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V O`s in INDIA-Jagdish Solanki Ph.D
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Organization is as old as human society itself. Our
society is an organizational society (presthus,
1978). Our birth, education, prayer, play, leisure time,
economic activities psychological activity, social
behavior culture behavior political behavior etc. are
through and by organizations. Most of us will die in an organization and when
the time comes for burial.
Even the government that the human race hascreated is also a largest organization. Human
civilization depends largely on organization.
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CONCEPT, DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATION OF
VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION [NGOs]
Lord Beveridge defines VOs as A voluntary organization,properly speaking is an organization which whether itsworkers are paid or unpaid is initiated and governed by itsown members without external control. As quoted by
Chowdhary 1990 a voluntary agency is a group of personswho have organized themselves as a legal corporate body torender social services.
David Sills (1968) defines voluntary organization as a
group of persons organized on the basis of voluntarymembership without state control for the furtherance ofsome common interests of its members.
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Prof. M.R. Inamdar observes A voluntary
organization in development is to be ofdurable use to the community and has to
nurse a strong desire and impulse for
community development among itsmembers to be economically viable to
possess dedicated and hard working
leadership and command resources ofexpertise in the functions undertaken.
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Non Party Political Formation (NPFF ) Grassroots support organizations (GRSOs)
Action Groups (AG).
Not-for-profit Organizations (NFPOs)
Development organizations (DOs)
Indigenous private voluntary organization(IVPOs)
Private voluntary organizations (PVOs)
Voluntary development organizations(VDOs)
Community based organization ( CBOs)
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Characteristics of VOs
It is registered under the Societies
Registration Act,1880,
The Indian Trust Act, 1882,
The Cooperative Societies Act,1904
The Joint Stock Companies Act,1959,
depending upon the nature and scope of itsactivities to give it a legal status with
administrative structure, definite aims,
object and programmes.
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According to Norman Johnson, the main
characteristics of VOs are:
Method of formation, which is voluntary on
the part of a group of people.
Method of government, with self governing
organization to decide on its constitution, its
servicing, it policies and plants.
Method of financing, with at least some of
its revenues drawn from voluntary sources.
Motives with the pursuit of profit included.
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Historical background in India
India has unique and great tradition of
voluntary action, voluntary agencies, social
service, social reform and social work.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772 1833)
established Brahmo Samaj (Atmiya Sabha)
in the year 1828
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Ishwarchandra Vidhyasagar (1820 1891)
drew the attention of government of India to
pass Hindu widow remarriage Act.
Sasipada Banerjee (1842 1925) : widow
remarriage and womens education.
Keshabchandra Sen (1838 1884) strongly
advocated intercaste marriage, widow
remarriage and removal of purdha system.
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Arya Samaj was found by Swami Dayanand
Sarawati (1824 1883)
Lala Lajpatrai was also responsible forspeed of education.
Mahatma Phule (1827 1888) fought for
the removal of untouchability and welfareof sudras. He founded Satya Sodhak Samaj
in 1873.
Pandit Ramabai (1858-1922) workincessantly for the emancipation of women
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Maharshi karve (1858-1962) devoted his
entire life for the education and
rehabilitation of widows. In1916 Karvewomwnes University was established
A home for widows was started in Madras
in 1898 by Veereshalingam pantulu.Sir Sayyad Ahmedkhan 1817-1899 took
interest in higher education for Muslim girls
and supported modern education and socialreforms for the community.
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Behramji malbari 1853-1912 madesignificant contribution for the welfare of
women or children.Swami Vivekanand 1863-1902 contributed
in making of modern India. The Unitarian
committee (1822), Dharma Samaj (1830),Prarthana Samaj (1864),the nationalCouncil for women in India(1875), Indiansocial conference(1887), Theosophical
movement(1893), RamakrishnaMission(1897) and Anjuman-Himayat-I-Islam were other prominent associations.
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The establishment of the servants of Indiasociety, founded by Gokhale (1866-1915) in
1905 is a land mark in the history of socialwork of the early 20th century.
The enactment of the societies Registration
Act of 1860 is a landmark in the history ofvoluntary organization in India.
The Christian missionaries belonging toseveral congregations like Baptist,
Anglican, Wesleyan and Roman have alsoplayed significant role in the growth ofvoluntary organization in India.
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It was in the beginning of the 20th century Gandhiji
channelzed peoples power at grass root level for
Indias freedom and founded organizations Dr, Bhimrao Ambedkar had also initiated voluntary
action for the cause of depressed classes of India
In 1950 India adopted a democratic and republican
Constitution, with fundamental (Human Rights),
the directive principles of state policy as well. It
had embodied the quintessence of the philosophy of
political, economic and social justice
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From 1951 onwards India launched a series
of Five-Year Plans has part of the strategyfor national development
In the following years the Government ofIndia formulated national polices onpopulation and family planning, CD,Education ; Health ; Housing ; Welfare of
the weaker sections of the population ;Childwelfare Womens development and youthdevelopment etc.
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Today, India has a vigorous NGO sector.
Although there has been no complete
census of NGOs, it is estimated that about25,000 to 30,000 are active in India
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