 mark of subject-5 : 45 Enter the test 2mark of subject-5 : 75 Enter the test 3mark of subject-5 : 60 Mark Sheet Name of Student : H.Xerio Roll No : 536435 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ subject 1 internal : 59 subject 2 internal : 78 subject 3 internal : 74 subject 4 internal : 40 subject 5 internal : 60 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ RESULT Thus a C Program for Internal marks of students was executed and the output was obtained.
43
EX.No. : 16 Telephone directory
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to add, delete ,display ,Search and exit options for telephone
details of an individual into a telephone directory using random access file.
ALGORITHM
1. Start.
2. Declare variables, File pointer and phonebook structures.
3. Create menu options.
4. Read the option .
5. Develop procedures for each option.
6. Call the procedure (Add, delete ,display ,Search and exit)for user chosen option.
7. Display the message for operations performed.
8. Stop
PROGRAM #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> typedef struct Phonebook_Contacts { char FirstName[20]; char LastName[20]; char PhoneNumber[20]; } phone;
void AddEntry(phone * ); void DeleteEntry(phone * ); void PrintEntry(phone * ); void SearchForNumber(phone * );
44
int counter = 0; char FileName[256]; FILE *pRead; FILE *pWrite; int main (void) { phone *phonebook; phonebook = (phone*) malloc(sizeof(phone)*100); int iSelection = 0; if (phonebook == NULL) { printf("Out of Memory. The program will now exit"); return 1; } else {} do { printf("\n\t\t\tPhonebook Menu"); printf("\n\n\t(1)\tAdd Friend"); printf("\n\t(2)\tDelete Friend"); printf("\n\t(3)\tDisplay Phonebook Entries"); printf("\n\t(4)\tSearch for Phone Number"); printf("\n\t(5)\tExit Phonebook"); printf("\n\nWhat would you like to do? "); scanf("%d", &iSelection); if (iSelection == 1) { AddEntry(phonebook); } if (iSelection == 2) { DeleteEntry(phonebook); }
if (iSelection == 3) { PrintEntry(phonebook);
45
} if (iSelection == 4) { SearchForNumber(phonebook); } if (iSelection == 5) { printf("\nYou have chosen to exit the Phonebook.\n"); return 0; } } while (iSelection <= 4); } void AddEntry (phone * phonebook) { pWrite = fopen("phonebook_contacts.dat", "a"); if ( pWrite == NULL ) { perror("The following error occurred "); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } else { counter++; realloc(phonebook, sizeof(phone)); printf("\nFirst Name: "); scanf("%s", phonebook[counter-1].FirstName); printf("Last Name: "); scanf("%s", phonebook[counter-1].LastName); printf("Phone Number (XXX-XXX-XXXX): "); scanf("%s", phonebook[counter-1].PhoneNumber); printf("\n\tFriend successfully added to Phonebook\n"); fprintf(pWrite, "%s\t%s\t%s\n", phonebook[counter-1].FirstName,
phonebook[counter-1].LastName, phonebook[counter-1].PhoneNumber); fclose(pWrite); } }
void DeleteEntry (phone * phonebook) { int x = 0;
46
int i = 0; char deleteFirstName[20]; // char deleteLastName[20]; printf("\nFirst name: "); scanf("%s", deleteFirstName); printf("Last name: "); scanf("%s", deleteLastName); for (x = 0; x < counter; x++) { if (strcmp(deleteFirstName, phonebook[x].FirstName) == 0) { if (strcmp(deleteLastName, phonebook[x].LastName) == 0) { for ( i = x; i < counter - 1; i++ ) { strcpy(phonebook[i].FirstName, phonebook[i+1].FirstName); strcpy(phonebook[i].LastName, phonebook[i+1].LastName); strcpy(phonebook[i].PhoneNumber, phonebook[i+1].PhoneNumber); } printf("Record deleted from the phonebook.\n\n"); --counter; return; } } } printf("That contact was not found, please try again."); } void PrintEntry (phone * phonebook) { int x = 0; printf("\nPhonebook Entries:\n\n "); pRead = fopen("phonebook_contacts.dat", "r"); if ( pRead == NULL) { perror("The following error occurred: "); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } else { for( x = 0; x < counter; x++) {
printf("\n(%d)\n", x+1); printf("Name: %s %s\n", phonebook[x].FirstName, phonebook[x].LastName); printf("Number: %s\n", phonebook[x].PhoneNumber); }
47
} fclose(pRead); } void SearchForNumber (phone * phonebook) { int x = 0; char TempFirstName[20]; char TempLastName[20]; printf("\nPlease type the name of the friend you wish to find a number for."); printf("\n\nFirst Name: "); scanf("%s", TempFirstName); printf("Last Name: "); scanf("%s", TempLastName); for (x = 0; x < counter; x++) { if (strcmp(TempFirstName, phonebook[x].FirstName) == 0) { if (strcmp(TempLastName, phonebook[x].LastName) == 0) { printf("\n%s %s's phone number is %s\n", phonebook[x].FirstName,
phonebook[x].LastName, phonebook[x].PhoneNumber); } } } } OUTPUT Phonebook Menu
(1) Add Friend (2) Delete Friend" (3) Display Phonebook Entries (4) Search for Phone Number (5) Exit Phonebook
What would you like to do? 1 First Name: Ram Last Name: Mohan Phone Number (XXX-XXX-XXXX): 717-675-0909 Friend successfully added to Phonebook
48
Phonebook Menu
(1) Add Friend (2) Delete Friend"
(3) Display Phonebook Entries (4) Search for Phone Number (5) Exit Phonebook
What would you like to do? 5 You have chosen to exit the Phonebook. RESULT Thus a C Program was executed and the output was obtained.
49
EX.No. : 17 Banking Application
DATE :
AIM
To write a C Program to Count the number of account holders whose balance is less
than the minimum balance using sequential access file.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables and file pointer.
3. Display the menu options.
4. Read the Input for transaction processing.
5. Check the validation for the input data.
6. Display the output of the calculations .
7. Repeat step 3 until choose to stop.
8. Stop
PROGRAM /* Count the number of account holders whose balance is less than the minimum balance
using sequential access file. */ #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <conio.h> #include <string.h> #define MINBAL 500 struct Bank_Account { char no[10]; char name[20]; char balance[15]; };
struct Bank_Account acc; void main() { long int pos1,pos2,pos;
50
FILE *fp; char *ano,*amt; char choice; int type,flag=0; float bal; do { clrscr(); fflush(stdin); printf("1. Add a New Account Holder\n"); printf("2. Display\n"); printf("3. Deposit or Withdraw\n"); printf("4. Number of Account Holder Whose Balance is less than the Minimum
Balance\n"); printf("5. Stop\n"); printf("Enter your choice : "); choice=getchar(); switch(choice) { case '1' : fflush(stdin); fp=fopen("acc.dat","a"); printf("\nEnter the Account Number : "); gets(acc.no); printf("\nEnter the Account Holder Name : "); gets(acc.name); printf("\nEnter the Initial Amount to deposit : "); gets(acc.balance); fseek(fp,0,2); fwrite(&acc,sizeof(acc),1,fp); fclose(fp); break; case '2' : fp=fopen("acc.dat","r"); if(fp==NULL) printf("\nFile is Empty"); else { printf("\nA/c Number\tA/c Holder Name Balance\n"); while(fread(&acc,sizeof(acc),1,fp)==1) printf("%-10s\t\t%-20s\t%s\n",acc.no,acc.name,acc.balance); fclose(fp); } break; case '3' : fflush(stdin);
flag=0; fp=fopen("acc.dat","r+"); printf("\nEnter the Account Number : "); gets(ano);
51
for(pos1=ftell(fp);fread(&acc,sizeof(acc),1,fp)==1;pos1=ftell(fp)) { if(strcmp(acc.no,ano)==0) { printf("\nEnter the Type 1 for deposit & 2 for withdraw : "); scanf("%d",&type); printf("\nYour Current Balance is : %s",acc.balance); printf("\nEnter the Amount to transact : "); fflush(stdin); gets(amt); if(type==1) bal = atof(acc.balance) + atof(amt); else { bal = atof(acc.balance) - atof(amt); if(bal<0) { printf("\nRs.%s Not available in your A/c\n",amt); flag=2; break; } } flag++; break; } } if(flag==1) { pos2=ftell(fp); pos = pos2-pos1; fseek(fp,-pos,1); sprintf(amt,"%.2f",bal); strcpy(acc.balance,amt); fwrite(&acc,sizeof(acc),1,fp); } else if(flag==0) printf("\nA/c Number Not exits... Check it again"); fclose(fp); break; case '4' : fp=fopen("acc.dat","r"); flag=0; while(fread(&acc,sizeof(acc),1,fp)==1)
{ bal = atof(acc.balance); if(bal<MINBAL) flag++;
52
} printf("\nThe Number of Account Holder whose Balance less than the Minimum Balance :
%d",flag); fclose(fp); break; case '5' : fclose(fp); exit(0); } printf("\nPress any key to continue...."); getch(); } while (choice!='5'); } OUTPUT
1. Add a New Account Holder 2. Display 3. Deposit or Withdraw 4. Number of Account Holder Whose Balance is less than the Minimum Balance 5. Stop Enter your choice : 1
Enter the Account Number : 547898760 Enter the Account Holder Name : Rajan Enter the Initial Amount to deposit : 2000
Press any key to continue....
1. Add a New Account Holder 2. Display 3. Deposit or Withdraw 4. Number of Account Holder Whose Balance is less than the Minimum Balance 5. Stop
Enter your choice : 4 The Number of Account Holder whose Balance less than the Minimum Balance : 0
RESULT Thus a C Program for Banking Application was executed and the output was obtained.
53
EX.No. : 18 Railway reservation system
DATE :
AIM Create a Railway reservation system in C with the following modules
Booking Availability checking Cancellation Prepare chart
.
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Declare variables
3. Display the menu options
4. Read the option.
5. Develop the code for each option.
6. Display the output of the selected option based on existence .
7. Stop
PROGRAM #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int first=5,second=5,thired=5;
struct node { int ticketno; int phoneno; char name[100];
char address[100]; }s[15]; int i=0; void booking() { printf("enter your details");
54
printf("\nname:"); scanf("%s",s[i].name); printf("\nphonenumber:"); scanf("%d",&s[i].phoneno); printf("\naddress:"); scanf("%s",s[i].address); printf("\nticketnumber only 1-10:"); scanf("%d",&s[i].ticketno); i++; } void availability() { int c; printf("availability cheking"); printf("\n1.first class\n2.second class\n3.thired class\n"); printf("enter the option"); scanf("%d",&c); switch(c) { case 1:if(first>0) { printf("seat available\n"); first--; } else { printf("seat not available"); } break; case 2: if(second>0) { printf("seat available\n"); second--; } else { printf("seat not available"); } break; case 3:if(thired>0) { printf("seat available\n"); thired--; } else {
printf("seat not available"); } break; default:
55
break; } } void cancel() { int c; printf("cancel\n"); printf("which class you want to cancel"); printf("\n1.first class\n2.second class\n3.thired class\n"); printf("enter the option"); scanf("%d",c); switch(c) { case 1: first++; break; case 2: second++; break; case 3: thired++; break; default: break; } printf("ticket is canceled"); } void chart() { int c; for(c=0;c<I;c++) { printf(“\n Ticket No\t Name\n”); printf(“%d\t%s\n”,s[c].ticketno,s[c].name) } } main() { int n; clrscr(); printf("welcome to railway ticket reservation\n"); while(1) { printf("1.booking\n2.availability cheking\n3.cancel\n4.Chart \n5. Exit\nenter your
option:"); scanf("%d",&n); switch(n)
{ case 1: booking(); break; case 2: availability();
56
break; case 3: cancel(); break; case 4: chart(); break; case 5: printf(“\n Thank you visit again!”); getch(); exit(0); default: break; } } getch(); } OUTPUT welcome to railway ticket reservation 1.booking 2.availability cheking 3.cancel 4.Chart 5. Exit enter your option: 2 availability cheking 1.first class 2.second class
3.thired class enter the option 1 seat available 1.booking 2.availability cheking 3.cancel
4.Chart 5. Exit enter your option: 5 Thank you visit again! RESULT
Thus a C Program for Railway reservation system was executed and the output was obtained.
57
Additional C Programs for exercise
1.Program to find the row sum and column sum of a given matrix.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int mat[10][10];
int i,j;
int m,n;
int sumrow,sumcol;
clrscr();
printf("\nTO FIND THE ROW SUM AND COLUMN SUM OF A GIVEN MATRIX:");
printf("\n-- ---- --- --- --- --- ------ --- -- - ----- ------:");
printf("\nEnter the order of matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("\nEnter elements of a matrix:");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&mat[i][j]);
}
printf("\n\nOUTPUT:");
printf("\n---------------------------------------");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
sumrow=0;
58
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
sumrow=sumrow+mat[i][j];
printf("\nTHE SUM OF %d ROW IS %d",i+1,sumrow);
}
printf("\n---------------------------------------");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
sumcol=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
sumcol=sumcol+mat[i][j];
printf("\nTHE SUM OF %d COLUMN IS %d",j+1,sumcol);
}
printf("\n---------------------------------------");
getch();
}
2. Program to read a string and print the first two characters of each word in the string. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main( ) {
char s[100]; int i,l; clrscr( ); printf(“Enter a string”); gets(s); l=strlen(s); for(i=0;i<l;i++) { if(s[i]!=‟ „ && s[i]=‟ „) {
printf(“%c %c”,s[i],s[i+1]) i=i+2; while(s[i]!=‟ „) i++;
59
} } getch( ); } 3. Program to print current system date. #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <dos.h> int main() { struct date d; getdate(&d); printf("Current system date is %d/%d/%d",d.da_day,d.da_mon,d.da_year); getch(); return 0; }. 4. Program to calculate Standard Deviation. #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> float standard_deviation(float data[], int n); int main() { int n, i; float data[100]; printf("Enter number of datas( should be less than 100): "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter elements: "); for(i=0; i<n; ++i) scanf("%f",&data[i]); printf("\n"); printf("Standard Deviation = %.2f", standard_deviation(data,n)); return 0; } float standard_deviation(float data[], int n) { float mean=0.0, sum_deviation=0.0; int i; for(i=0; i<n;++i) { mean+=data[i]; } mean=mean/n; for(i=0; i<n;++i) sum_deviation+=(data[i]-mean)*(data[i]-mean);
return sqrt(sum_deviation/n); }
60
5. Program to calculate the Power of a Number using Recursion. #include <stdio.h> int power(int n1,int n2); int main() { int base, exp; printf("Enter base number: "); scanf("%d",&base); printf("Enter power number(positive integer): "); scanf("%d",&exp); printf("%d^%d = %d", base, exp, power(base, exp)); return 0; } int power(int base,int exp) { if ( exp!=1 ) return (base*power(base,exp-1)); } 6. Program to find the ASCII value of a Character. #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char c; printf("Enter a character: "); scanf("%c",&c); /* Takes a character from user */ printf("ASCII value of %c = %d",c,c); return 0; } 7. Program to find biggest of four no by using ternary numbers. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main( ) { int a,b,c,d,big; clrscr( ); printf(“enter value a”); scanf(“%d”,&a); printf(“enter the value of b”); scanf(“%d”,&b); printf(“enter the value of c”); scanf(“%d”,&c); printf(“enter the value of d”); scanf(“%d”,&d); big=(a>b)?(a>c)?(a>d)?a:d:(c>d)?c:d:(b>c)?(b>d)?b:d:(c>d)?c:d;
printf(“Biggest of the given 4 numbers is %d”,big); getch(); }
61
C Language Questions and Answers 1. What is C language? C is a programming language developed at AT&T's Bell Laboratories of USA in 1972. The C programming language is a standardized programming language developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie for use on the UNIX operating system. It has since spread to many other operating systems, and is one of the most widely used programming languages.
2. What are the types of constants in C? In C language two types of constants are available: � Primary constants � Secondary constants 3. What are the types of C instructions? There are basically three types of instructions in C: � Type Declaration Instruction � Arithmetic Instruction � Control Instruction
4. What is a pointer? Pointers are variables which stores the address of another variable. That variable may be a scalar (including another pointer), or an aggregate (array or structure). The pointed-to object may be part of a larger object, such as a field of a structure or an element in an array. 5. What is an array? Array is a variable that hold multiple elements which has the same data type. 6. Differentiate between arrays and pointers? Pointers are used to manipulate data using the address. Pointers use * operator to access the data pointed to by them. Array is a collection of similar data type. Array use subscripted variables to access and manipulate data. Array variables can be equivalently written using pointer expression.
7. What is “this” pointer? The “this” pointer is a pointer accessible only within the member functions of a class, struct,or union type. It points to the object for which the member function is called. Static member functions do not have a “this” pointer. 8. What are the uses of a pointer? Pointer is used in the following cases � It is used to access array elements. � It is used for dynamic memory allocation. � It is used in Call by reference. � It is used in data structures like trees, graph, linked list etc.
62
9. What is the purpose of main() function? The function main() invokes other functions within it. It is the first function to be called when the program starts execution. � It is the starting function. � It returns an int value to the environment that called the program. � Recursive call is allowed for main( ) also. � It is a user-defined function. 10. What are the different storage classes in C? There are four types of storage classes in C language. � Automatic � Extern � Register � Static 11. What is a structure? Structure constitutes a super data type which represents several different data types in a single unit. A structure can be initialized if it is static or global. 12. Define Constructors? A constructor is a member function with the same name as its class. The constructor is invoked whenever an object of its associated class is created. It is called constructor because it constructs the values of data members of the class. 13. Define destructors? A destructor is called for a class object when that object passes out of scope or is explicitly deleted. A destructors as the name implies is used to destroy the objects that have been created by a constructors. Like a constructor, the destructor is a member function whose name is the same as the class name but is preceded by a tilde. 14. What is the use of default constructor? A constructor that accepts no parameters is called the default constructor. If no user-defined constructor exists for a class A and one is needed, the compiler implicitly declares a default parameter less constructor A::A(). This constructor is an inline public member of its class. The compiler will implicitly define A::A() when the compiler uses this constructor to create an object of type A. The constructor will have no constructor initializer and a null body. 15. What is a macro? Macros are the identifiers that represent statements or expressions. 16. What is the difference between #include< > and #include “ ”? #include< > ----> specifically used for built in header files. #include “ ” ----> Specifically used for used for user defined/created header file. 17. What are the advantages of the functions?
� It reduces the Complexity in a program by reducing the code. � Functions are easily understanding and reliability and execution is faster. � It also reduces the Time to run a program. In other way, it‟s directly proportional to Complexity.
63
� It‟s easy to find-out the errors due to the blocks made as function definition outside the main function.
18. How do declare an array? We can declare an array by specify its data type, name and the number of elements the array holds between square brackets immediately following the array name. syntax : data_type array_name[size]; 19. What are the differences between structures and union? A structure variable contains each of the named members, and its size is large enough to hold all the members. Structure elements are of same size. A Union contains one of the named members at a given time and is large enough to hold the largest member. Union element can be of different sizes. 20. What is the difference between an Array and a List? The main difference between an array and a list is how they internally store the data whereas Array is collection of homogeneous elements. List is collection of heterogeneous elements. 21. What is the difference between a string copy (strcpy) and a memory copy (memcpy)? The strcpy() function is designed to work exclusively with strings. It copies each byte of the source string to the destination string and stops when the terminating null character () has been moved. On the other hand, the memcpy() function is designed to work with any type of data. Because not all data ends with a null character, you must provide the memcpy() function with the number of bytes you want to copy from the source to the destination. 22. What is the difference between const char*p and char const* p? const char*p - p is pointer to the constant character. i.e value in that address location is constant. const char* const p - p is the constant pointer which points to the constant string, both value and address are constants. 23. What is the purpose of realloc()? Realloc(ptr,n) function uses two arguments. � The first argument ptr is a pointer to a block of memory for which the size is to be altered. � The second argument n specifies the new size. The size may be increased or decreased. 24. What is the use of typedef? The typedef help in easier modification when the programs are ported to another machine. A descriptive new name given to the existing data type may be easier to understand the code. 25. What are the differences between new and malloc?
� New initializes the allocated memory by calling the constructor. Memory allocated with new should be released with delete.
� Malloc allocates uninitialized memory. � The allocated memory has to be released with free. New automatically calls the
64
constructor while malloc(dosen‟t) 26. What is the difference between strdup and strcpy? Both copy a string. strcpy wants a buffer to copy the string. strdup allocates a buffer using malloc(). Unlike strcpy(), strdup() is not specified by ANSI. 27. What is this pointer? It is a pointer that points to the current object. This can be used to access the members of the current object with the help of the arrow operator. 28. What is recursion? A recursion function is one which calls itself either directly or indirectly it must halt at a definite point to avoid infinite recursion. 29. What are the characteristics of arrays in C? � An array holds elements that have the same data type. � Array elements are stored in subsequent memory locations � Two-dimensional array elements are stored row by row in subsequent memory
locations. � Array name represents the address of the starting element 30. Differentiate between for loop and a while loop? What are it uses? For executing a set of statements fixed number of times we use for loop while when the number of iterations to be performed is not known in advance we use while loop. 31. What is the difference between printf(...) and sprintf(...)? � printf(....) -------------> is standard output statement � sprintf(......)-----------> is formatted output statement. 32. What is an explicit constructor? A conversion constructor declared with the explicit keyword. The compiler does not use an explicit constructor to implement an implied conversion of types. Explicit constructors are simply constructors that cannot take part in an implicit conversion. 33. What is copy constructor? Copy constructor is a constructor function with the same name as the class and used to make deep copy of objects. 34. What is the difference between malloc and calloc? � Malloc() is use for memory allocation and initialize garbage values. malloc() for
allocating the single block of memory. � Calloc() is same as malloc() but it initialize 0 value. calloc() for allocating multiple
blocks of memory. 35. What is null pointer? NULL pointer is a pointer which is pointing to nothing.
Examples : int *ptr=(char *)0; float *ptr=(float *)0;
65
36. What is dynamic array? The dynamic array is an array data structure which can be resized during runtime which means elements can be added and removed. 37. What are macros? What are its advantages and disadvantages? Macros are abbreviations for lengthy and frequently used statements. When a macro is called the entire code is substituted by a single line though the macro definition is of several lines. The advantage of macro is that it reduces the time taken for control transfer as in case of function. The disadvantage of it is here the entire code is substituted so the program becomes lengthy if a macro is called several times. 38. What are register variables? What are the advantages of using register variables? If a variable is declared with a register storage class, it is known as register variable. The register variable is stored in the CPU register instead of main memory. Frequently used variables are declared as register variable as it‟s access time is faster. 39. What is storage class? What are the different storage classes in C? Storage class is an attribute that changes the behavior of a variable. It controls the lifetime,scope and linkage. The storage classes in c are auto, register, and extern, static, typedef. 40. What the advantages of using Unions? When the C compiler is allocating memory for unions it will always reserve enough room for the largest member. 41. In C, why is the void pointer useful? When would you use it? The void pointer is useful because it is a generic pointer that any pointer can be cast into
and back again without loss of information. 42. What is the difference between the functions memmove() and memcpy()? The arguments of memmove() can overlap in memory. The arguments of memcpy() cannot. 43. Can a Structure contain a Pointer to itself? Yes such structures are called self-referential structures. 44. What is dynamic memory allocation? A dynamic memory allocation uses functions such as malloc() or calloc() to get memory dynamically. If these functions are used to get memory dynamically and the values returned by these function are assigned to pointer variables, such a way of allocating memory at run time is known as dynamic memory allocation. 45. What is pointer to a pointer? If a pointer variable points another pointer value. Such a situation is known as a pointer to a pointer.
Example : int *p1, **p2, v=10; P1=&v;
66
p2=&p1; Here p2 is a pointer to a pointer. 46. What is a function? A large program is subdivided into a number of smaller programs or subprograms. Each subprogram specifies one or more actions to be performed for the larger program. Such sub programs are called functions. 47. What is an argument? An argument is an entity used to pass data from the calling to a called function. 48. What is the difference between syntax vs logical error? Syntax Error � These involve validation of syntax of language. � Compiler prints diagnostic message. Logical Error � Logical error are caused by an incorrect algorithm or by a statement mistyped in such a way that it doesn‟t violet syntax of language. � Difficult to find. 49. Explain enumerated types. � Enumerated types allow the programmers to use more meaningful words as values to a variable. � Each item in the enumerated type variable is actually associated with a numeric code. 50. Differentiate between the expression “++a” and “a++”? � With ++a, the increment happens first on variable a, and the resulting value is used. This is called as prefix increment. � With a++, the current value of the variable will be used in an operation. This is called as postfix increment.
