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Project Title :-

Arbitary WaveDisplay

Course Code :-ECE-292 Name :-Vishal Patidar

Course Instructor :- Mr.Srinivas Perala Section :-E-110

Date of submission :- 2!-01-201" Regd.No .:-1110 0"9

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AC, W)ED/EME

I ta)e this o ortunit# to e! ress m# rofound gratitude and deeregards to m# instructor*+acult# Mr.Srinivas Perala for his e!em lar#guidance% monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the courseof this thesis. The blessing% hel and guidance given b# him time to timeshall carr# me a long $a# in the journe# of life on $hich I am about toembar).

I am grateful for their coo eration during the eriod of m# Project.

,astl#% I than) almight#% m# arents% and friends for their constantencouragement $ithout $hich this roject $ould not be ossible.

Vishal Patidar

%ll %.:- E110

Se#ti%n :-E-110

e$d %.:-1110 0"9

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C%ntents

• *ntr%d+#ti%n t% )abVie&

• *ntr%d+#ti%n %' Pr%3e#t

• h%ery

• 4r%nt panel 5 l%#6 Dia$ra( C%(p%nent

• C%nne#ti%n and +tp+ts

• es+lt

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*ntr%d+#ti%n t% )abVie&

,ab I( /short for )ab orator# Virtual *nstrumentation EngineeringW or)bench0 is a latform and develo ment environment for a visual

rogramming language from National Instruments. The gra hicallanguage is named 121. 3riginall# released for the " le &acintosh in4567% ,ab I( is commonl# used for data ac'uisition% instrumentcontrol% and industrial automation on a variet# of latforms including&icrosoft indo$s% various flavors of 8NI9% ,inu!% and &ac 3S 9.The latest version of ,ab I( is version ,ab I( ;44.The code files have the e!tension <.vi=% $hich is an abbreviation for< irtual Instrument=. ,ab I( offers lots of additional "dd-3ns and

Tool)its.

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* D7C * P 8EC

This I demonstrates the use of the "rbitrar# ave signal generator I.

The to $aveform gra h sho$s the arbitrar# $ave arra# generated using the in utcontrols /sam les% am litude% fre'uenc#% sam ling rate% inter olation% reset hase%and ave Table0.

The fre'uenc# of the $aveform can be given in c#cles or >?. This rovides t$o ofthe most common $a#s to control a signal@s fre'uenc#. The diagram sho$s ho$ toconvert from these common fre'uenc# units to the 1normali?ed1 fre'uenc# units of c#cles*sam le /c#cles*sam le is the unit used b# the Is Sine ave% Triangle

ave% S'uare ave% Sa$tooth ave% and "rbitrar# ave

The ave Table Plot sim l# lots the oints given in the in ut arra# ave Table%$hich re resents 4 c#cle of the arbitrar# $ave. Change the ave Table arra# toalter the sha e of the out ut of the "rbitrar# ave I.

If reset hase is set to 3++ /false0% the "rbitrar# ave I $ill out ut the N(9Tsam les of the $aveform% reserving a continuousl# smooth hase.

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he%ry"n arbitrary &ave'%r( $enerat%r /AW/ 0 is a iece of electronic teste'ui ment used to generate electrical $aveforms . These $aveforms can be eitherre etitive or single-shot /once onl#0 in $hich case some )ind of triggering sourceis re'uired /internal or e!ternal0. The resulting $aveforms can be injected into adevice under test and anal#?ed as the# rogress through it% confirming the ro er

o eration of the device or in ointing a fault in it.8nli)e function generators % " 2s can generate an# arbitraril# defined $avesha eas their out ut. The $aveform is usuall# defined as a series of 1$a# oints1/s ecific voltage targets occurring at s ecific times along the $aveform0 and the" 2 can either jum to those levels or use an# of several methodsto inter olate bet$een those levels.

+or e!am le% a A;B dut# c#cle s'uare $ave is easil# obtained b# defining just t$o oints: "t t ; % set the out ut voltage to 4;;B and at t A;B % set the out ut voltage bac)to ;. Set the " 2 to jum /not inter olate0 bet$een these values and the result is

the desired s'uare $ave. # com arison% a triangle $ave could be roduced fromthe same data sim l# b# setting the " 2 to linearl# inter olate bet$een these t$o

oints.

ecause " 2s s#nthesi?e the $aveforms using digital signal rocessing techni'ues% their ma!imum fre'uenc# is usuall# limited to no more thana fe$ gigahert? .

" 2s% li)e most signal generators % ma# also contain an attenuator % various meansof modulating the out ut $aveform% and often contain the abilit# to automaticall#and re etitivel# 1s$ee 1 the fre'uenc# of the out ut $aveform /b# means ofa voltage-controlled oscillator 0 bet$een t$o o erator-determined limits. Thisca abilit# ma)es it ver# eas# to evaluate the fre'uenc# res onse of agiven electronic circuit .

Some " 2s also o erate as conventional function generators. These can includestandard $aveforms such as sine% s'uare% ram % triangle% noise and ulse. Someunits include additional built-in $aveforms such as e! onential rise and fall times%

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sin!*!% and cardiac. Some " 2s allo$ users to retrieve $aveforms from a number of digital and mi!ed-signal oscillosco es. Some " 2@s ma# dis la# a gra h of the$aveform on their screen - a gra h mode. Some " 2s have the abilit# to out ut a

attern of $ords on a multi le-bit connector to simulate data transmission%combining the ro erties of both " 2s and digital attern generators .

3ne feature of DDS-based arbitrar# $aveform generators is that their digital natureallo$s multi le channels to be o erated $ith recisel# controlled hase offsets orratio-related fre'uencies. This allo$s the generation of ol# hase sine $aves% I-constellations% or simulation of signals from geared mechanical s#stems such as jetengines. Com le! channel-channel modulations are also ossible.

" 2s ma# also be contained $ithin music s#nthesi?ers .

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4r%nt Panal 5 l%#6 Dia$ra( C%(p%nents

Arbitrary Wave

2enerates an arra# containing an arbitrar# $ave.

Wave able is one c#cle of the $aveform used in creating theout ut arbitrary &ave .

sa(ples is the number of sam les in arbitrary &ave . The default is

4 6. sa(ples must be greater than or e'ual to ;. If sa(ples is less than ?ero%the I sets arbitrary &ave to an em t# arra# and returns an error.

a(plit+de is the am litude of arbitrary &ave . The default is 4.

're +en#y is the fre'uenc# of arbitrary &ave in normali?ed units ofc#cles*sam le. The default is 4 c#cle*4 6 sam les or E.64 A(FGc#cles*sam le.

phase in is the initial hase% in degrees% of arbitrary &ave $hen resetphase is ;.

reset phase determines the initial hase of arbitrary &ave . The default isTR8(. If reset phase is TR8(% ,ab I( sets the initial hase to phase in .If reset phase is +",S(% ,ab I( uses the value of phase %+t from $henthe I last e!ecuted as the initial hase of arbitrary &ave .

interp%lati%n determines the t# e of inter olation the I uses togenerate arbitrary &ave from the Wave able arra#. The default is ; /nointer olation0. If interp%lati%n is ;% the I does not use inter olation.

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If interp%lati%n is 4% the I uses linear inter olation.

arbitrary &ave is the out ut arbitrar# $ave.

phase %+t is the hase of the $aveform in degrees.

err%r returns an# error or $arning from the I. Hou can $ire err%r tothe (rror Cluster +rom (rror Code I to convert the error code or $arninginto an error cluster.

Arbitrary Wave Details:-If the se'uence Y re resents arbitrary &ave % the "rbitrar# ave I generates these'uence according to the follo$ing e'uation:

yi aJarb/ hase i0

for i ;% 4% % K%n F 4

$here a is a(plit+de and n is sa(ples .

This I calculates arb/ hase i0 using the follo$ing e'uation:

$here

m is the si?e of the Wave able arra#%

T/ x0 Wave able Lint/ x0M ifinterp%lati%n ; /no inter olation0%

T/ x0 is the linearl# inter olated value of Wave able Lint/ x0M andWaveable L/int/ x0 40 modulo mM ifinterp%lati%n 4 /linear inter olation0%

hase i initialO hase 're +en#y JG7;.;J i%

're +en#y is the fre'uenc# in normali?ed units of c#cles*sam le%

initialO hase is phase in if reset phase is TR8(%

initialO hase is the phase %+t from the revious e!ecution of this instance of theI if reset phase is +",S(.

The "rbitrar# ave I is reentrant% so $e can use it to simulate a continuousac'uisition from an arbitrar# $ave function generator. If reset phase is +",S(%subse'uent calls to a s ecific instance of this I roduce arbitrary&ave containing the ne!t sam les of the arbitrar# $ave. ,ab I( sets phase%+t to hase n% and this reentrant I uses this value as the ne$ phase in if resetphase is +",S( the ne!t time this I e!ecutes.

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Wave'%r( ChartThe $aveform chart dis la#s one or more lots of evenl# sam led measurements.The $aveform chart lots onl# single-valued functions% as in y f/ x0% $ith ointsevenl# distributed along the !-a!is% such as ac'uired time-var#ing $aveforms. Thefollo$ing front anel sho$s an e!am le of a $aveform gra h.

The $aveform chart can dis la# lots containing an# number of oints.

Array % Cl+ster 4+n#ti%n

Converts a 4D arra# to a cluster of elements of the same t# e as the arra# elements.Right-clic) the function and select Cluster Si?e from the shortcut menu to set thenumber of elements in the cluster.

The default is nine. The ma!imum cluster si?e for this function is A7.

8se this function $hen #ou $ant to dis la# elements of the same t# e in a front anel cluster indicator but $ant to mani ulate the elements on the bloc) diagram b# their inde! values.

(!am le

array is a one-dimensional arra# of an# t# e.

(ach element in #l+ster is the same as the corres onding element in array .The #l+ster order matches the order of the elements in the array .

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Wait (s; 4+n#ti%naits the s ecified number of milliseconds and returns the value of the millisecond

timer. iring a value of ; to the (illise#%nds t% &ait in ut forces the currentthread to #ield control of the CP8.

This function ma)es as#nchronous s#stem calls% but the nodes themselves functions#nchronousl#. Therefore% it does not com lete e!ecution until the s ecified timehas ela sed.

Details

(illise#%nds t% &ait s ecifies ho$ man# milliseconds to $ait. This functiondoes not $ait for longer than ;!Effffff or %4 E% 6G%7 E ms. To $ait for alonger eriod% e!ecute the function t$ice. iring a value of ; to this

arameter forces the current thread to #ield control of the CP8.

(illise#%nd ti(er val+e returns the value of the millisecond timer after the$ait

Reciprocal FunctionDivides 4 b# the in ut value.

The connector ane dis la#s the default data t# es for this ol#mor hicfunction.

Details (!am le

x can be a scalar number% arra# or cluster of numbers% arra# ofclusters of numbers% and so on.

1/x is infinit# if < is ;. If < is an integer% 1=< is a double- recision%floating- oint number.

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Case Structure>as one or more subdiagrams% or cases% e!actl# one of $hich e!ecutes $hen thestructure e!ecutes. The value $ired to the selector terminal determines $hich case

to e!ecute and can be oolean% string% integer% enumerated t# e% or error cluster .Right-clic) the structure border to add or delete cases. 8se the ,abeling tool toenter value/s0 in the case selector label and configure the value/s0 handled b# eachcase.

To scroll through the available subdiagrams % clic) the decrement and increment

arro$s in the selector label."fter #ou create a Case structure % #ou canadd% du licate%rearrange % ordelete thesubdiagrams. +or each case% use the ,abeling tool to enter a single value or lists andranges of values in the case selector label at the to of the Case structure.

To convert a Case structure to a Stac)ed Se'uence structure% right-clic) the Casestructure and select epla#e &ith Sta#6ed Se +en#e from the shortcut menu.

Hou also can create multi le in ut and out ut tunnels and s ecif# a default case for a Case structure.

+ndle 4+n#ti%n"ssembles a cluster from individual elements.

Hou also can use this function to change the values of individual elements in ane!isting cluster $ithout having to s ecif# ne$ values for all elements. To do so%$ire the cluster #ou $ant to change to the middle #l+ster terminal of this function.

hen #ou $ire a cluster to this function% the function resi?es automaticall# todis la# in uts for each element in the cluster. The connector ane dis la#s thedefault data t# es for this ol#mor hic function.

Details

#l+ster is the cluster $hose value #ou $ant to change. If #ou do not $ire this

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in ut% the function creates a cluster. If #ou $ire #l+ster % the undle functionre laces the elements of #l+ster $ith ele(ent 0..n-1 . If #ou $ire a cluster%the number of in ut terminals must match the number of elements in thein ut cluster.

ele(ent 0..n-1 acce ts an# data t# e.%+tp+t #l+ster is the resulting cluster.

While )%%pRe eats the subdiagram inside it until the conditional terminal% an in ut terminal%receives a articular oolean value. The oolean value de ends on thecontinuation behavior of the hile ,oo . Right-clic) the conditional terminal and

select St%p i' r+e or C%ntin+e i' r+e from the shortcut menu. Hou also can $irean error cluster to the conditional terminal% right-clic) the terminal% and select St%p%n Err%r or C%ntin+e &hile Err%r from the shortcut menu. The hile ,ooal$a#s e!ecutes at least once.

The iteration / i0 terminal rovides the current loo iteration count% $hich is ?ero

for the first iteration. If iteration count e!ceeds %4 E% 6G%7 E% or G4

-4% theiteration terminal remains at %4 E% 6G%7 E for all further iterations. If #ou need to)ee count of more than %4 E% 6G%7 E iterations% $e can useshift registers $ith agreater integer range.

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C%nne#ti%ns and +tp+ts

Connections 3f "rbitrar# $ave 2enrator

l%#6 Dia$ra(

4r%nt Panel

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Arbitrary Wave Display