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A Publ icar ion 0f TheUNIVERSITY OF GUAM

Produced By TheMICRONESIAN AREA RESEARCH CENTER

EDITOBThomas B. IVcGrath S.J.

ASSOCIATE EDITORSMarjor ie G. Dr iver Emil ie G. Johnstorr

STAF FElaine P. Concepcion

Thomas B. lVlcGrath, S.J.Fel ic ia Plaza, M. lV.B.

Rosi ta M. ToscoAlbert L. Wi l l iams

WRITE FOB THE RECORDERThe Recorder wants art ic les f rom you.

Send them to:

THE GUAM RECORDERM icronesian Area Besearch Center

Universi ty of GuamP.0. Box EK

Agana, Guam 9691 0

Al l photographs are f rom the MARC col lect ion unlessotherwise indicated.

Published quarterly to providesc ient if ic, cu ltu ra l, a nd h istor ica Ii nformat io n co ncern i ng G uamand M icronesia.

i;i'i;i'

i'l'l;l

i i i i

iiiiiiij University of Guami i i i

:::::::l

. i : . : . :

iiii:i:i Historically, the University of Guam began asiiiiii,. fne Territorial College of Guam in the summer of:iiiiiii 1952. The College was something of an experimentaliiiiii ', ventute in higher education; and even the most op-i;i'i ' i, timistic anticipation of those who were ..present

iii 'i; at the creation" could hardly have foreseen itsii:i:iii 0.u"topment into an accreditediand grant University.ii:i:i:i The University of Guam today is a tribute to: i ' i , i :: tne faith and conviction of many individuals who

iiii:::i p_atientiy nurtured its growth to maturity during:i:i:i:: the past twenty-five years. The contributions of thesei,i,i,i ' individuals will continue to inspire and motivateiiii,iii our endeavors for the improvemenf of our institution.i:iii:il In the midst of our domestic,economic setbacks,i:i:i:i. tt

" University's horizon is blured and cliscourages

i : i : i : : l qnrr o ln. ' , i - - fnran."+ nt- .arr+ +L^iiiiii:i 1nv glowing forecast about the next quarter centuiy. t::::i::::i:i::l

grt the University is here to stay; its mission and tl:iii:,iiiiii,,

putpose are unchanged. The future of higher educa- ,i:;:ii 'i,i ' i ' i, tion in the territory continues to be our responsi- :i:i:i.:::::::r bility And inherent in that responsibility is the obli- iii:iii:iiiiiii: gutio", imposed by the public trust which we have l:i:i:i:iiiiii,, accepted as educators, to review and reassess our iii:::.:i,i;i,i, individual a'd collective performance. Unless we do i:iiiii:i ; i ; i ; i this ourselvcs. orhers wil l do i t ibr us and wirh i : i i ' : i, i , i , i , : neither compassion for. nor understancling of. the ::: : i : :i,ii ' i ' i lingering problems we are trying to solve. :::iiii::ii::::i Of immediate concern to me is the quality of iiiii:l::i:i::: education that we are providing our students. The liiiiiil::i:::i; validity of a justification for any program expansio'r i:i:,ii1i1i1i1: ssnnsl, in my judgment, be

-susta]ned aline by .iiiiiii

iii;i;i,1.tn"tut. pleadings for quantitive considerations. iii:iii;i;i;i: There.must be a concurrent demonstration of the iiii:ii

iii:i:i:lesperate pleadings for quantitive "."ria"r"il"rr. iiiiiii

iiii:ii Tnere must be a concurrent demonstration of the liiiiiiiiiiii,i upgraaing of instructional quality and of academic iii:ii::j:i:i:j management efficiency. We are all compelled to ii:ii:ii:;i;i;i, pursue these ends if we are to ensure the University's liiii::ii:::i:i: integrity as an institution of higher learning. I ask :iiiiiiii,i,i,i, tne entire University community to assist in this ;i,i,i,iiiiiii ', tast as we begi' another twe'ty-five years of service fi:i:i:i:::::::: tasK as we begrn another twenty{lve years of service fi:i:i:i

,iiiii, ," the people or our territory. iiiiiii:

:i:':l: ROSA ROBERTO CARTER,::i::i Presidcnt, University of Guam

,,::;i:,i,iii,i,i,i;i,i,i,i'i,i,i,i:i:i:::i:i:::::::;:::::::;:::;:Printed by Guan Publ icat ions

MAGAZINE OF GUAM AND MICRONPublished By The

Micronesian Area Research CentelUniversi ty of Guam

Agana, Guam

OF GUAM AND MICRONESIA

VOLUME 7 SECOND SERIES 1977

THE UNIVERSITY OF GUAMby Rosa Roberto Carter

A TRIBUTE TO PROFESSOR PAUL CARANOby Dr. Pedro C. Sanchez, Robert G.P. CruzPaul B. Sauder, and Bishop Fel ixberto C. Flores

THOSE WERE THE GUAM DAYSOF PAUL CARANO

bv Emil ie G. Johnston

LUCKIER THAN BEN FRANKLIN:GUAM'S SCHOOLBOYS IN 1727

by Larry A. Lawcock

THE ACCOUNT OF A DISCALCED FRIAR'SSTAY IN THE ISLANDS OF THE LADRONES

t ranslated by Marjor ie G. Dr iver

A SEARCH FOR IDENTITYby Laura Sauder

THE NATIVE ORIGINS OF THENEO-CHAMORROS OF THEMARIANA ISLANDS

bv Jane H. Underwood

HISTORIC AND CULTURAL PRESERVATIONIN MICRONESIA

by Dirk Bal lendorf

FOREIGN SHIP CONTACTS WITH THEISLANDS OF TRUK

compi led by Francis X. Hezel

GUAM'S FIRST FORT: SANTA MARIA DEGUADALUPE IN AGANA

by Sr. Fel ic ia Plaza, M.M.B.

GOVERNMENT HOUSE.1941by George G. McMil l in

IN MEMORIAM: DALE S. MIYAGI

CONTRIBUTORS

30

33

39/+l

GENERAL ORDERS AND REPORTS ISSUEDBY THE NAVAL GOVERNOR OF GUAM: / ISIXTH INSTALLMENT --T-J

5152

3

5

12

1922

25

The o7:iniotts expressecl in urt icles publ i ,shed in th[s magazine are the private ones of the writers and should not be cons'

truecl ir . t an)') t 'a) 'as reJlect i t tg lhe views oJ the Micronesian Area ResearchCenter, the Universit .r of Guam, or the Go|ernment

oJ Guam. l .olurrte I o. l the ret, ivet l ()uam Recorder cons[sted of only one issue, Volume 2 cortsisted of three issues of wlt ich

issu<:s Nunrber 2 uncl . i rr ,r ,rc cr.tntbined, and Volume 3 consistet l of three issues. Subsequent volumes wil l coit tcide with the

calelt lar year. I le resert( the r ight to aL'(( 'pt or reject any material submitted Jor publ icat ion.

Since Ferdinand Magellan discovered Guam forthe western world in 1521, hundreds of people fromdifferent parts of the world came to Guam to workand make their home here. Some, like Father DiegoLuis de San Vitores, dedicated themselves totally totheir adopted community and made lasting contri-butions to the island and her people. One suchperson among the latter is Paul Carano - - teacher,scholar, and historian of Guam.

Paul Carano first came to Guam in 1941 toteach at George Washington High School, thenlocated in Sinajana. He became an elementary schoolprincipal, an administrator in the central office ofthe Department of Education and then a professorand director of the Micronesian Area Research Centerat the University of Guam. Beyond his regular work,he served Guam in many civic and other kinds ofcommunity functions.

From the moment of his arrival on Guam, PaulCarano fell in love with the isiand and with herpeople and deciderd to devote himself ful ly to teach-ing, research and writing. To prepare himself for hiswork, he embarked on a personal mission to knowthe history, culture and everything else about hisadopted home. He aimed also to wri te a history ofGuam. His research and writing resulted jn thepublication of a history book entitled "A CompleteHistory of Guam" which he co-authored with acol league. In addit ion to the book, he wrote severalarticles and spoke to a countless number of organiza-tions here and in the States on the history, cultureand other aspects of Guamanian life.

During the course of his extensive research workon Guam and elsewhere, Paul Carano conceived anidea whose time had come -- a center for studies andresearch on Guam and Micronesia. Start ing withmater ials he and a few of his col leagues had on hand,and obtaining statutory support from the TerritorialLegislature and the Governor, his idea finally resultedin the establ ishment of the Micronesian Area Re-search Center at the University of Guam. A worldrenowned inst i tut ion, MARC has the best col lect ionof rnater ials on Guam and Micronesia in the world.As the f i rst director of MARC, Paul Caratro (1961-1916). , upon his ret i rement, lef t behind a legacy ofunequal value to this ancl f uture generat ions ofscholars and histor ians inte rested in Guam andMicronesia.

In his many years of dedicatecl service to hisadopted is land, Paul Carano's contr ibut ions are asvaried as they are lasting. Having endeared himself tothe people of the terr i tory, he is respected, adrnired,and loved fbr the good te:acher, scholar ar-rd histor ian

that he was in his active days of public service andstill is during his days of well-earned retirement.As a colleague and close personal friend of PaulCarano, I am delighted to join in this fine tribute toa man who has really become one of our own - -a true Guamanian and a true American. In thisisland community where people are known bytheir informal rather than their official or formalname, there is no more appropriate tribute thatthis island can give to a gentleman who has donemore than any other person for the history of Guamand her people than to fondly name and rememberhimas: PAUL CARANO, teacher, scholar and his-torian, better known as "MR. GUAM HISTORY."

Pedro C. SanchezRegents Professor and

President EmeritusUniversity of Guam

Paul Carano, the retired Director of MARC, theMicronesian Area Research Center, its founder andmentor in its formative years, can justly be proud ofthe written heritage he has provided and left the peo-ple of Guam.

Hts History of Guam in conjunction with Dr.Pedro Sanchez, the continuation of the Guam Recor-der, his numerous articles, his research on Fort SantaAgueda, all have brought alive facts of our culturalbackground, frequently forgotten or not rememberedby the people of Guam whom he has served so well.

At a time when the Guamanian culture is under-going rapid change, when our lifestyle is being alteredby both seen and unseen forces, the need to recordand evaluate that which has gone before, is mostirnportant, and Paul has done an admirable job inproviding us with such background. Without suchknowledge, accurate and detailed, we cannot plan in-telligently to retain that which has made the peopleof Guam unique in their positive attitude towardsothers, their friendliness, their family spirit, theirhelpfulness. These characteristics of our people mustbe preserved, they must be incorporated into theGuam being of tomorrow.

Paul is no immigrant to Guarn. It is his home. Its

people are his people.proud of what he hastrue Chamorri.

As citizens of Guam we can bedone for us - - he has become a

PAUL SOUDER

I have great admiration for Professor Paul Ca-rano. As Chairman of Guam's Historic PreservationReview Board for the past three years, he has greatlyassisted the preservation movement on the island. Inaddition to being Chairman of this multi-disciplineprofessional board, Paul serves as its historian mem-ber. In the course of its work, the board has reviewedqualifications in history of hundreds of historical andarcheological sites and structures resulting in theplacement of T6sites on the Guam Register of HistoricPlaces. Placement on these registers is the highestrecognition our community can give to sites of localor national significance. But the procedure for inclu-sion is a long, drawn-out procedure requiring dedica-tion and hard work. With Paul Carano as head theBoard has accomplished its mission well.

As Director of the Micronesian Area ResearchCenter, he has directly helped the Department ofParks and Recreation by critiquing Guam's HistoricPreservation Master Plan and other related work, aswell as indirectly by rediscovering the correct nameof one of our historic sites, Fort Santa Agueda (incor-rectly known as Fort Apugan)Park.

As a fellow member of the Board of Trustees ofthe Guam Institute of Spanish - Chamorro culture,Paul has shown a strong interest in the need for animproved museum for Guam.

Paul further has my respect as one of the mostoutspoken individuals with whom I have been ac-quainted in government service. This quality, com-bined with his charm and background have made formany long and absorbing conversations with himover the past years.

Although he has recently retired as Director olMARC, I am certain Paul Carano will remain activeand be a valuable asset to the historic preservationmovement of the island for manv vears to come.

ROBERT G.P. CRUZDirector, Department of

Parks and Recreation

I first met Professor Paul Carano twenty-sevenyears ago in Agana on my ordination to the Priest-hood. Our friendship has perdured all throughoutthese years mainly because of one common interest -our concern for the Catholic Church, not only !e-cause of our oneness in Baptism, but because of therole that the Church has vitally played in the history,the culture, the life-style, the spiritual, social andeconomic development of the Chamorro peoplesince the arrival of the Venerable Father Luis Diegode Sanvitores and the first missionaries in June"1668.

Professor Carano's authoritativeness in the histo-ry of Guam and its people is not so much authenti-cated by the scholarly book, "The History of Guam"that he in collaboration with Dr. Pedro Sanchezwrote, but also by the voluminous articles and mono-graphs he has written about the history of Guam andthe Chamorro people. I believe that is the real begin-ning and solid foundation for any objectively histo-rical perception of a people or a race.

Neither was the history of Guam and its peopleclose to him only when he was within the academicwalls of the Micronesian Area Research Center(MARC), but his attitudinal orientation when he re-lates to people now is that of the r ichness, the depth,the strength, the faith and the simplicity of the Cha-morro people steeped in a past replete with the mostexciting of human interactions and geared to a futurethat will bring into focus what now seems to be attimes a confusing search for the Chamorro identityin the midst of modern technological barrages of thenineteen sevent ies.

Professor Paul Carano may be retired now fromGovernment service, his association with MARC maynot be constant, his deserved relaxation may takeaway some of his time from arduous historical prob-ings, but his interest for the Chamorros and Guam isunquestionably an on-going concern for him, the manand the professor, who spent the best years of his lifein Guam. I reminded him not too long ago before hisretirement that we will always need him and his res-ponse was not only gentlemanly but challenging:"I will take a little vacation and then be availableanyt ime I am needed here."

MOST REV. FELIXBERTO C. FLORES. D.D.Bishop of Agana

ffiosetre

aranoby Emil ie G. Johnston

Visitors who stopped at his desk were greeted with a smile, and perhaps, a bit of history,

;f :_ @!i,S

The Director and Staff of the Center in 1976'

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The first Guam Flag to be flown over the island was hoisted intothe wind at Adelup School in 1947. Paul Carano stands with one of hissocial science classes, who helped to prepare the flag.

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Paul Carano taught in Quonset huts - the classrooms ol the firstpost war schools,

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;,.:r1 ,,,,*,.,,..,,.Paul Carano often swam in the Camp Ethridge salt water pool before it was destroyed by typhoon in 1949

A f ine teacher he was always most helpf ulin point ing out the way.

The wri ter , edi tor , and histor ian!

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"Mr. Guam History"

ae (J, Ihe people

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11

Juakles thsn Ben FssnklinOuam's Schoolboys in l72l

Bv: Larrv A. Lawcock

The immediate problems of educational systems are oftenso urgent that we tend to overlook the long history ofeduca-tion. A glimpse of the past may put some of our currentproblems in perspective.

We vaguely remember reading in our schoolbooks aboutthe colonial dame schools, Boston's Latin Grammar School(1635), The Bay Psalm Book (1640) and Benjamin Franklin'sPhiladelphia Academy (1751), whose emphasis on practicalsubjects reformed American secondary education.

If Benjamin Franklin's genius captured your imaginationas it once did mine, you may also recollect that he left schoolat the age of ten to cut wicks and melt tallow in the familysoap and candle shop. It was unfortunate, but Josiah Franklincould not afford further education for his son Ben, the youn-gest of l7 children.

Two boys Ben's age registered for the fiee course of in-struction at the goverrvnent colegio in Agana in 1116, thesame year that Franklin had to leave schooi. They wereMatheo Lauchi of Anigua and Pedro Magugui of Tepungan.

By 1727, when the twenty-one year old Franklin wasworking for a Philadelphia printer,Guam's Jesuit run boardingschool could boast an average enrollment of fifty residentialstudents, forty-seven of whom were sons of native Chamorros.The remaining three were mestizos, two of them orphans.The boarders ranged in age from eight to twenty-seven years.Spaniards born in the colonies, Spanish ntestizos and Cha-morro youths who stayed at the residence of the priests ofAgana were among those who attended the school as daypupils.

Six or eight new boarders were admitted each year. Be'cause of the nearness of their homes to the school, only threestudents born in Agana, the capital of the Mariana lslands,were among the boarders. Half of the students were fromvillages adjacent to Agana. The rest were from Saipan, Rota,and southern Guam.

So that poverty would be no embarrassment to parentswho sent their sons to school, tuit ion, readers, paper, inkand pens were furnished free to all the students, residentsand non-residents alike. Boarding students, moreover, wereprovided with meals, clothing and shelter through a yearlysubsidy of 3000 pesos sent from Mexico upon instructionsof the Queen of Spain.

Uniforms

The most distinctive garment of the schoolboys was a kindof pullover vest of blue material. Ordinarily they wore a whitelinen kerchief, but there was a special one for holidays. Theirpants were of white or blue l inen. Around the waist therewas tied a sash of fine cloth. Before going to church the boyscompleted their sartoriai array with socks and shoes.

The boys walked to mass two by two carrying a bannerand reciting prayers, sometimes in Spanish and at other timesin Chamorro. Besides regular masses, there were special massesrequested by the governors. The carefully trained and me-ticulously groomed youth group attended other religiousfunctions in and out of the church. They took part in therosary sung every Saturday by soldiers in the capital. Thecolegiales sang the misterios to the accompaniment of a harp.Without payment or gifts, except an occasional candle, theyattended the baptisms, weddings and burials of all the peopleof the community whether Spaniards, mestizos, creoles,Fil ipinos or Chamorros.

The eight oldest boys no longer attended classes, butcontinued to perform useful work around the school. They,too, wore white white neckerchiefs. In accord with the men'sfashion of that period they dressed in blue or brown cloaks.Theirs were ordered directly from Mexico while other maleshad to bargain with the soldiers for cloaks.

Sombreros were worn by all of the boarders when theywent out of the school or to church.

School uniforms were not prescribed to minimize socialand economic disparity. In fact, the opposite was almosttrue. Especially nice clothes brought from Manila were givento sons of families who were considered to be more "noble"or of "better blood." Similar articles of apparel were alsogiven as awards to students who were outstanding in cha-racter, cleanliness and, especially, music.

Nutrit ion

The yard of the school building was a veritable cornucopiaof vegetables, particularly root crops. Maiz, nica, suni. andcamote, among others, were raised by the pupils. There wasa pen which held fifty pigs. The boys had to feed and waterthem twice daily. While some boys opened coconuts for thepigs, others gathered green fodder or hauled water. Tasks

1)

such as these were performed according to a duty rosterwhich was posted every Saturday night.

Pigs or domestic fowls were butchered for a feast when itwas desired to give the boys something out of the ordinary.

Four meals were served on school days. After attendingearly mass, cleaning the colegio and caring for the swine,pupils had a bowl of alaguan before going to class at seveno'clock. Alaguan, an ancient Chamorro dish, was a sort ofrice soup thickened with arrowroot flour and enriched by theaddition of coconut milk. Sometimes it was sweetened withsugar o{ honey. If rice was in short supply atule, a popularcorn soup, was substituted for breakfast. A special treat, achocolate-flavored rice porridge called champulado, wasusually reserved for the singers among the boys.

The schoolroom doubled as a dining hall. Before mealtimethe youngest boys would sweep the refectory and set thetables.

The main meai of the day was served from eleven to twelveo'clock in two seatings. The students l ined up between thetables during the benediction and grace. While the boysate, one of them would read aloud from a book of devotionsor from an inspirational volume. Those who ate first servedthose who were seated at the second table. This dinner consis-ted of broth, meat and the local equivalent of bread, whichvaried according to what was available: boiled rice, tqmales,breadfruit, camote or nica,

On fast days, during lent, or on the other frequent occa-sions when meat was not eaten, mongos or frijoles and fishwere served with a crouton soup. If these menu items werelacking, the boys managed to get by with vegetables, milkand "bread."

All the youngsters worked together to clean the dininghall after dinner, then they had a short time to play while thepadres relaxed. The colegio was closed during the siesta from12:30 to 2:00 p.m. During this rest period the boys werestrictly forbidden to leave their rooms, to talk or otherwiseto make any noise. However, they were at l iberty to decidewhether they would sleep, read or mend their clothing.

The boarders received another helping of alaguan at alate afternoon "tea", but not unti l the hogs had been fedand watered again and the oil lamps which lighted the roomsand hallways of the building had been trimmed and filled forthe night. Then the priests sang various prayers accompaniedby stringed instruments --rebecs (a kind of pear-shaped violin),a bass viol and aharp--unti l the supper bell sounded at seven.It was during this time that those, who were responsible forfounding this remarkable charitable institution in Agana,were remembered.

Supper, the fourth meal of the day, consisted ofbread andmeat or bread and fish, depending on what the calendarrequired. Food portions were smaller at the evening mealthan at noon.

Everyone gathered in the great hall after supper to prayfor the souls in purgatory and to recite evening prayers.From then until bedtime the students practiced dances or,if it was a moonlight night, played on the patio for half anhour.

The boys living at the school concluded their busy day byfirst paying respects to the Holy Virgin and then biddingthe Father Rector and his assistant, a lay brother, buenasnoches,

Schooling

The boys got up at five to say their prayers, wash and dress.After mass, chores and breakfast, academic subjects werestudied for two hours. The start of school was signaled by theringing of a little bell.

At the opening exercise pupils knelt to pray that theywould receive benefit from the day's instruction. Next theyspent half an hour memorizing their lessons. Those who knewhow to write also practiced their penmanship. The teacher,apparently a layman, would correct the lessons. Then theFather Rector or his assistant would come down to receivethem.

The remainder of the class period was devoted to churchrituals in Spanish choral responses, various chants, etc. in-cluding instruction in the way to serve at mass. Useful artsand crafts occupied the activity period from nine to eleven.There was bookbinding, tailoring and embroidery. Pupilswith musical talent used the first hour to practice on theirinstruments, particularly the rebec and harp. During thesecond hour the teacher heard their pieces.

The singers had to master what they would sing on Sa-turday, at mass on Sunday and after the Sunday afternoonplatica. There were songs to be learned for religious holidays,too.

Pupils who were not selected to join the elite corps ofsingers, sewed clothes for their classmates, pulled weeds inthe garden, or wove fishing nets during the activity period.Meanwhile, the smallest boys readied the schoolroom for themid-day meal. They swept the floors and set the tables. Whenthe rector observed that the young ones had worked dili-gently, he would grant them a fifteen-minute recess beforedinner.

The students prayed the rosary following the afternoonsiesta. School resumed at 2:30 and lasted unti l 4:00 p.m.An arts and crafts period was scheduled from 4:00 to 5:30p.m. Both of these periods followed the format of the morningsession.

The daily program outlined here was considered a perma-nent one for work days, but Wednesdays and Thursdaysbrought some relief from this rigorous regimen.

Instead of school on Wednesday morning, the studentswent to the church in order to help explain the Christiandoctrine to the children of the town. On certain Thursdays,in place of studying, the students spent an hour in physicallabor, such as shelling corn or cleaning the school garden.On these Thursdays there was an hour for recreation in themorning and another hour in the afternoon. During theserecreation periods the boys liked to bowl, throw the bar,spin tops and play handball or damas, a complex version ofcheckers.

In the evenings there were prayers, novenas, and confes-sion, as well as discussions of Christian doctrine, customsand inspirational lectures delivered by the Father Rector.

If a free school, such as the Colegio de San Juan de Letranin Agana,had been available to poor boys in Benjamin Frank-lin's native Boston, would that great man's pre-eminent posi-tion in American science, letters and diplomacy have beenachieved earlier? Answers, whether pro or con, would bepurely speculative. In any case, it is obvious that the boysof Guam enjoyed an opportunity unparalleled in most partsof the world to o6tain formal education 250 years ago. o

IJ

College of San Juan LateranAgana

VILLAGE/NAME OF STUDENT

AGADNA

Phelipe RamirezThomas de la ConceptionMathias de Benavente

ANIGUAG

Joseph MunaMatheo LauchiFrancisco TaiseguiFrancisco QuicoClemente TaingatastasFrancisco TaitanoPhelipe JusgumaJuan ChatgadiJuan Estevan TetmachugaFrancisco Ignacio FatacaonPasqual Antonio SeliMartin Estanislao Tetmachuga

AGAT

Estevan Anao

ASAN

Juan QuizachaIgnacio AfchihoManuel ChatpangonPedro Taidiris

INARAJAN

Joachin Maldonado

MERIZO

Estanislao EritaCasimiro Agiguang

List of Students

DATE OF BIRTH

17l l ,May 261716,Dec.261716,Mat 2

1106,Mar 2l1706, Feb.201706, Apr. 10l l l l , July 101711,Nov.251712, Nov. 20l7 | 6, Jan.l0

YEAR OF ENTRANCE

112417251726

7141161l '7718

t "n9t72311241126r726t '7211121t] 27

t725

1717, Sept.28171 6, Feb. 11719,May 11716, Apr. 191719, Nov. 13

t706, Sept. 41710, Jan. l3l l 12,Dec.28l '713,Iune 29

1111 ,May 24

1714,May 71714, Mar. 10

17 t31120t7251925

t720

t7 t9t" /25

14

MONGMONG

Miguel MatananiNicolas TaisiyuMiguel NinaysinJuan AngaRafael TaifaihanIgnacio TumeroMiquel CharfaurosJuan FassiFrancisco TaisongsongJuan TaiitigJuan Enam

PAGO

Ignacio MigarIgnacio TaitiguangJuan TaisipicIgnacio MadamangFrancisco EguazafManuel Mamloggas

ROTA

Pedro Namna

SAIPAN

Miguel NatainamPhelipe ApioJuan TeypagjoPedro HiumIgnacio Acneima

SINAJANA

Salvador Fegutgut

TEPLINGAN

Pedro Magugui

UMATAG

Joseph Albay

1700, Dec. l01708, Feb.201710, Feb.11 71 5, May 101712,Dec.261713, Iu ly 171714, Sept.30l l l l ,Feb.41713, May 131714, Sept1714, Apr.

t t t211 l6171 81722r722r722l1 231t zJ1a^aTIZJ

l7 241721

1l10,Feb. 141705, July 61712, June 1317 14, Aug 191718, Sept. l0l l19,Jan9

l7 l8171 81122I t - / -J

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by such dist inct ions as "Mest izos", "Mulat tos","Malayans", "Morenos" and "Paci f ic ls landers"strongly suggests that racial and/or genealogicalfeatures were recognized and important var iablesused in census assignments.

Final ly, whatever the extent to which Spanishauthor i t ies employed biological at t r ibutes for censuspurposes, the al leged "Pur i ty" of some hypothet icalancestral group is a specious issue in unravel l ing thegenet ic history of the modern neo-Chamorros. Thepresence of the Chinese, Choco, in Guam at the t imeof the arr ival of the Spanish mission in

.1668 dra-.

mat ical ly bel ies any impl ied typological not ion offormerly undef i led races intermingl ing in the Maria-nas ls lands since 1521. Archaeological studies inGuam (cf . Reinman, 1973) at test to the numeroussources of inf luence which had reached these is landslong before Europeans arr ived, whi le the Spanish,Mexicans and Fi l ip inos who came to th is part of theworld in the wake of Magel lan's discovery were,themselves, al l the products of mixed her i tages.Despi te the gross decimat ion of the resident popula-t ion of the Mariana ls lands in the 17th and 18thCentur ies, the genes of the survivors of the indi-genous populat ion have been passed on throughand to their hybr id descendants.

Summary and Conclusions

Recent ly discovered records of Spanish censusreports chronic le the persistence of a nat ive groupwhich outnumbered every other recognized groupamong the total resident populat ion of the Marianals lands between 1793 and 1830. The f iner dist inc-t ions of census group categor ies made in Spanishcensus reports, as wel l as the probable absence ofmarked socio-economic di f ferent ia ls between thetwo major ethnic groups-Fi l ip inos and nat ives-suggest that these categories ref lected racial and/orgenealogical factors of categorizat ion in Spanishcensus procedures.

These mater ia ls also ref lect the growing con-tr ibut ion of the Fi l ip ino group to the total com-posi t ion of the resident populat ion of the Marianals lands dur ing these cr i t ical years pr ior to the '1856

smal lpox epidemic. Subsequent ly, migrat ion cer-ta in ly contr ibuted to augment their numbers. Ther ise of a mest izo group was more l ikely to have in-r o lved mixed marr iages between Fi l ip inos and nat ivesthan a massive infusion of European and Asian genesIn th is l ight , Howel l 's concern wi th the absence of: o logical evidence indicat ing substant ia l Europeanor Asiat ic hybr id iz ing may be resolved, part icular ly:s the physical anthropology of the Phi l ippine ls lands3ecome better known. o

r Tltis project was supported by a grant from the Wenner-j . tn Foundation for Anthropological Research, Inc.

LITERATURE CITED

American Board of Foreign Missions. n. d. Papers relating toMicronesian Mission. (microfi lms).

Bastian. A. 1899-1900. Die mikronesischen Colonien ausethnologischen Geischtspunkten. A. Asher and Co.Berlin.

Bowers, N.M. 1950. Probiems of resettlement of Saipan,Tinian and Rota, Mariana Islands. Coordinated In-vestigations of Micronesia Report No. 31 . PacificScience Board, Washington.

Carano, P., and P.C. Sanchez. 1964. A Complete History ofGuam. Charles E. Tuttle Co. Tokyo.

Castro, D. de. 1933-1934. Sull ' estinzione delle popolazioniindigine delle isole Mariane, Caroline e Palaos. Revistade Anthropologia, Roma, 1933-34 30: l13-174.

Freycinet, Louis de. 1829. Voyage autour du monde fait parordre du Roi, sur ies corvettes de S.M. L'Uranieet Ia Physic ienne, pendant les.annees 1817, 1818,1819, et 1820. At las Histor ique, Par is.

Gulick, L.H. 1860-61. Lecture on Micronesia. The Polynesianl7: Nos. 29, 30, 32, 34, 36.

Haswell. W, 1917 . Remarks on a voyage to the Mariana Islands(1801) by Will iam Haswell, First Officer of theBarque, Lydia. In The Essex Institute HistoricalCollections 53 : 193-214.

Howells. W.W. 1973. The Pacific Islanders. Charles Scribner'sSons, New York.

Hunt, E.E., Jr. 1950. A view of somatology and serology inMicronesia. American Journal of Physical Anthro-pology 8 (n.s.) : 157-184.

Kotzebue, D. von. l92I . A voyage of discovery... in the years1815-1818.. in the ship Rur ick. . . .3 vols. (H.E. Lloyd,translator). Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown;London.

Marche, M.A. 1889. Rapport General sur une Mission aux IlesMariannes. Miss. Scient l7: 241-280.

Prowazek, S. von. 1913. Die Deutschen Marianas. Ihre Naturund Geschichte. Johan Ambrosius Booth, Leipzig.

Purvis, D.L. (ed.) 1880. A Voyage round the world by SirFrancis Drake and William Dampier. William P.Nimmo and Co, Edinburgh.

Reed, E.K. 1952. General report on archeology and historyof Guam. National Park Service, Department ofInterior ; Washington, D.C,

Reinman, F. l9't3. An archeological Survey and preliminarytest Excavations on the island of Guam, MarianaIslands, 1965-6. California State University, LosAngeIes.

Safford, W.E. 1901. The Mariana Islands: notes compiled byW.E. Safford, from documents in the archives atAgana, the capitol of Guam, and from early voyagesfound in the libraries of San Francisco. Chillicothe(Ohio): typescript at the Micronesian Area ResearchCenter. Guam.

Thompson, L, 1945. The NativeCulture of the Marianas'Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 185.

1947. (3rd. ed) Guam and its People. PrincetonUniversity Press, Princeton,

Underwood, J.H. 1973. Population history of Guam: contextof microevolution. Micronesica 9 (l): 1l-44.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1963, U.S. census of population,1960. Vol. 1: Characteristics of the population.Washington, D.C.

Wheeler, Brig. Gen. J. 1900. The Islands of Guam. Washing-ton: Government Printing Office. 1n Foreman, J.1899, 2nd ed. The Philippine Islands. Kelly andWalsh, Ltd, Shanghai.

I

i

29

by Dirk A. Ballendorf

sense of history and historic preservation relates to acountry like the awareness of personality and being relates toan individual. Without personality an individual is withoutidentity. Without an awareness of historic roots a country'speople have little purpose and no national spirit. Some peoplethink of history and historic prcservation as the adoration ofobjects and the cognition of facts and ,past events in books.It is this and more: historical awareness is places and eventsin a continuum of day to day experience. Awareness of thiscontinuum may not always be conscious, but it is neverthelessthere and may have periods of greater or lesser awarenessamong people.

In Micronesia there was a great period of awareness priorto outside intrusion by the West. One gets a glimpse of itthrough scholarly writings about early Micronesians:

"(Micronesiaus are) robust and more vigorous than Euro-peans . . . (and are) a very attractive people. Their mode of life issimple (but th is is not to infer that) they are of a low order ofintelligence. They live in good houses. . . (The Chamorros) havea high sense of honor and truthfulness. . . ( they) worship spir i ts(and) pay fevefence to their ancestors. (They) believe in the im-mortal i ty of the soul . (Social ly) they fef fa in f rom loud talk andviolent threats (and are) most desirous of independence. l "

The above account is typical of those commenting uponpre-Western Micronesians. They were a people with hopes,fears, and sensitivities which provided them with purpose,direction, and self-awareness. Iheir traditions were oral,not written, but still very real and served to solidify theiridentity.

All this began to change with the advent of the Spanish.It is curious that when one people begins to exert influenceupon another little thought and less action is given by thedominators to understanding the vital elements of thedominated culture. The Spanish were tenacious, even brutal,in imposing their culture, and in some cases--the Marianasfor example--a11 but obliterated the Micronesians:

"Rebel l ious Chamorros were subdued . . . There were spora-dic upr is ings, but the is landers took an oath of a l legiance toSpain in 1681. The nat ives took on more and more Spanish cus-toms. They learned to wear c lothes, raise corn,and meat animals;they were taught to spin, sew, weave,and tan hides. They weresoon forging i ron, cut t ing stones, and bui ld ing European-typehouses . . . In 1680, when a typhoon destroyed most of the na-t ive homes in the Marianas the Spaniardswere about to round upthe stunned people and move them to assigned areas. By l69Ett ie depopulat ion of a l l is lands outside of Guam was eompleteexcept for a few hundred escapees who hid in mountain retreats.The proud Micronesians were reduced drast ical ly in numbers bywarfare, d isease, and uproot ings by the Spaniards. The missiona-r ies est lmated a populat ion of 7O,000 to l0O,O0O in 166E. Thecensus of l710 showed only 3,672 and in 1?56 i t l is ted only1,600, Adelbert von Chamisso, German poet and natural ist , who

30

went around the wor ld wi th the Russian explorer, Otto van

Kotzebue in 181?, said the sad history of the Chamorros was

known in Europe. Kotzebue quotes Chamisso as saying in 1821

that the nat ives could not bear foreign dominat ion and resorted

to hanging themselves, infant ic ide, and abort ion.2"

While the Spanish apparently had little regard for the:.nerits of the Micronesian culture and society as they foundit. they did pay some small attention to the antiquities andmonuments they discovered. Don Felipe de la Corte, Spanishgovernor in the Marianas from 1855 to 1866, published hisnremories in 1870 and included a description of the lattestones in the Marianas. Written observations of Micronesianculture actually started in 1521 with Pigafetta, Mageilan'schronicler. And in 1683 the Jesuit, Father Garcialpublishedin Madrid, the life of the famous missionary Fray DiegbLuis de Sanvitores, in which is contained an historical nar-rative of the Marianas. The first definite archeologicalobservation about Micronesia contained in Western l iteratureis Lord Anson'sadescription and sketch of the very largestone columns (House of Taga) on Tinian which he visitedtn 1742.

Such written observations of Micronesia and her "historicalthings" represent the beginnings of modern, Western-stylehistoric preservation in Micronesia. But, as far as is known, theSpanish made no official attempts at projects which were ofhistorical or archaeological importance. Instead, privateindividuals, usually non-Spanish, made the most significantcontributions during the more than three hundred years ofSpanish tenure in the islands. Foremost iunong these wereJan Stanislaus Kubaryf a German-Pole who made extensivecollections and investigations in Palau and Ponape duringthe latter part of the nineteenth century; F.W. Christian,a Britisher, whose published work on the Carolines appearedin London in 1899, and three Germans, Kramer, Thilenius,and Hambruch, whose careful anthropological work wasaccomplished in 1908-10 and finally published in Germanyin 1936-38. There were others - - Kramer, Thilenius andHambruch actually post-dated the Spanish times--but theseare perhaps the most important.

Jan Stanislaus Kubary was an especially interesting per-sonality and is worth a digression here. He cilme to the Ca-rolines in 1871 as a young man of twenty-two. He was sentby and worked for the German businessman, Johann CesarGodeffroy, whose trading company at the time operatedthroughout the Pacific. Besides trading, Godeffroy establisheda museum in Hamburg, Germany, where he accumulatedlarious and valuable collections from all over the Pacific.Kubary was perhaps his most famous collector and published,in 1873, what might be described as the lrst scientific eth-nographic notes made from extended observation in thePalaus.6

t /t t[\Uary's work was enhanced by his ability to quickly

rearn the language of Palau, gain the confidence ofthe people:o ihe extent that he could participate directly in the cultureis *'e1l as to observe it, and by his profound, total commit'rent and dedication to his task. In Ponape, which later:ecarne his Micronesian home, he gathered large collectionsci -tlora and fauna, and completed extensive and detailed

_lround plans of the Nanmadol ruins which were the most

:recise up until that time. They took a great deal of time to

complete and required a greal deal of physical effort. Whenthe House of Godeffroy closed down in 1879 Kubary foundways to continue his work in Micronesia and remained thereuntil his death in 1896. He consulted, in some,depth, sci-entifically and socially, with F.W. Christian; their pathscrossed on Ponape. Christian described Kubary as a championof historical, cultural, and scientific interests:

" For many years in these remote is lands he (Kubary devoteda grand and t i re less energy to c lear ing up problems which havetroubled so many Euiopean scierr t is ts who from an armchairin their studies at home, are somet i tnes incl ined to set t le of f -hand. wi th a few indi f ferent strokes of a pen, quest ions theweight of which they have only tested with a crooked finger'Only too of ten those who have borne the burden on their shoul-ders are pushed aside into unthanked obl iv ion. Those can sympa-thize best who have endured the scorching heat. . , the inclementrain torrents . . fever and bad food, thirst and sleeplessness,the opposition of superstitious natives abroad and the indiffe-rence of men at home, such measure as the wor ld metes out tothe man who ventures to seek out new methods of arrangingfacts. Such men as Kubary dur ing their l i fe receive scant thanks,but their praise should be a grateful duty to al l who honorpluck and enterpr ise.?"

Kubary's work, as well as that of Christian, Hambruch andothers, has generated interest in Micronesian natural historyand anthropology and has inspired the work of others whohave followed and continue to follow. The Germans made a

number of specific and very thorough investigations and alsopromoted a great deal of practical and applied activity contin-gent upon their investigations. An understanding of Microne'sian flora, and how Micronesians traditionally practiced agricul'ture, led the Germans to make huge investments in practicalagriculture. The Japanese followed this example during theirtenure in the islands, although their pursuit resulted in tre-mendous exploitation and eventual loss of concern over theMicronesians as a people. As their administration progressedthe Japanese did less and less to promote scientific researchand more and more in the way of increasing their own gain.

It has been the Americans who have done most in theinterest of historic preservation and in the promotion ofscientific investigations which have shed more light and in'sights into Micronesia's past. During and immediately after

World War Two the United States Commercial Company(USCC) enlisted the aid of many scholars and experts to pur-

sue Micronesian studies. On July 18, t947 the Americansinstituted a civil administration in the islands' Extensive studyand planning was undertaken at this time which resulted in the

most comprehensive anthropological and scientific studiesever attempted in Micronesia being carried out between 1947and 1949. Scholars from the Pacific Science Board, variousuniversities, and museums were sent to the islands to partici'pate in the Coordinated Investigation of Micronesian An-thropology (CIMA). Never before or since has such quantity

and quality of study and research been achieved. Professor

Leonard lvlason of the University of Hawaii, rvho participated

in the effort has provided a comprehensive overview:

"The U.S. naval mi l i tary government and the U.S' Commer-cial Company in L946 cooperated in the Economic Survey of

Micronesia. In the following year, the Pacific Science Board(Nat ional Academy of Science-Nat ional Research Counci l ) , wi thiunds from the Office of Naval Research, launched the Coordina-ted Investigation of Micronesia (CIMA). Nearlv 40 anthtopolo-gists from 20 universities and museums undertook field work inthe Marshalls, Carolines, and Marianas, from 4 to 6 months each.Their research reports have appeared independently as mono-graphs and journal ar t ic les s ince that t ime'8"

Historical research on Micronesia was an important by-productof these various studies and this research has been- -and con-tinues to be- -significant in preservation work.

31

IIIn addition to research efforts, public education was

instituted by the Americans, and this policy- -that everyMicronesian should have the opportunity to go as far inschool as their abilities prescribed--has done a tremendousamount to foster an historic awareness on the part of Micro-nesians. The first Micronesians to graduate from Americancolleges in the early 1950s did so with degrees in the socialsciences--anthropology, history, and education. Of the manyU.S. contract teachers who came to the islands after thewar many have developed and used local history curriculaand materials. Museumse have been started. Folklore has beengathered and promulgated through expanding media fa-cilities.

While all this has been encouraging, it is clear that muchmore needs to be done. Even with the recognition of theimportance of Micronesian culture, and its awareness onthe part of Micronesians, there still has not been the edu-cational effort required for the equal Micronesian practiceand participation in the fields and disciplines of social science.Although there are many Micronesians with undergraduatedegrees, and many more now studying social sciences in col-leges and universities, there are still no Micronesian Ph.D.anthropologists, psychologists, historians, and others: no oneto compete on an equal professional basis with Americans andothers in these disciplines. There are more than three hundredyears of Spanish archives in Madrid which deal withMicronesia, and yet, as far as is known, there is not one singleMicronesian studying Spanish in order to investigate them.Similarly in the case of the existing German documents.

But there is reason for optimism, and Micronesians them-selves have played a part in initiating direction. In its ThirdRegular Session in 196'7 , the Congress of Micronesia passedPL 3-34 relating to historic preservation in the Territory. Atthe Fifth Regular Session in 1974 two money bills were

introduced, but, unfortunately, neither carried. On July l,1973, however, a great boost was given when President Nixonsigned into law 5-1201, which by its section 101 (b), madeMicronesia eligible to receive federal funds under the historicpreservation program administered by the National parkService. The following year saw the appointment of an historicpreservation officer at Saipan to begin the furtherance ofprograms for historic preservation.

Extensive surveysl0must now be made in the islands. Lareereporting and documentation efforts are called for. All this,however, should not be undertaken without the total in-volvement of the Micronesians at every step of the way. Notonly must they participate in the gathering and documenta-tion of information, they must also be encouraged and assistedin carrying on the work of preservation. No investigation ofany historic site- -either active in the field or passive in thelibrary--should be undertaken without a Micronesian workineside by side with a qualified professional. At every oppor-tunity young people, especially students, should be broughtalong in the effort. The surveying of Micronesian historicsites can and should become part of the high school curricu-lum. Students participating should be encouraged to go onfor further study in relevant fields which will equip them forsubsequent professional pursuit. This work will never end.

How will the next four hundred years look in retrospectto a future scholar with regard to historic and cultural pre-servation in Micronesia? Will they be similar to the last fourhundred years- -obliteration of culture and neglect? Willpreservation, in the broadest sense, be the bailiwick, almostsolely, of a few interested and concerned scholars? Or willit all be different: will Micronesians assume the leadershipand direction? Will they be the ones to interpret their ownculture and past on an equal basis with the finest non_Mi_cronesian practitioners? Time will tell. And time now mustbe wisely invested.

FOOTNOTES

I Rowland Hil l Harvey, "History of the Mariana Is-lands" master 's thesis, University of Southern Cali fornia,1920, citing: Chas. Le Gobien, .Histoire des iles Marlanes, etc.Nichoias Pepie, Par is, 1700, and Juan Gonzales y Mendoza,History of China, 2 Vo1s., Hakluyt Society, London, 1g54.

2 El izabeth Antt i la, "A History of the people of theTrust Terri tory of the Pacif ic Islands', Dissertat ion.University of Texas, 1965, pp 90-91 .

3 Port ions of this very important source appeared inthe Guam Recorder, 1936-39.

4 Lord George Anson was a Brit ish Commodore who,in l74O took a f leet to cruise off the Pacif ic coast off peruand New Spain to harass the Spanish, He sai led on aroundthe world and spent some t ime at Tinian in 1742. His f leetreturned to England in 1744.

, 5 Jan S. Kubary, "Die Palau-Inseln in der Sud-see",Journal des Museum Godefroy, Heft IV, Hamburg, 1g73.

6 Captain Henry Wilson's visi t to palau in lg73 yieldedethnographic material, pubi ished by Keate in London in 17gg,

but Kubary's experience was much longer and more extensive.

7 F.W. Christ ian; The Carol ine Islands, (London: Me-thuen and Company, 1899), page xi i i

8 Leonard Mason, "Anthropological Research in Micro-nesia", Anthropologica, N.S., Vol . XI , No. l , i969, pp. g5_g6.

9 In the Paiau Distr ict Hera and Bob Owen have de-voted twenty years of their l ives and much of their ownmoney to creating a museum. The Distr ict Legislature tookan interest and is now support ive. An authentic bai (tradrtronalmens'house) was bui l t . The Yapese have also bui l t a museumand now display a col lect ion of tradit ional materials andart i facts. Similar proiects are underway in other Distr icts.

i0 Recently, a lot of folklore, historic and ethnographicsalvage through interviewing and recording on tape has beendone. The Palau Community Action Agency pioneered in thiseffort under the leadership of Kathy Kesolei. This work isbeing furthered now in other distr icts in connection with thenew Bil ingual/Bicultural Programs in Education which havebeen set up by the Trust Terri tory Education Department andwhich are assisted through the University of Hawaii .

a

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32

Foreigtt .hip contacts withthe Islands of Trukcornpiled by Francis X. Hezel

Introduction

The Truk Group and its satellite islands wereseldom visited by ships until the last decade of the19th century. Known by mariners as "dreaded Ho-goleu" by reason of the host i le reputat ion that i tsinhabitants bore, the Truk Group seems to have beenshunned by mariners in favor of the more promisingislands of the Eastern Carolines, particularly Ponapeand Kosrae. And yet there were some ship contactsduring the last century and before, resulting in somepublished information on these little-known islands.In the hope that this inforrnation will be of somehelp to anthropologists, historians and others engagedin research on this area of Micronesia, a list of shipcontacts, along with sources for each one, is beingpublished in this volume of the Guam Recorder.

l80l - Lt . Juan Ibargoit ia, in FILIPINO, sightedPulusuk and Puluwat on his second voyage.

(Duperrey, L.T., Memoire sur les op,ira-tio ns giographiques (Paris : | 821 ), 7 0.)

1802 - COROMANDEL, an East India packet out ofSydney Cove, sighted is lands in the Truk area:

Aug. 20: l -at . 5o 58'N; Long. l53o 44F,.-Nama.Aug. 23: Lat. 9" (?)N; Long. 151o 32'8.-Muri lo(?)(East India Co. Logbooks, Microfilm M

106, Department of Pacif ic History, Austral ianNational Universi ty.)

1806 - Juan Bapt ista Monteverde in LA PALAsailing from Manila to Peru, sighted Namawhich he called "San Rafael."

(Krdmer, Inseln um Truk, 138-9.)

iB08 - Br i t ish merchantman COMMERCE, Capt.E. Hutrel l , passed through the Mort locks.Natives came off one island, possibly Lukunor,and visi ted the ship.

(S.vdney Gazette, l1 Feb. 1810.)

1814 - Manuel Dublon, in the br ig SAN ANTONIOout of Marsei l les vis i ted and explored Truk.

565 - Alonso de Arel lano in the SAN LUCASvisi ted Truk (Feb. 17) and Pulap (Feb l9).Skirmished with nat ives on Pulap and lost2 men. Named this atol l "Los Mart i res."( Colet:cirin de documentos ineditos...de []l-tamar, I I I (Madrid: 1887), 11-25; t ranslatedby Micronesian Serninar.)

-93 - Capt. Wil l iarn Raven, in Bri t ish ship BRITAN-NIA, s ighted an is land at 5o 14'N, l54oE --probably Satawan. (Journal of Br i tannia, 1792 -95, Peabod.y Museunt, Salem, Mass.)

- .1-5 - Capt. James Mort lock, of the YOUNG WIL-LIAM, vis i ted Lukunor on Nov. 27 and Pu-l l iwat on Nov. 29.

(Krusentern, Beitrriga zur H.vdrographietLeipzig 1Bl9),95.)

- ;q - Ship RESOURCE . out of Providence, vis i tedUlr-r l en route to Canton (Oct. 2l) . Fr iendlytrading.

(Journal of the RESOURCE: San Francisco\ larr t i r -ne Museurn.)

- : Lt . Juan lbargoit ia, in the t i igate FILIPINO,sighted Pulusuk ("Kata") and Puluwat ("Bar-tolome") and Ulul in rnid-August.

(Josc Espinosa y Tello , Mcnr,trias (Madrid:1 809. rr . 28-3 3 . )

33

(Dec. 10.)(Freycinet, Voyage autour ,du monde...

l8 l7-1820, I I , 88. Duperrey, Memoire, 66.)

1819 - Freycinet, in the L'URANIE sighted Pulusuk,Puluwat, and Pulap (Mar. 12-I5). Traded withthe islanders.

(Freycinet, Voyage autour du monde.. . . .1817 - 1820, I I , 69-13.)

lB24 - Capt. Bunkey (Bunker'?) sighted Magur Islandand called it "Ramp Island."

(Kramer, Inseln um Truk, 198.)

1824 - Louis Duperrey, in the French corvetteCOQUILLE, sighted Losap-Nama ("D'UrvilleIsland"). Visited Truk and mapped the group(June 24-29). Discharged two Englishmenthere. Visited Pulap (June 30).

(Dumont d'Urville, Journal d'un voyagedu monde, Mitchel l Library, B1300; Lesson,Voyage autour du monde,I I , 530-1.)

1824 - CapL. John Hall, in the British whaler LADYBLACKWOOD, saiiing out of Sydney en routefrom Calcutta to Mexico, passed along the eastside of Truk atoll and sighted Nomwin andMurilo Atolls (Apr'. 2).

(Duperrey, Memoire sur les operationsg4ographiques, 69 .)

1824 - American wlialeship RAMBLER, Capt.William Worth, sighted Nomwin Is. which henamed "Worth Islands."

(Edward Stackpole, Thc Sea Hunters (NewYork: 1953),312.)

1826 - Capt. Renneck, in British trading ship LYRA,sighted Puluwat, which he names "EnderbyIsland . "

(Damm, Inseln wn Truk,2.)

lE27 - ECLIPSE siglr ted Magur (Apr. I I ) .(Kramer, Inseln unt',!-ruk, 198.)

1827 - Capt. Richard Macy, in the Nantucket whalerHARVEST discovered Namoluk and named it"Harvest Island." Sighted the Hall Island.

(J.N. Reynolds, Report of 1828, in Doc.No. 105 House of Rep., Navy Dept. , 23rdCong., 2nd Session, Washington: I835.)

1821 - Capt. Callower, in the British whaler PRU-DENT, visited Murilo and dropped off a seaman,William Floyd, there

(Liitke, Voyage autour du rnonde... 1826-29,11,151-2.)

1828 - Jules Dumont d'Urville, in ASTROLABE,passed through the Truk Islands on his firstexpedition (Apr. 26-21). Sighted Pulap (Apr.28).

(Dumont d'Urville, Vol,sgs de I'Astrolabe;Histoire du Voyage, V (Paris: 1833), 242-52.)

1828 - Whaleship CLAY, out of Salem, sighted theMortlocks (Mar. 29) and traded there. Sightedislands believed to be "Martires" or PulapIsland (Mar. 3l) and traded.

(Log of CLAY: Peabody Museum, Salem.)

1828 - Capt. Folger, in the English whaler PART-RIDGE, was in Lukunor at the end of Fe-bruary. Traded there.

(Liitke, Voyage autour du monde, II,B3.)

1828 - Fredrick Ltitke, in the Russian sloop SEN-YAVIN visited the Mortlock Islands fromFeb. 1-13. Traded and reproduced maps drawnby native chiefs. He passed Truk lagoon, thenvisited Namonuito and Murilo. Took Floyd offthe lat ter is land.

(Liitke, Voyage autour du monde... 1826-I 829, I I , 39-109.)

lB28 - Liitke returned in sloop SENYAVIN tovisit Murilo, Nomwin, and Namonuito (Dec.8-13). Took Wil l iam Floyd off Muri lo andtraded with natives.

(Liitke, Voyage autour du monde, II,289-e8.)

1830 - Benjamin Morrel in the trade schooner AN-TARCTIC, sighted Pulap, then visited Trukwhich he named "Bergh's Group" and tradedthere, sighting Namonuito on his passage backto Manila (Feb. 23-21). After sighting Pulapand Truk on his return voyage, he landed atNamoluk and Satawan in search of beche-de-mer (May 14-15). Visi ted Truk and Satawanagain where he encountered natives at endof August.

(Benjamin Morrell, A Narrative of FourVoyages to the South Sea... 1829-31. (NewYork: 1832), 316-82, 388-91 ,421-35; and JohnKeeler "Journal 1829-31 kept on board theschooner ANTARCTIC" G.W. Blunt Librarv.Myst ic, Conn.)

1830 - HMS SOPHIA, on a cruise through the Pacif ic,sighted Puluwat (April).

(Sydney Herald,28 June 1832.)

I

t

I

34

1831 - Captain Wil l iam Lawton, in the Engl ish whaler

KENT, visited Truk. Met canoes and traded(Dec.24).

(Thos. Beale, The Natural History oJ theS7:erm llhale (London: I 839), 292-3 .)

1831 - LAYTON of Sydney, Capl. Hurst, passedTruk and Namonuito, where she barely escapedshipwreck.

( Sydney Herald, 1 2 Dec. 1 831 .)

| 832 - Capt. John Eagleston, in the whaling barkPERU of Salem, sighted islands (Jan. 5) whichhe cal led "Royal ist ls lands" (6o55'N, 157"401).Visited Truk and met sailing canoes. Describednatives. Siglrted Namonuiio.

(John Henry Eagleston's Journal: Peabod;vMuseum, Salem.)

lE32 - Capt. Fraser, in the ship PLANTER, vis i tedLosap and named it "Royalist." Traded wittrthe natives. Described native canoes.

(Fraser, "Discovery of Wm. IV Groupof Islands," T'he Nautical Magazine, III (1834),74-6).

.833 - Capt. Harwood, of the Bri t ish Whaler HASH-MY (or HASTINGS?), v is i ted Namoluk. Spentfew days refresiring there.

(Ward, American Activities irL CentralPacif ic, Vol. V,34.)

. :38 - Jules D'f l rv i i le. in the French corvettes AS-TROLABE and ZELEE, entered and exploredTnrk lagoon (Dec. 22-21). Survey u,as inter-rupted by native attack on French party, scveralTrukese ki l led.

(Dumont D'Urville, Voyage au pole Sud etdans I'Oceanie sttr les corvettes L'Astrolabe et laZelee, 1831-40 (Paris: 184146), \ / , 120-167,309-3 28 ) .

: - l -1 - Capt. Andrew Cheyne, in the br ig NAIAD andthe schooner WILL O'WISP, stopped in Truk insearch of beche-de-mer (Oct.) . Schooner wasattacked and almost cut of f . Sighted Etal ,ri 'hich he named "Naiad Group." Visited Mort-locks tbr 3 weeks in Apri l and again in Octoberto col iect bechede-mer.

(Cheyne, A Desc:ription of'Sr:rne Islands inrlte ll 'estern Par:ific Qr,:ean (London: 1 852).116 31.)

r-- ' - Schooner MARTERAS DE FUNKIN of\ lani la, Capt. Carlos Cuarteroir , v is i ted Truk inscarch of turt le shel l and beche-de-mer.

(Skett'h oJ llogoleu, 1v"ery Carolincs, Hy-clrographic Dept. , Mrnistry o1' Defense, Taunton,

England, L5671 .)

1846 - Capt. John Pease, in the whaler CHANDLERPRICE sighted Halls and Namonuitos (Feb.20-21).

(Stackpole, The Sea Hunters,372.)

1846 - Capt. Andrew Cheyne, in STARLING, visitedNamoluk (July), lower Mortlock Islands, andperhaps also Halls and Western Islands. Namo-nuito named by him "Lutke Group. "3

(Cheyne, A Description of Some Islands...,130-1.)

1846 - Capt. Wallis anchored off Young William'sGroup (Satawan, I-ukunor. or Etal) on Feb.27.Traded with islanders. Visited Mortlocks againorr return from Manila in June.

(Mrs. Mary Wallis, LiJ'e in Feeje (Bostan:1851), 183-5, 195-1 . )

1851 - Whaleship GEORGE AND MARY of NewLondon, Capt. Green, lay off lower Mortlocksfor a day (Dec.22).

(Loe of GEORGE AND MARY, G.W.Blunt White Library, Mystic, Conn.)

1851 - Whaleship HARVEST of New Bedford, Capt.Ahny, visited Nlortlocks and Halls (Dec. 23).Canoes came off to trade.

(Log of HARVEST, New Bedford PublicLibrary, New Bedford, Mass.)

1852 - Bark ELEANOR, Capt. Woodin, sai l ing fromHong Kong to Hobart on trading voyage, sightedSatawan (Sept. 24).

(Log of ELEANOR: Tasmania StateLibrary.)

1854 - Whaler I{ARTHA put in for repairs at anisland in Young Williams Group (Jan. l6),5o15'N; 154"36'E.

(Log of whaleship MARTHA: Old Dart-mouth Whal ing Museum, New Bedford, Mass.)

1856 - Whaleship EMILY MORGAN of New Bedford,Capt Joseph Chase, put in at Satawan. Tradingwith islanders.

(Log of EMILY MORGAN, Pacific Manus-cr ipts Bureau, Microf i lm No. 302.)

1862 - Capt. Edward Hobart Seymour of HMSSPHINX visited Puluwat (Feb. 25-28) andTruk (Mar. 3-18) in search of the bark NORNA,lost near Oroluk. Rescued the crew in Truk andburnt housrrs in reprisal. Visited Nama andLosap.

35

("Papers relating to search of barqueNORNA," ML MSS 557, Mitchel l LibrarY,Sydney.)

1868 - Capt. Alfred Tetens, in the trading shipVESTA, was attacked in Truk. later visitedLosap where he helped people in war againstNama.

(Tetens, Among the Savages of the SouthSeas (Stanford: 1958), 90-7 .)

1872 - Capt. Simson, in the British Man-O'-WarBLANCHE, visited Lukunor (June 25) andTruk (July 1) to investigate murder and kid-napping charges against blackbirder CARL.

(John Brazier, "Notes: Cruise of HMSBLANCHE... . ." , ML 8512, Mitchel l Library,Sydney.)

18'72 - Capt. Armstrong, in brig CARL, put intoSatawan and other islands in the Mortlocks forillegal labor recruitment. Took away at least40 Mortlockese to Samoa and Fiji.

(Letter of E. Doane, Jan. 13, 1812: AB-CFM Papers, Vol. 5, Houghton Library, Har-vard.)

1872 - Trading schooner ISERBROOK visited Sata-wan (June) left off a trader there.

(W. T. Wawn's Journal, Turnbull Library,Wellington, New Zealand), 84.)

1873 - Trading schooner ISERBROOK returned toSatawan. Dropped off another trader there(Feb.) .

(W.T. Wawn's Joutnal, Turnbull Library, Wel-l ington, New Zealand), 95.)

1873 - Labor br ig SUSANNE, Capt. Peters. stoppedat Lukunor and Satawan to pick up nativelaborers for Samoa (Jan.).

(W. T. Wawn's Journal, Turnbull Library,Wel l ington, New Zealand), 95.)

1874 - Missionary brig MORNING STAR sailed tothe Mortlocks bringing Ponapean pastors (Jan.).They were met by a white trader. Thereafter,the MORNING STAR visited Mortlocks yearly.

(E. Doane, "The Caroline Islands," Geo-graphical Magazine I (1814), 204 ff .)

1875 - B.F. Gal l , in the Bri t ish schooner RUPAK,bound from Manila olt trading voyage, an-chored off Tol in Truk lagoon (Apr. 14-16).Then visi ted Mort locks (Apr. 19.)

(R. Robertson, Transactittns o/ the AsiaticSociety of Japan, V (1876), 51-2.)

lB16 - Capt. Clark, an American trader, visitedTruk. Brought a woman from Uman to Palauwho became the mother of William Gibbon.

(Krdmer, Truk, x.)

1871 - AGNES DONNELL, a British trading schoo-ner, r,isited Satawan to drop off John Westwoodas resident trader (April 21 ). Returned twomonths later.

(John Westwood, Island Stories (Shang-hai 1905),88-95.)

1878 - Capt. Fisher, in German schoonerTUTTA-WILLA, put in at Lukunor. (Westwood,Island Stories, 113).

1878- Capt. Harr is, in Engl ish br ig VISION,visited Lukunor. (Westwood, Island Stories,104_s.)

1879 Capt. Felix Becker, in the trading schoonerCAROLINE visited the Mortlocks (Nov.20-22), and Truk.(Journal of J.L. Young, PMB 23.1

1879 - Capt. Anderson, in the schooner CORONETof Auckland, visited Lukunor, remaining twodays (Feb.).

(Westwood, Island Stories, 117 .)

1879 TONGA TABU put in at Truk, bringingAdolph Capelle and John Rees, two traders.

("Statement of Charles Ingalls relativeto the murder of Geo. Barrows," EspieglePapers : Mitchell Library, Sydney.)

1880 'Capt. Wil l iams, in the Bri t ish schooner BEA-TRICE, came to Satawan to pick up a traderfor return to Ponape, (Feb.).

(Let ter of Robert Logan, Mar. 31, 1880,ABCFM Palters, Vol. 7, Houghton Library,Harvard. )

1880 - Engl ish schooner BEATRICE, Capt. Wil l iams,visited Satawan and picked up Joseph Kehoewho was trading there.

(Journal of J.L. Young, PMB 22.)

1880 - Schooner BELLE BRANDON of Auckland,Capt. Harris, visited Satawan, Namoluk andother islands in the Mortlocks (May).

(Julian Dana, Gods Who Die, (New York:1935), i 00.)

1881 - Schooner BELLE BRANDON from NewZealand arrived at Oneop. Brought the Logansto New Zealand.

(Logan, llork o.l' God in Micronesia, 3.)

36

Louis Duperrey in the French Corvette COOUILLEsighted Nama-Losap in June 1824.

' t '

Dumont d 'Urvi l le entered the Truk Lagoon in Dec. 1838with the Corvettes ASTROLABE ad ZELEE.

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tsgRSAHTIN SOLETA "MOBNIHg STAB.FotsgraflE ilel Tealente de nsl'to Sr. Lanzoe

Brigant ine of the c lass which sai led to Truk'

37

l88l - Schooner CAROLINE, Capt. Becker, v is i tedTruk, Namonuito and Mortlocks (May). Tookon copra from trading stations.

(Journal of J.L. Young, PMB 22.)

lBBl - Capt. Anderson, in schooner CORONET ofAuckland, returned to Lukunor.

(Westwood, Island Stories, 130.)

1881 - Trading schooner MAZEPPAvisi ted Lukunor.Ship then carried traders to Satawan and Namo-luk.

(Westwood, ls land Stores, 1 30-1.)

1881 - Schooner OLOSEGA, Capt. Schleuter, v is i tedLosap on a trading voyage (May).

(Journal of J.L..Young, PMB 22.)

1881 - Capt. Wil l iam, in br igant ine SHANGHAIsailing out of Shanghai, carne to Lukunor forshort visit. Carried 2 traders destined for Polu-wat and fIlul. Returned 8 native laborers fromSamoa to Lukunor.

(Westwood, Is land S tores, 126.)

1B82 - Capt. Fel ix Becker, in trading schoonerCAROLINE, again visited the Mortlocks.

(Journal of J.L. Young, pMB 23.)

1882 - German bark CASSILDA put in at Truk ontrading voyage. Learned of August Hartmann'smurder there.

("Statement of Charles H. Ingalls," Cs-piegle Papers.)

1883 - MAZEPPA returned to Lukunor (Jan.) andtook John Westwood off the island afier a stayof 6 years.

(Westwood, Island Stories, 132.)

1884 - Schooner MANGAREVIENNE, of San Fran-cisco, put in at Truk in November.

(Letter of Robert Logan, Nov. 13, lBB4:ABCFM Papers.)

1884 - New Zealand trading schooner SOVEREIGNvisited Satawan (July).

(Letter of Charles Roberts, 19 July 1884,Western Pacific High Commission Archives,Inward Correspondence 1 00/85.)

1885 - ALBATROSS, a German corvette commandedby Capt. Plindeman, visited Truk (Oct. 12)and raised the German flag over Fefan. JanKubary was aboard.

(Letter of Robert Logan, Oct. 2, l8g5:ABCFM Papers.)

1885 - FRANZISKA, a German trading schooner,came to Truk from the Marshalls (March).The vessel was almost seized by the people ofIras.

(Letter of Mrs. Mary Logan, Nov. 24,1885:ABCFM Papers.)

1886 - ALBATROSS returned in July to removeGerman papers, thus yielding German claimto the is lands.

(Letter of Robert Logan, March 20, 1886:ABCFM Papers.)

1886 - BRAZILIERA, a German trading bark, arr ivedat Truk to register a complaint about missionaryinterference with trade.

(Letter of Robert Logan, March 20, 1886:ABCFM Papers.)

l886 - H.L. TIERNAN, an American schooner,arrived in Truk from Marshalls and Ponape.

(Letter of Robert Logan, Mar. 20, 1886:ABCFM Papers.)

1886 - MANILA, a Spanish ship, visited Truk (July19). Formal possession of Truk was taken inthe name of Spain at Fefan on July 21.

(Letter of Robert Logan, Mar. 20, 1886:ABCFM Papers.)

1887 - Capt. Theet, in the Bri t ish barkent ine BUS-TER of New Zealand, put in at Lukunor (Feb.13). Meeting with Logan and the MORNINGSTAR described in full.

(Federick Moss, Through Atolts andIslands.. . in the Great South Sea (London: 1889)163-8.)

1887 - Schooner KAPIOLANI visited Truk andMortlocks in February.(Last Words and Work of Robert Logan, 8.)

l8B7 - Capt. Jumpfer, in MONTIARA, came to Trukfrom Ponape in October.(Last l4)ords and Work of Robert Logan, 40.)

1887 - Unnamed American Schooner brought aCalifornian trader, John Millet, to Nama fromPonape (July 22).(Last Words and Work of Robert Logan, 21.)

1890 - Capt. Mi lander, in C.G. WILSON, broughtmissionary personnel to Truk in November.(Letter from Mrs. Mary Logan, Mar. 22, 1890:ABCFM Papers, Vol. '7, Houghton Library,

3B

Harvard.)

Sonto Morio de GuodolupeFirst Fort on Guom

By FELICIA PLAZA, M.M.B.

The first Spanish Fort in Guam may date back to 1683.Strengthened positions against attack take on different namesin the Spanish documents. Different types of fortifications arecall.ed : c as tillo, for t ale z a, fuer t e, e s t o cada, b at er i.a, emp ali z ada.\lany of these words seem to be interchangeable. Therefore,ro avoid confusion, when we say FORT, we mean a strongrcrtified place with ramparts and bastions.

I,lhat then do we know about the first fort?With the arrival of the Spaniards in 1668, things started to

;hange in the Marianas. In the beginning the missionaries were

'r'ell accepted by the natives. Not only did Quipuha, a chiefChamorri, donate a piece of land for the new mission, but thePadres baptized 13,000 islanders in the first year. Hostilitystarted, however very soon. There were several reasons for this.Christianity demanded a strict code of living. The missionaires:ried to abolish the houses of the urritaos, or bachelots, who,ived in them with unmarried women. Choco, an influencialChinese, claimed that the waters of baptism were poisonousend killed the children. Many believed Choco. The nativesociety was divided into three classes. The chiefs and membersrf the upper classes would never intermingle with the lower:lasses. Consequently, the upper class felt that baptism shouldrever be conferred to those of the lower class. Thus relationsletween the missionaries and the islanders went from bad to.rorse. On luly 23,16'10, the natives rose in open rebell ionrgainst the Spaniards. An early record indicates that theSpanish had depended on a wooden palisade which surrounded:he church and the entire Spanish settlement in Agana, but:his palisade was partly burned down.

In all likelihood, this flimsy palisade did not differ from:he early frontier log stockades built by the pioneers in colo-:ial North America to defend settlements from the Indians.Since permanent fortifications are normally built in times of:eace, the palisade at Agana must have been a temporary one.I: rvas constructed in haste, during the rebellion of the natives,'*'ho constantly hindered the Spaniards from getting the ne-:essary rows of logs. Possibly, for lack of blockhouses at the;orners, the Spaniards used the roof ofthe church for f lankingire. Although the natives had no fite-arms, it was not long:efore they managed, in a hit-and-run raid, to hurl burning:"rrches into the pal isade.

Therefore, the Spanish discovered that wooden structures,ruLnerable to fire were of little value, since they lasted only as

-:ng as the enemy could be held at bay.During this period in Guam, the Spanish had two main

:*sons for fortifications: to maximize their own strength and:: ninimize the impetus of the natives by using obstacles. The=ecoast fortifications belong to a later date since they were:uilt for protection against naval attack from foreign:ntruders, especially English pirates, at times that Spain andEndand were at war.

In a letter from Antonio Saravia, Governor of theMarianas, to His Majesty, the King of Spain, on June 6, 1683,Saravia writes: "Since, in the Marianas, the typhoons destroyall wooden houses and buildings, I have decided to construct aFort out of stone, mortar and limestone. It is at the point ofcompletion and has a capacity for four hundred men. At eachpoint, this Fort has a bastion in which I have placed fourcannons and a mortar.The three.cannons were retrievedfromthe neighboring islands by Father Manuel Solorzano, S.J., ViceProvincial of the Jesuits."

The letter is signed at : The Fort of Sancta Maria deGuadalupe, Isiand of San Juan, Capital of the Marianas. June6, 1683. Antonio Saravia. (A microfilm of this document isfound in the MARC Collection of the University of Guam. Theoriginal is at the Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla, Filipinas,legajo 11, ramo 8. A chart of the fort is included.)

A second document: a report written by the ProcuratorGeneral of the Jesuits in Manila to the Archbishop of thePhilippines, Fray Pedro de la Santisima Trinidad Martinez deArizala, on November 28,1149, adds to the above informationthe presence of 130 soldiers at the Fort. The report saysthatthe entire description of the Fort was given to the Condede Paredes, Marques de la Laguna, Viceroy of New Spain, onSeptember 23, 1685, in the form of a Royal decree. (RealAcademia de ls Historia, Cortes 567, Legaio 12.)

Much like other bastioned forts of this epoch, Fort SanctaMaria de Guadalupe had four diamond -Chapel projections.These projections (bastions) were built into the forts atintervals and so arranged that their guns covered each other.Because the usual forts had from five to six bastions, theywere called star fortresses.

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Repofts6TH INSTALLMENT

GOVERNMENT HOUSE

Agana, Island of Guam, September 26, 1902.

SIR: I have the honor to submit the following observa-tions concerning certain conditions in Guam, which I had beenpreparing for submission at the time of my detachment fromduty here. As the later newspapers seem to indicate that thatis not in immediate contemplation, and having regard for theadditional distress here, caused by the earthquake of the 22d,it appears expedient to send this on at the present t ime in casethe Department should be contemplating suggesting anyCongressional action.

During the two years ending on June 30, 1902, theamount of revenue collected in the island was 98,008.92resos (say, $44,000 gold), or an average of 49,004.46 pesos ai ear. During the Spanish sovereignty the revenues collectedw'ere less than one-tenth of that amount, and furnished onlyrbout 20 per cent of the expenses of the administration, theremaining 80 per cent of the expenses being paid from thePhllippine Island treasury. "Trust in God and the Philippines"w'as then the motto expressive of the attitude in budgetarymatters. During these two years no external assistance hasbeen received.

The increased taxation has been borne cheerfully,rlthough a considerable portion has the unattractive quality ofreing "direct." Unfortunately the cost of l iving has continued:.. rncrease appreciably at this time in consequence of various

- rnditions, such as import duties, the greater distance from.,.:rch most supplies are now brought (San Francisco), and the:::reciation of the Mexican dollar. The Spanish Government,. ' :sidized bimontli ly steamers between Manila, Yap, Ponape,.: ' .: Guam; from these steamers cargoes were landed without--: ' .. and a surely periodical means of exportation was:::;rished to those who had coffee, cacao, copra, and other:ioducts of the soil to sell. The island does not produceenough food for self-support; staples have to be bought inioreign markets, and the increased cost of rice, f lour, sugar,and tinned and salt meats and fish is producing hardship which

is much accentuated just at present by the poverty stillresulting from the hurricane. It is estimated that the moneyloss in copra'alone during the past two years has amountedto about 120,000 pesos, not to mention coffee and cacao andwill continue in the same proportion for probably anotheryear.

The apparently widely entertained idea that a bountifulnature easily supplies all wants in Guam is an error. Life here isto many a hard struggle of toil and privation, and there aresections of the island- notably Ynarajan and Umatac-wherethe poorer class are actually not sufficiently nor efficientlynourished. At the same time, direct personal assistance doesnot appear desirable, but indirect assistance is, in my opinion,imperative.

All the money raised by direct taxation, and mote, duringthe past two years has been expended in labor on publicworks, principally roads. It was hoped that by the time theranches should recover a flourishing condition roads would becompleted in several directions, which would stimulate exporttrade by facilitating touch with the one port; and it is knownthat the general feeling throughout the community has beenone of approval of this policy and of appreciation that allmoney collected in the island has been spent in the island,with the rather small exception of expenditures for tools andmaterials of various kinds, including stationery, schoolbooks,etc., bought in the United States.

But, for causes enumerated in private reports, all work onroads has had to be suspended, American school-teachers senthome, and expenses restricted to the actual necessary cost ofadministration, so that the people can not fail to note thatthey are suffering hardships since and due to the Americanoccupation, without the hope of better roads and otherimprovements in the near future. The really noble action ofthe Jagatna Club (of Americans) in spontaneouslyguaranteeing a certain sum of money to reopen the publicschools, although possibly ineffectual for the lack of teachers,has without doubt excited grateful comment among thosesufficiently advanced to understand the importance of theirchildren learning English; but money is needed to buy food,and this appeals to the majority as being of greater

41

importance,The resources of the island can not be relied upon to do

more than simply maintain the government, and I can nothesitate to suggest to the Department the apparent moralobligation that rests upon us to at least not fall short of whatthe Spanish Government did for these people. It isapprehended that possibly by some misunderstanding themoney asked for last year (for schools and roads) wasconfounded in the committees of Congress with estimates forthe naval station, and was for that reason refused. I can onlysuggest that emphasis be laid upon the fact that the islandadministration is wholly distinct from that of the navalstation. All money that may be appropriated by the FederalCovernment for the island will be applied to objects ofpermanent benefit, but incidentally a portion of it would givethe working people an opportunity to earn a living better thanthe present, and would advance them physically.

The default of the bimonthly steamers formerlysubsidized by the Spanish Government causes personalinconvenience. The people were always sure of that means ofconveyance, not only for their merchandise, but forthemselves in person. At present the army transports wouldprobably give passage to those desiring it (except tomissionaries), but there is no certainty in the matter, as ofcourse those vessels are not under the orders of the governor.Futhermore, the transports only go one way; the peoplegoing to the Philippines can not get back. The U.S.S. Solacemakes only two voyages ayear, and that vessel is sometimes socrowded that persons to whom transportation has beengranted can not go, but have to wait another six months. Aninstance of this occurred in last August, as four persons towhom transportation had been granted by the Departmentand six others to whom it had been granted by the governorcould not be accommodated, although the captain had beennotified on the outward voyage that accommodations forthem would be wanted on the homeward voyage. It isrespectfully recommended, as means of convevance to all partsof thc world are abundant from Manila and practically nilfrom Guam, that the plan be adopted for reservingaccommodations in Cavite for the number of persons indicatedby the governor as ent i r led ro i t f rom here.

Understanding that it is expected that a cable will be soonlaid between here and Hawaii, I beg to suggest that for thecompletion of the route to Manila a wireless-telegraph in-stallation seems preferable as a war instrument, and pre-sumably will in a short time be equally useful for peaceconditions. The distance from here to the southeast point ofLuzon is about 1,200 nautical miles, or about 1,400 statutemiles, which will undoubtedly soon be within the limits ofuseful work by the spark transmission. The distance to Manilais about 200 statute miles greater. In Guam the western faceof the summit of Mount Tengho has a sheer fall of severalhundred feet, so that a vertical wire of desirable length can beplaced without the necessity of any structure to support it-a tangible advantage during typhoons and earthquakes. Thiscrest, about 1,000 feet above the sea, is close to the westcoast, abreast of Sumay, but wholly secure from any possiblefire, and a telegraph line can be easily established and main-tained between it and the proposed naval station at Sumay.

Touching the garrison of the naval station, it must berepresented that their life here is of a monotony which,accentuated by the very equableness of the climate, is very

trying to all except those especially f itted for it by tempera-ment and disposition. All possible resources of a milltarypost are utilized to furnish mental and physical recreation,but at best the conditions are depressing for the enlisted man.A period of service longer than two years is very inadvisableless than one year would also be inadvisable, as such frequentchanges tend to a diminished efficiency. It would be well torelieve one-half of the detachment at a time in order to havealways a portion of the command acclimated and familiarwith their duties. For some reasons it would also be well,when practicable, to send the reliefs direct from the UnitedStates before service in the Philippines.

I should consider my seli-derelict in my duty if I neg-lected here to express my conviction that the health andmorals of the command would be benefited by the suspension,in its application to this pecullarly situated station, of so muchof article 261, Navy Regulations of 1900, as applies to maltI iquors. There are few, if any, stations where a man on l ibertycan not get a glass of beer. No one in Agana wil l open a saloonwithout a promise of protection from the navai station in caseof a few unruly characters making a disturbance, whichproposition, of course, could not be considered for a moment,as the garrison is not the police of the island. There are fewmen in any walk of life at home who do not usually drinka greater or less amount of beer, or wine, or l iquor every day.If, with the safeguards provided by military surveillance anddiscipline, the men here could buy a bottle of beer for dinnerand supper in the barracks mess room, no trouble could arise,the meals would be more cheerful and wholesome, and inall probabil ity there would be less going out to get tuba,which occasionally produces such dire results.

The necessity of having general'courts-martial ordered inWashington instead of here frequently works hardship toboth men and officers of the naval station. Anvone who mavsee an impending serious infraction realizes that by reportingit he probably insures his being retained here at least sixmonths longer as either witness or member of court. Recentlythe most important witness in a very serious case had to besent away to the hospital in Yokohama; it being a questionof the man's life, there could be no question of approvingthe medical-survey report, although there may result difficultyin proving one of the specifications.

Very respectfully,

SEATON SCHROEDER,

Commander, U.S. Navy, Governor.

The ASSIS?ANT SECRETARY OF THE NAVY,

Navy Department, llashington, D.C.

UNITED STATES NAVAL STATION,

Island of Guam, June 26,1903.

SIR: Replying to the Department's letter of April 9,calling for an opinion regarding the employment of civilians atGuam to teach school part of the day and perform clericalwork during the remainder, I have to state as follows:

2. There were two schoolhouses in Agana, both ruinedby the earthquake. One was torn down and the other is beingrebuilt with island funds.

48

3. A school at Asan has been opened by a member of anofficer's family.

4. The Agana school will occupy three or four teachers,and twice that number if only half a day's work is given byeach. This school will accommodate only a part of the school;irildren of this town. In the southern towns the conditions

living would be such that I doubt if imported teachers; --,uld be satisfied.

5. Women without doubt could do the best school work,:specially in teaching English, the most important thing to:e considered-and there is a prejudice against sending girlsto men teachers-but women would be wortliless for naval-stauon purposes.

6. Having the clerical force divide their time betweenteaching and department work wouid by no means be anefficient arrangement generally, but in one or two cases,rvhere the character of the work and the personality of theclerk suit, i t would be a help. To send people here from theUnited States, who are ignorant of the conditions, and whomay prove dissatisfied or unsatisfactory, is running greatrisks.

7. A good head teacher is needed, but I have hopes thatwhen the new marine guard arrives we may be able to findsorle men who will do as teachers if this employment canbe regularly authorized.

8. If special laborers act as teachers they would want thesame pay as now paid, $4 a day, with other guaranties. Therequirements are a clear voice, distinct enunciation, patience,good clear handwriting, and an ability to teach all commonEnglish branches, besides a good character and good health.I believe a woman's smooth face is an advantage in teaching alanguage.

9. I note that the emergency appropriationreduced.

10. This island at present can not enter into anyobligations.

Very respectfully,M. SEWELL,

Commander, U.S. Navy, Commandqnt and Naval Governor.

The ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE NAVY,

llashington, D.C.

UNITED STATES NAVAL STATION,Island of Guam, June 30, 1903.

SIR: I have the honor to submit the following generalreport on affairs in the island of Guam:

L The affairs of the naval station are in about the same:l:,Cition as last year, except that the shoaling of the boat

-'tnnel l iom the anchorase into Piti has increased the diff i-: '-: ies and expense of handling stores.

-1 . The damage done to the station property by the-:siructive earthquake has been repaired, but no improve-:--::-.ts have been made, and there are no facil i t ies for doing..-.. :epair work on vessels, other than those afforded by the:en toois installed on the station ship Supply.

4. Although convenient for the island business. Agana ismost inconveniently situated for the purposes of a navalstation, and the extra money already spent for transportationand in other ways due to the distance from the landing would

probably be sufficient to put up the necessary buildingson the higher ground near Piti.

5. I will soon conclude the purchase of lands near Sumayfor a coaling station, which will be sufficient for the purposesof a naval station if the recommendation of the Guam surveyboard is adopted.

6. The station strtp Supply arrived on January 29,andherroomy quarters and large storerooms make her well suitedfor the duty, but she is not suited for surveying work or collierduty.

7 . Heaty permanent moorings, brought out on the Supply,have been put down. Dangerous reefs and shoals have beenlocated by the Supply to the southward and eastward of theisiand, as previously reported to the Bureau of Equipment.

8. It is impracticable to land coal here under presentconditions for the use of ships, a collier making the onlyavailable coal station.

9. The station is much indebted to the Army transportsthat stop here on their outward voyage, bringing mail andstores, including fresh provisions, besides carrying passengers.

10. Cable connection by the Commercial Pacific CableCompany with Manila was established on June 4, and isscheduled to be completed to San Francisco on July 3. Thecable station is located at Sumay, mostly on Governmentland. on the bluff to the eastward of the town.

ISLAND MATTER.

11. The island has not yet recovered from the effectsof the typhoon of 1900; and there have not yet been anyexports, except a very small amount of copra, this year.

12. A leper colony was established by Governor Schroederand since then the land for same has been paid for.

13. The continuous advance in prices and wages hasmade it necessary to raise the salaries of the island officialsand the wages of the other employees. The support of theleper colony, although a heavy expense, is a necessary burden.There is no corresponding increase in revenues to meet theincreased expenses, leaving but l i tt le for public works andabout nothing for schools.

14, The earthquake of last September ruined nearly allthe private stone buildings in the island, causing a good deal ofhardship; and it also ruined the only two public school build-ings in Agana, and threw down the walls of the parochialchurch, which was built in 1779.

15. The want of funds and the destruction ofbuildingscaused a suspension of schools; but one large school buildingin Agana is now being repaired at an expense that wil l reducethe funds on hand to the danger point, but teaching will beginas soon as the building is ready. Considering the disasters fromwhich the island has suffered, and the outside aid that theAmerican occupation has deprived it of, I think it is justlyentit led to substantial aid from the home Government, enoughto build schoolhouses and to maintain the schools for severalyears to come.

16. Ail those attached to the naval station and doingadditional isiand duty receive no extra compensation for suchduty, and this should be considered in providing for a civilgovernment.

17. The Spanish laws, in as far as applicable and with fewmodifications, are in force; but as soon as possible furthermodifications wil l be made in order to conform to the spirit

has been

financial

49

of our own institutions and to simplify the procedure in the

interest of economy and a quick dispatch of business.18. Some bridges and many miles of roads should be

built, and although plenty of cascao, an excellent road-makingmaterial, is at hand, the state of the funds delays the work.

19. There is scarcely any skilled labor in the island and

the supply of common labor is small and uncertain, and the

conditions in this respect will probably grow worse as the

ranches come in bearing.20. The inducements for Americans to settle in the island

are few. The natives fortunately do not readily part with theirlands, and there are no provisions for disposing of the public

lands.21. The existing tariff schedule is not satisfactory, and I

submit under another cover a copy of the regulations, withchanges in red ink that I recommend be adopted.

22. Shocks of earthquake are quite frequent, but since

February have not been heavy. The eastern side of the island

has risen during past year, and I estimate the elevation about

the harbor to be from l0 to l2 inches. The natives report that

the reefs on the other side of the islandhave sunk from I to 2

feet, but this is difficult to verify.Very respectfullY,

w.E. sE\ryALL,Commander, U.S. Navy, Commandant and Naval Governor.

The ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE NAVY

Navy DePartment, lilashington, D.C.

UNITED STATES NAVAL STATION'

Island of Guam, August 26, 1903.

SIR: Believing that Congress would, in the coming session,take action to change the status of this island, I have endeav-ored to get ready such recommendations as I had to make,

and to prepare and put in operation modifications of the old

laws and procedure.2. I have been handicapped in several ways. My stay has

been too limited for me to become thoroughly familiar withthe situation. I have not yet acquired a speaking knowledge of

Spanish, and have no knowledge of Chamorro. I have not hadaccess to necessary books of reference and have not had assis-tance.

3. On the July t ransport Capt. E.E. West, U.S.M.C.,arrived with some valuable books on the Spanish and Philip-

pine laws, and with his valuable assistance progress is being

made. I earnestly request that he may be retained on this duty

until the work is comPleted.4. The first and second sections of the Foraker bil l can be

conformed to, and I hope soon to have it in form of general

orders; but the last paragraph of section 2 seems to presuppose

the existence of a legislative body, which it would take time

and thought to provide for, even if found practicable. The

third section I do not understand, and to my inexperience it

appears that confusion would result, if not paralysis' Thejury system, either grand or petit, as recognized in the UnitedStates, can not be carried out here, and what United Statesstatutes are and what are not applicable here would be toomuch for the legal ability of this place.

5. It is necessary that the administration of the law shouldbe simple, direct, and inexpensive to the parties concerned

and to the island.6. I wish to leave as little to experiment as possible,

and am trying to adapt the work in the Philippines and the

later Spanish codes to this Place.7. The scarcity of funds and of legal talent renders the

problem an embarrassing one. If it were possible to have onejudge of examination and another for trial judge it would

relieve the situation.8. The accusatory system before the court of first instance

will be adopted as soon as possible, but it requires care and

time for its preparation, and I will try to adjust other matters

first.9. The only radical innovation I have in mind is to have

criminal trials by a jury consisting of three associates havingone vote each and the presiding judge with two votes to find

on questions of fact, and the judge to decide alone on allquestions of law; four of the five votes to be necessary for

conviction and two to acquit; the promoter fiscal (district

attorney) to prepare and present indictments and prosecute

cases.10. I inclose some notes on procedure that I wil l submit

to the people here best qualif ied before enacting into an order'

11. In regard to local self-government I believe that the

old Spanish system can be adapted to the needs ofthis place'

It includes the elective feature, which the people understand'Very respectfully,

M. SEWELL,

Commander, U.S. l',ravy, Commqndant and Naval Governor'

The ASSISTANT SE.RETARY oF THE NAVY

washington, D.C.

UNITED STATES NAVAL STATION,

Island of Guam, September 8, 1903.

SIR: In addition to an allowance for schools, previously

asked for, I consider that this island is justly entit led to an

allowance from the home Government sufficient to cover the

expenses of the leper colony, which was established at an

expense of about 6,000 pesos, and which it costs from 5,000

to 7,000 pesos a year to run.2. This colony is a necessity under present conditions for

the protection of Americans residing here and to keep thehorror out of sight; but it is a question how much benefitit does to the islanders, and of their own choice they wouldorefer to take direct care of the affl icted.

3. I recommend that the island be given an annual appro-priation oi $3,000 gold for the benefit of the incurables of

this island.Very respectfullY,

M. SEWELL,

Commander, U.S. Navy, Commandant.

The ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE NAVY'

llashington, D.C.

50

6rta--r'? e//L?V7.&4/7rZ

' ,.",,e.r* . .

* *:*ggJ

tn-r-- -'.ipi*iilitr

K'

Dale S. Miyagi

His smile and exbuberance bespoke tbe spirit ofbis dearly loped Hawaii wbile his enthusiasctic inte'rest in Guam and Micronesia were filled with thepromise of a talented scholar.

Aloha 'oe, a loha 'oe ,E ke onaona noho i ka l ipo.One tond crmbracc:, a ho' i a 'e auA hui hou aku.

51

ContributorsDIRK ANTHONY BALLENDORF was educated at WestChester State College, Pa. (1961), Howard University inWashington, D.C. (1965), and Harvard University (191 3).Dr. Bal lendorf is weil known to the people of Micronesiafrom his t ime with the Peace Corp, and for his contr ibutionsto the MICRONESIAN REPORTER and the GUAM RE-CORDER. His latest article was on the Micronesian EllisMystery. He is President of the Community College of Micro-nesia on Ponape.

ROSA ROBERTO CARTER graduated from Northern StateCol lege in South Dakota (1953), the Universi ty of Sydney inAustral ia (1958), the University of Northern Colorado, inGreely, Colorado (1962), and Bowling Green State University(1976). Dr. Carter served with the Department of Educationas a teacher and Assistant Principal before coming to theUniversity of Guam. At the University she has been a Pro-fessor, the Director of Admissions, and a Consultant to theTeacher Corps Program. Dr. Carter is the 7th in a l ine ofi l lustrous persons to lead the College and later the University;she is the 4th to hold the t i t le President of the University ofGuam.

ROBERT GREGORY PEREZ CRUZ received his education atthe University of Santa Clara, Fu Jen University, and theUniversity of Guam. He is currently with the Department ofCommerce in i ts Parks and Recreation Division. He is a mem-ber of the Bishop Museum Associat ion, International Oceano-graphic Foundation, Audibon Society, and the WildernessSociety.

MARJORIE G. DRIVER has served the people of Guam fornearly two decades as a teacher, research associate, editor,and administrator. Her great care in preserving the sense ofthe original document is an outstanding feature of her scho-iarly work. Mrs. Driver is currently the Associate Director ofthe Micronesian Area Research Center.

FELIXBERTO C. FLORES, D.D. received his ear ly educat ionat the Guam Insti tute and later studied in the Phil ippines atthe Ateneo de Manila, and San Jose Seminary, Calocan. Hecontinued his studies for the priesthood at St. John's Semin-ary, Boston and was ordained a priest in 1949. From that t imeforward he was a teacher, editor, radio program director,administrator and pastor in the Vicariate of Guam. In 1970,he became the 6th leader of the people of God in the Marianasand the 2nd to bear the t i t le Bishop of Agana. The Bishop isin the forefront of programs dealing with bringing the Wordin the language of the islands, Chamorro.

FRANCIS X. HEZEL, S.J. is the President of Xavier l { ighSchool on Truk, and the Director of the Micronesian Se-minar. He has published text books for social studies in theTrust Terri tory and is well known to readers of the Journalof Pacif ic History and publications within the region as theMicronesian Reporter and the Guam Recorde r. Fr. l {eze Ihas continued to produce scholarly works at a prodigiousrate, despite heavy academic and administrat ive responsi-bi, l i t ies. He is currently working on a book dealing with carlycontacts t i l l 1885. This art icle on Ships visi t ing Truk is aseminal art icle in i ts f ield.

EMILIE G. JOHNSI'ON is an associate editor of the GuainRecorder and the Curator of the Pacif ic Collect ion of theMicronesian Area Research Center. She is a noted Pacif ic

Bibl iographer and resource person at the Center.Al l areas ofGuam are her interest, she has special f i rst hand knowledgeof the plant l i fe of the island. Mrs. Johnston is a welcomepart icipant at International Conferences because of the vastknowledge she can bring to bear on issues relat ing to Guam.Photography is also a professional interest of Mrs. Johnston,and we are happy to present her photo essay to our readers.

ALEJANDRO B. LIZAMA is majoring in anthropoiogy atthe University of Guam. He is the Chief Technician to theTerri torial Archeologist. On two occasions he worked as aresearch assistant and art ist for Dr. Fred Reinman on hisarcheological f ield work in Guam. (COVER)

GEORGE J. McMILLIN, then Captain in the U,S. Navy, wasthe 40th Naval Governor of Guam, and the 90th in a iongl ine of miLitary Governors dating from Capt. Don Franciscode Ir isarr i 1676, when Spain appointed i ts f i rst formal one.He assumed the post in Apri l of 1940 and had his term cutshort by the start of World War I I in 194i . AdmiralMcMil l inis a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy (1911) and servedin the Mexican and Dominican Campaigns, the f irst WorldWar and spent the second World War in prison camp. He isnow ret ired in Long Beach, Cali fornia and shares with us thehome he once l ived in as Naval Governor of Guam.

YE SOOK RHE,E, was born in Korea. She attended GeorgeWashington High School and the University of Guam. Herinterest is commercial art and she is presently studying inthe States.

FELICIA PLAZA, M.M.B. obtained her M.S. Degree from St.Louis University. She has been the Principal of Mt. CarmelII .S. in Saipan, and a Professor at the University of Guam.Sr. Fel icia taught both Mathmatics and Spanish in addit ionto being the Senior Researcher on the MARC staff. MARChas sent her to Archives of Spain and she has always returnedwith new materiais on Guam and Micronesia. Presently she isworking on a ROOTS project in connect ion wi th the 1897census of Guam. It is a del ight to speak with her on histcryin the region - she has a wealth of knowledge to share.

PEDRO, C. SANCHEZ received his M.A. in Educat ionalAdministrat ion f rom Coiumbia Universi ty, and his E.E.D.from Stanford University. He is a dist inguished scholar andoutstanding publ ic servant. On two oocasions he has beenPresident of the f lol lege and the University o{ ' Guam. AsPresident Erneritus and Regents Professor, he writes from hispost as Director of Vocat ional Educat ion.

LAURA SAUDER received her B.A. f rom EntmanuelCol lege in Boston, and her M.A. in Sociology from the Uni-versi ty of Hawai i . She is a special assistant to the Governorof Guam and cont inues her interest in thc language andcul ture of the people of Guam.

PAUL B. SAUDER received his B.S. and M.S. degrees tromOhio State Universi ty, later he served as a research tel lowat the Massachussettsr Inst i tute of Technology. He has heldmany responsible posi t ions in the sectors of government andthe civ ic community.

JANE H. UNDERWOOD is a physical anthropologist who didresearch on Yap for her doctoral dissertat ion at the Universityof Cali fornia. She has sent doctoral students to Micronesiafrom her post in the anthropology department at the Univer-sity of Arizona. Dr. Underwood is presently doing populat ionstudies about Guam and the Marianas.

52

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