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CAUSES OF INJURIES ON PIG OPERATIONS:

Below is a list containing the part of the body that was injured and the cause of the injuries that have occurred on pig operations over the years. Use this list to develop prevention strategies on your operation to prevent similar injuries.

Key parts of the body and frequent claims submitted to workers’ compensation insurance providers.

Face/Head

Broken teeth – struck by gate or hand toolsCuts/Bruises – struck by pig or hand toolsConcussion – knocked down by sowEyes – foreign body, often metal, in eye

Hand

Fractures – caught in gates, fallsCuts/Bruises/Swelling – struck by gate, pigs, knives, hand tools, lifting and fallsPunctures – needles, bitesRashes – feeding pigs and medicine splashSevered Fingers – caught in equipment

Arm/Shoulder/Chest

Bruises – falls, stepped on or kicked by livestock, caught in gatesSeparation – lifting, fallsStrain – falls, struck by livestock or gate, lifting or pushing/pulling

Back

Bruises - falls, stepped on or kicked by livestock, caught in gatesPain - falls, liftingSprain/Strain – falls, lifting, livestock handling

Hip/Leg/Foot

Bruises – struck by gate, struck or stepped by livestock, fallsHernia – shoveling, liftingPain – falls, slips and trips, caught between gatePuncture – needles, bites from livestockSprains/Strains – stepped on object, slips, and falls

Accidents are generally a result of people performing a task while in a hurry, underestimating the task, or not concentrating at the task at hand. In fact, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health researched workplace accidents and found that 90% were due to unsafe actions and 10% were due to unsafe conditions. The bottom line is most accidents are preventable!

Employee’s Signature: __________________________ Date: ____________________

Colorado Livestock Association Safety Reference Manual 1-J

CAUSAS DE LESIONES EN LAS GRANJAS DE MARRANOS:

Abajo hay una lista de la parte del cuerpo que fue lesionada y la causa de las lesiones que han ocurrido en las granjas de marranos durante años. Use esta lista para desarrollar estrategias de prevención en su funcionamiento para prevenir lesiones similares.

Partes principales del cuerpo y demandas sometidas frecuentemente a los proveedores de seguro de compensación de trabajadores.

Cara / Cabeza

Dientes quebrados - golpeado por puerta o herramienta de manoCortadas / moretones - golpeado por marrano o herramienta de manoConcusión - tirado por marranaOjos - cuerpo extranjero, a menudo metal, en el ojo

Mano

Fracturas - agarrada con la puerta, caídasCortadas / Moretones / Hinchazón - golpeado por puerta, marrano, cuchillos, herramienta de mano, levantamiento y caídasPerforación - agujas, mordidasSalpullido - alimentando marranos y salpicar medicinaDedos Cortados - agarrados con herramienta

Brazo / Hombro / Pecho

Moretones - caídas, pisado, o pateado por el ganado, agarrado con las puertasSeparación - levantamiento, caídasTorcedura - caídas, golpeado por el ganado o puerta, levantamiento, empujar / jalar

Espalda

Moretones - caídas, pisado o pataleado por ganado, agarrado con las puertasDolor - caídas, levantamientoTorcedura / estirada - caídas, levantamiento, manejo de ganado

Cadera / Pierna / Pie

Moretones - golpeado por puerta, golpeado o pisado por el ganado, caídasHernia - usando una pala, levantamientoDolor - caídas, resbaladas, tropiezos, agarrado entre puertasPerforación – agujas, mordidas de ganadoTorcedura / Estirada - pisar objeto, resbalones y caídas

Los accidentes son generalmente el resultado de personas que realizan un trabajo mientras están apurados, infravaloran el trabajo, o no se concentran en el trabajo que están haciendo. De hecho, el Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional investigo accidentes de trabajo y descubrió que el 90% eran debidos a acciones inseguras y el 10% eran debidos a condiciones inseguras. Al final de cuentas la mayoría de los accidentes son evitables!


Firma del Empleado:___________________________Fecha:______________________


Animal Handling Tips:

Accident records indicate animals rank number one in involvement in farm accidents. Although most accidents are not fatal, many men, women, and children will be needlessly injured because of a lack of safety awareness around animals. Individuals may work carefully around animals ninety percent of the time, but because of haste, impatience, anger at another person or object, or because of a preoccupied mind they get hurt.

All cattle and swine are color blind and have poor depth perception, which results in an extreme sensitivity to contrasts. Sheep, too, are considered color blind but have no depth perception problems. Instead, they have problems picking out small details, such as open space created by a partially opened gate. Cattle also tend to have panoramic vision, meaning they can see in all directions, except directly behind, without moving their head. As for hearing, cattle are extremely sensitive relative to humans and will be skittish or stubborn in unfamiliar surroundings.

The majority of accidents today result from a lack of judgment or understanding of animals. 90% of all accidents are a result of people error and 10% are a result of equipment/facility.

To prevent an injury please consider the following the next time you’re working with animals to prevent an injury:

Keep the noise down and take your time moving animals. Handle animals without force and abuse (i.e. no chasing, slapping, kicking, hitting,

frightening, yelling, prodding, etc.). Determine the animals flight zone (i.e. personal space) and work around it. Understanding

this is the key to easy, quiet handling of animals. When sorting pigs, move forward and backward to impact their flight zone; not sideways.

Moving sideways will generally allow the animal to get by you. When moving pigs into a confined area such as an alley or pen, handle the pigs in small

groups and don’t crowd. Use caution when there is one animal remaining in the crowd area; they may become agitated and not cooperate.

Animals like to remain in groups and will follow the leader, so if separated use caution as they generally become frightened. If the animal should separate from the group, don’t panic, the animal return to the group based on instinct.

Work the animal towards the light; limit shadows (i.e. provide skylights, etc.). Make sure your working facilities are not too large, wide, small, limited, etc. Make sure your working facilities contain proper gate location to sort off animals and

contains openings for an individual to pass through in an emergency. Animals generally experience strong maternal instincts and aggressive behavior towards

those around them at the time of birth; use extreme caution and never turn your back on them.

Boars may be considered as one of the most dangerous of domestic animals. Boars generally experience strong ties between themselves and the group they are located in. Don’t move fast and back away from the boar’s flight zone.

Employee’s Signature: _________________________ Date: __________________


INFORMACION SOBRE EL MANEJO DE ANIMALES:Los records de accidentes indican que los animales figuran el primer lugar en accidentes de rancho. Aunque la mayoría de los accidentes no son fatales, muchos hombres, mujeres, y niños se danaran inecesariamente debido a la falta de conocimiento sobre la seguridad alrededor de los animales. Los individuos pueden trabajar cuidadosamente alrededor de los animales el noventa por ciento del tiempo, pero debido a la prisa, impaciencia, coraje con otra persona u objeto, o debido a una mente preocupada se lastiman.

El ganado y los cerdos son ciegos al color y tienen una baja percepción de profundidad la cual produce una gran sensibilidad a los contrastes. Las ovejas, también, son consideradas ciegas al color pero no tienen ningún problema de percepción de profundidad. Al contrario, tienen problemas para distinguir pequeños detalles, como un espacio abierto creado por una puerta parcialmente abierta. El ganado también tiende a tener visión panorámica, lo que significa que pueden ver en todas las direcciones, excepto directamente atrás de ellas mismas, sin mover su cabeza. En cuanto a oír, el ganado es sumamente sensible comparado con los humanos y será asustadizo o terco en ambientes poco familiares.

La mayoría de accidentes hoy en dia provienen por falta de criterio o entendimiento de animales. El 90% de todos los accidentes provienen por errores de las personas y 10% provienen de la maquinaria/instalaciones.

Para prevenir una lesión por favor considere lo siguiente la próxima vez que este trabajando con animales:

Mantenga el ruido bajo y tomese su tiempo para mover los animales. Trate a los animales sin obligarlos ni abusarlos (p.e no los corretee, golpee, patalee, pegue, asuste, grite,

pique, etc.). Determine la zona particular de los animales (es decir el espacio personal) y trabaje fuera de él.

Entender esto es la clave del manejo fácil y calmado de los animales. Al seleccionar los cerdos, muevase hacia adelante y hacia atras para impactar su zona particular

(espacio personal). No de lado. Moviendose de lado a lado,generalmente permitirá que se le pase el animal.

Cuando este moviendo cerdos a una area encerrada como un callejon o corral, maneje los cerdos en grupos pequenos y no los amontone. Use cuatela cuando solo le quede un animal en el area; pueda agitarse y no cooperar.

A los animals les gusta permanecer en grupos y seguiran al lider, y si se separan, tenga cuidado puesto que generalmente se asustan. Si el animal se separara del grupo, no se asuste, el retorno del animal al grupo sera por instinto.

Mueva al animal hacia la luz; limite las sombras (p.e. proporcione tragaluces, etc.) Asegurese de que sus instalaciones de trabajo no son demasiado grandes, anchas, pequenas, limitadas,

etc. Asegurese de que sus instalaciones de trabajo tengan localizacion de puertas apropiadas para apartar

animals y que contengan apertures por las que un individuo pueda atravesar en caso de una emergencia. Los animals generalmente experimentan instintos maternales fuertes y conducta agresiva hacia aquellos

alrededor de ellos en el momento de parir; tenga cuidado extremo y nunca les de la espalda. Los marranos pueden ser considerados como uno de los animals domesticos mas peligrosos. Los

marranos generalmente experimentan lazos fuertes entre ellos o gurpo en el que ellos se localizan. No se mueva rapidamente ni de las espalda para retirarse de la zona particular del marranos.

Firma del Empleado: _________________________ Fecha: __________________


PIG MOVEMENT PROCEDURES:

HAVE PATIENCE. Do not crowd pigs with your knees. Do not lift breeding animals or grow-finish pigs. If lifting is necessary lift with your

legs, not your back. Do not slap pigs with your hands to remove them from crates or scales. Use extreme caution when moving breeding herd boars. Use sort boards whenever moving an animal that is over five weeks of age. When moving animals in walkways, if they turn around, allow them to pass and turn

them around at a wider spot.

Employee’s Signature: ________________________ Date: ______________________

DEAD PIG REMOVAL:

Always lift with your legs, don’t bend at the waist or lift with your back. If a pig weighs more than 50 lbs. seek additional assistance for removal of pig. When using a dead-sow cart extreme caution should be used to avoid injury. When cranking the winch, make sure to keep the cable tight, and do not let go of the

handle unless you are sure that the gear latch is engaged. When moving a sow on a dead-sow cart, care should be taken to avoid the cart tipping over. When lowering the sow keep the cable tight and do not let go of the handle as it will spin around and injure you.

Employee’s Signature: ________________________ Date: ____________________


PROCEDIMIENTOS PARA MOVER CERDOS:

TENGA PACIENCIA No amontone los cerdos con sus rodillas. No levante animales preñados o marranos de la engorda final. Si es necesario

levantar, levante con sus piernas, no con su espalda. No manotee los cerdos con sus manos para moverlos de las jaulas o balanzas. Use cautela extrema cuando mueva manadas de marranos para preñar. Use tablas para apartar siempre que mueva un animal que tenga mas de cinco

semanas de edad. Cuando mueva animales por los pasillos, si se dan la vuelta, déjelos pasar y deles la

vuelta en una área más ancha. Firma del Empleado: ________________________ Fecha: ______________________

SACAMIENTO DE CERDOS MUERTOS:

Siempre levante con sus piernas, no se doble de la cintura o levante con su espalda. Si un cerdo pesa más de 50 lbs. busque ayuda adicional para remover el cerdo. Cuando este usando un carro para cargar marranas muertas debe usar cuidado

extremo para evitar lesiones. Al darle vuelta a la palanca, asegúrese de mantener firme el cable, y no suelte la

palanca a menos que este seguro de que el gancho este encajado. Cuando mueva una marrana en un carro para marranas muertas, deberá tener cuidado para evitar que el carro se voltee. Cuando este bajando la marrana mantenga firme el cable y no suelte la palanca porque dará vueltas rápidamente y lo lastimará.

Firma del Empleado:____________________________Fecha:______________________


PIG HANDLING AND TRANSPORT CONSIDERATIONS:

Introduction

Humane, safe and careful handling of pigs through all phases of production, loading, transportation, and unloading pays dividends in terms of the welfare of the pig, the quality of the carcass, the net return to the producer, and a quality product on the consumer’s plate.

Pig Handling

Handling pigs is a stressful experience. Handling pigs with care, gentleness, and patience can dramatically reduce this stress. Pig handlers must understand pig behavior, and use that behavior to their advantage.

Handlers should spend time in the pens with pigs, to reduce the pigs fear level. Positive interactions such as stroking, petting, or resting a hand on the pig all help to reduce the fear level, and promote easier handling. Negative or aggressive behavior such as kicks, slaps, or the use of electric prods should be avoided.

The easiest method of handling is a solid, hand-held panel that blocks off the escape route back to the handler. If pigs hesitate or are difficult to move, correct the problem rather than forcing the pigs to move against their will.

Pig Behavior

Understanding normal pig behavior makes handling much easier. Pigs are alert, investigative, and have 310-degree panoramic vision. What a pig sees greatly influences how it moves. All handling and loading facilities should be constructed with solid panels to block out distracting sights and sounds.

Pigs have a strong natural tendency to follow one another, and to maintain both visual and body contact with each other. Keep pigs moving in groups, preferably in single file to avoid jamming.

Pigs have a tendency to move towards a more brightly lighted area, and are reluctant to move onto dark areas. Uniform light should be provided in the loading area, and the interior of vehicles should also be illuminate.

Pigs are poor judges of distance, and are reluctant to cross changing light patterns, drain grate, steps, puddles of water, gutters, etc.

Finally, pigs have good memories, and this can be used to develop handling routines. Pigs used to routine human contact and handling, load and transport easily. By contrast, memories of a previous aversive experience with a human handler may make loading a difficult task for the pig and the handler.


Loading and Unloading

Loading and unloading facilities should be designed with an understanding of normal pig behavior. Pathways and ramps should be curved, have solid walls, be properly illuminated, and be flat. Loading decks should be level with the truck. If slopes are necessary, the angle should be less than 20 degrees. No visual gaps should exist in the loading facility, or between the loading ramp and the truck. Alleyways and doors should be of sufficient size to permit pigs to pass easily without injury.

Vehicles

Pigs should only be loaded on to an appropriate vehicle that has been cleaned, disinfected, and freshly bedded. Vehicle inspection should be performed before loading to ensure that it is safe to load pigs onto. Hauling units must be of a suitable size to handle the load being assembled. Exhaust stacks for the hauling unit must be high enough to prevent exhaust fume from entering the trailer. Trailers must be equipped with a means of adjusting air flow/ventilation from outside the vehicle. Installation of temperature sensors with a read out in the truck cab is recommended.

Loading Densities

Pigs need space to lie down, rest, and change position during transportation. Crowding leads to bruising, skin blemishes, rectal prolapse, and increased incidence of PSE pork. Pigs should be divided so as to keep maximum numbers of 30 per compartment. Every truck should have the capability of penning one or two pigs separately. Under ideal conditions, pigs can be loaded at a rate of 42lb./square foot.

Care of Pigs in Transit

After loading, double check your load, and give the pigs an opportunity to settle down. Stop. Relax. There is no rush to get the pigs to market. Check the pigs within one hour after leaving home, and recheck every 2-3 hours. Weather conditions can fluctuate dramatically and special attention must be paid to ventilation and temperature in the load. Drivers should start, drive, and stop smoothly to provide a gentle ride for the pigs. The route from home to destination should be programmed to make the time in-transit as short as possible.

Precautions in Cold Weather

Pigs are very susceptible to frostbite and wind chill. Trucks should be insulated with wood on the sides, and the floor. Plenty of dry straw should be provided for bedding. Ventilation must be provided, but the pigs must be protected from direct cold airflow. Ventilation must be controlled externally so that adjustments can be easily made. Increased stocking density to keep pigs warm is unacceptable. Crowding, piling, and bruising will result in more stress on the pigs, and may severely impact on carcass quality as well.

Precautions in Hot Weather

Pigs have low tolerance to high temperature and high humidity. Avoid transporting pigs in the heat of the day. Reduce loading density by 10 -25% in hot humid weather. Use wet sand or shavings for bedding, rather than straw. Cooling is best provided with maximum airflow through the trailer. Do not spray pigs with cold water. Cold water may be applied to the floor of the trailer, or a fine mist spray may be used. Load and unload promptly. Make as few stops as possible. Do not leave the pigs on a stationary vehicle.


Compromised Pigs

1) Boars

Mature boars should be de-tusked prior to co-mingling.

Pen mature boars separately. Mix with boars of similar size just prior to loading.

Load boars in groups of 8 -15.

Have adequate partitioning available to separate aggressive boars.

2) Unfit Pigs

Pigs that are sick, disabled, injured, or fatigued, should not be loaded and transported.

Such pigs may be loaded, segregated, and taken directly to a slaughter facility, provided that such transport does not cause additional suffering. These pigs should be loaded last, and unloaded first.

Severely disabled pigs should not be loaded for transport. Such pigs should be humanely euthanized at the operation, or, after veterinary approval, be slaughtered on the operation, and the carcass transported to an abbatoir for processing.

Pigs that become sick or injured during transport should receive attention as soon as possible. Downer pigs must be either euthanized or slaughtered on the truck. They must not be dragged alive off of the truck.

3) Pregnant Sows

Pregnant sows should not be shipped to slaughter if the sow is within six weeks of her anticipated farrowing date.

Conclusion

Humane handling and transportation of pigs is a priority for everyone in the pig business. Careless or inhumane handling of pigs will not be tolerated by the industry or by society at large. Federal and provincial regulations are in place to deal with regulatory aspects of pig transportation. In addition, the Recommended Code of Practice for the Humane Transportation of Animals is now in its final stage of development. This will be a very valuable guide for the producers and transporters on all matters related to pig handling and transportation. Always remember that pig welfare, throughout the handling and transportation phases of production, does not cost - it pays for the pig, the producer, and the consumer.

Provided by Allan Preston, DVM,Manager, Veterinary Field Services,Veterinary Services Branch, Manitoba Agriculture and Food,545 University Cres. Winnipeg Mb R3T 5S6


PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) USED ON PIG OPERATIONS:

Individuals raising pigs are exposed to numerous hazards daily. Fortunately, fatal injuries are rare and serious injuries can be prevented using appropriate protective equipment. Providing a safe workplace will prevent illnesses and injuries to the individual and animals will also benefit (reduced mortalities) and the individual will probably notice economic benefit as well. For example personal protective equipment used on pig operations include:

Eye protection Hand protection N95 dust masks Hearing protection Materials explaining proper safety practices such as lifting, chemical handling, etc. Sort boards Proper clothing – long pants/ shirts, steel-toed boots, etc.

Employee’s Signature: ______________________ Date: ______________________

POWER WASHING PROCEDURES: Power washers generate extremely high pressures. Common sense, good judgment, and caution should be used at all times in order to operate it safely. The wand should be kept away from feet, hands and face at all times. The wand should never be pointed at another person.

When operating the power washer wear eye protection and gloves. Head protection is optional. Do not lock or tie the trigger in the ON position on the power washer wand; this procedure is extremely dangerous.

Become familiar with the chemicals, by reading labels and MSDS’s, being used and the proper procedures or potential hazards when working with a specific chemical.

When applying the chemicals wear chemical resistant gloves, a disposable a mask and eye protection. Some chemicals require chemical resistant coveralls.

Employee’s Signature: _________________________ Date: ____________________


EQUIPO PROTECCIONISTA PERSONAL (PPE) USADO EN FUNCIONAMIENTOS DE CERDOS:

Individuos que crían cerdos se exponen a numerosos riesgos diariamente. Afortunadamente, las lesiones fatales son raras y las lesiones serias pueden prevenirse usando el equipo proteccionista apropiado. Proporcionar un lugar de trabajo seguro prevendrá enfermedades y lesiones a los individuos y los animales también se beneficiarán (mortalidades reducidas) y el individuo probablemente también notará beneficio económico. Por ejemplo equipos proteccionistas personales usados en funcionamientos de cerdos incluyen:

Protección de ojos Protección de manos Máscaras para polvo N95 Protección para oídos Materiales que explican la practica de seguridad apropiada como levantar, manejo

químico, etc., Tablas para apartar Ropa apropiada - pantalones largos / camisas, botas con punta de acero, etc.,

Firma del Empleado: _________________________ Fecha: ________________________

PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LAVADO DE PRESION : Las lavadoras de presión generan presiones sumamente altas. Uso del sentido común, buen criterio, y cuidado deberán usarse en todo momento para poder operarlo con seguridad. La pistola debe mantenerse retirada de los pies, manos y cara en todo momento. La pistola nunca debe apuntarse a otra persona.

Al operar la lavadora de presión use protección de ojos y guantes. Protección para la cabeza es opcional. No atranque, o ate el gatillo en la posición de ON (prendido) en la pistola de la lavadora de presión; este procedimiento es sumamente peligroso.

Familiarizarse con los químicos, leer las etiquetas y las MSDS, que se están usando y los procedimientos apropiados o riesgos potenciales al trabajar con un químico específico.

Al aplicar los químicos use guantes resistentes a químicos, una máscara desechable y protección de ojos. Algunos químicos requieren de overoles resistentes a químicos.

Firma del Empleado: __________________________ Fecha: ______________________


OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS ON SWINE FARMS:

IntroductionIndividuals raising swine are exposed to numerous hazards daily. Fortunately, fatal injuries are rare and serious injuries can be prevented using appropriate protective equipment. Providing a safe workplace not only prevents illness and injury on the operation but the animals will also benefit (reduced mortalities) and the operator will probably notice economic benefit as well. This paper will discuss several health and safety topics involving working on swine facilities: needlestick injuries, zoonotic infections, back injuries and repetitive motion disorders, weather-related injuries, respiratory problems, hearing loss, and electrical and mechanical injuries.

Needlestick InjuriesNeedles are used to vaccinate, give medications, and draw blood from swine. Needles may cause puncture injuries or lacerations if the needle slips as the animal is moving or when the individual is recapping a used needle. Occasionally, the individuals wound may be contaminated with animal waste and subsequent infection may occur. Additionally, an individual may have an allergy to a medication used to treat the animal. For example, if an individual has a penicillin allergy and, while treating a hog with antibiotic containing penicillin the individual accidently inoculates them self, they may suffer severe allergic reaction to the penicillin.

Individuals with asthma or are currently pregnant are at risk when using prostaglandins. Accidental ingestion may trigger an asthma attack or induce labor. There is a theoretical risk of developing an infection from injecting a modified live viral or bacterial product. This risk is heightened in individuals with an immunocompromising condition, such as AIDS.

Zoonotic InfectionsA zoonotic infection is one that can be transmitted between animals and man. Several swine infections can be transmitted to humans, some with potentially serious outcomes. Included among the diseases which may occur from exposure to zoonotic agents in swine are: brucellosis, erysipeloid, streptococcus suis meningitis, ascariasis, swine influenza, scabies, ringworm, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, salmonellosis, trichinosis, and cysticercosis.

In a study of swine veterinarians, 13% reported a zoonotic infection during their career. Additionally, in meat-packing facilities, outbreaks of brucellosis have been reported. Toxoplasmosis is a risk for the fetus of a pregnant individual, and streptococcus suis meningitis may be fatal and permanent hearing loss has been reported in survivors.

Fortunately, many zoonotic infections can be prevented by using good personal hygiene methods, i.e., primarily good hand washing. Additionally, certain infections, such as cysticercosis and trichinosis are primarily due to the ingestion of improperly cooked meat and pose less of an occupational risk to swine handlers. All employees should insure that they have had a tetanus immunization within the last ten years.

If possible, all animals that are sick should be isolated from healthy animals and special attention paid while handling these animals. Any injury that occurs should be immediately

cleaned with soap and water. If signs of infection develop such as pus, redness around the site, swelling or fever occur, then medical attention should be sought. Any prolonged


unexplained illness should also be evaluated by a physician.

Noise Individuals are exposed to loud noises from both animals and equipment on the facility. Studies have even detected noise induced hearing damage in teenagers that work on facilities. In swine facilities, noise levels may easily exceed 95 decibels during feeding time and bleeding of hogs. Noise levels up to 110- 115 decibels have been recorded. OSHA limit in general industry for noise exposure is to 90 decibels over an eight hour work shift.

Excessive exposure to noise, beside causing hearing loss, can also result in psychological and possibly physiologic damage to the body. The use of ear plugs are highly recommended. A periodic audiogram can be used to determine if there is evidence of hearing loss and whether it’s stable or progressive. Loud equipment should be inspected and parts well lubricated. Other ways of reducing noise levels include improving handling procedures, facility design and using low noise fans. Although expensive an automatic or mechanically assisted feeding system can be installed to feed all hogs at once. This reduces noise from hogs waiting to be fed and reduces the amount of time it takes to feed them.

Electrical and Mechanical Injuries Many injuries occur on a facility due to running into or being hit by equipment. Occasionally head injuries occur from hitting overhead equipment when the individual is moving around or stands up. Fans that are not properly shielded may result in serious cuts if accidentally touched. Another frequently reported injury among swine individuals was due to the use of hog snares. Presumably, head injuries occur as result of the snare slipping out of an assistant’s hand and hitting the individual who is kneeling or bending over the snared hog. Unguarded chains, sprockets and pulleys may act as pinch points. Lacerations, avulsion injuries, or crushing injuries may occur.

Electrical shocks may occur from damaged cords or light sockets. Improper grounding, stray voltage and faulty wiring in addition to wet surfaces and metal pins which serve as good electrical conductors place individuals at risk for electrocution. Additionally, damage to electrical wires is also a fire hazard. All equipment should be properly guarded and routinely maintained. Guards should always be replaced after removal for equipment repair. Fans should be screened to comply with pertinent regulations.

Weather ExtremesWorking in extreme temperatures may present many hazards to swine individuals. Very cold conditions aggravate pre-existing health problems, such as Raynaud's disease, asthma, and diabetes. Frostbite and hypothermia may occur. Snow and ice on walkways also increase the risk of falls. At high temperatures, physical exertion may lead to heat exhaustion, dehydration, heat cramps, heat rashes, and heat strokes.

Individuals should properly dress for the weather, preferably in layered clothing. Regular breaks and adequate amounts of water should be readily available. Individuals should be encouraged to drink water to prevent dehydration during the summer. The use of cap and gloves will help to prevent heat loss during the winter months.

Repetitive Motion Disorders An epidemic of repetitive motion disorders is occurring in general industry. Possible causes include increased demands for production, out-of-shape individuals, inadequate education on


prevention of injuries, and poor tool design. The swine industry frequently reports similar problems.

Sources of injury in swine individuals include lifting or moving swine, handling feed, and while vaccinating or bleeding swine. Improper lifting, bending or stooping frequently strains the muscles in the back. Occasionally the back pain may be so severe that the individual experiences lost work time. The individual should be adequately educated on proper lifting techniques, i.e., lifting at the knees without twisting while keeping the load close to the body. The use of back belts is controversial. Job rotation may be another option that allows muscles time to recover from overuse.

Frequent injections or bleeding of swine is associated with complaints of wrist or arm pain. If recovery time between these activities is insufficient and forceful, awkward postures are involved, then the risk for developing a repetitive motion disorder is high. Conditions such as tendinitis, tenosynovitis, and carpal tunnel syndrome may occur. To prevent these injuries from occurring, the individual should try to alternate hands and maintain their wrist in neutral positions. Knee pads will help decrease pressure on the knees. Hand stretching exercises may also be useful. There is a need for a multiple injection needle which can be reused and requires little force to work the equipment effectively.

Respiratory Health Many swine individuals have complaints of shortness of breath, cough, runny nose, eye irritation, and difficulty breathing. The longer a person works in a swine confinement building, the more likely they are to complain of these respiratory symptoms.

Numerous types of organic and inorganic dust, as well as several different gases, are present inside swine confinement buildings. Additionally, microorganisms, endotoxins, and mycotoxins are present. The dust comes from a variety of sources, including the feed, bedding materials, dried animal excrement, insect parts, and animal dander, to name a few. The dust can serve as either an irritant or occasionally an allergen. Symptoms from exposure include cough (16-67% of workers), nasal irritation (23-45%), phlegm (14-56%), eye irritation (8-39%), chest tightness (5-36%), and headaches (6-37%).

Numerous gases are also generated in confinement facilities. Gases of most concern include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. Gases can irritate the airways causing similar symptoms as noted above. Additionally, gases may displace oxygen causing an oxygen depleted atmosphere which results in asphyxiation. Certain gases such as hydrogen sulfide may also interfere with oxygen utilization by cells causing a cessation of aerobic respiration leading to cell death. Methane may also be an explosion hazard.

The use of improperly ventilated power washers is a source of carbon monoxide, and manure pits are the primary source of hydrogen sulfide generation. Several deaths have occurred when individuals have entered a manure pit without the appropriate respiratory equipment. Warning signs should be placed at the entrance to these pits. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health recommends a self-contained breathing apparatus and a buddy system when an individual plans to enter a manure pit.

Endotoxins and mycotoxins may be responsible for the condition known as Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome. This condition is similar to the flu with headaches, muscle aches, and fatigue


occurring a few hours after working in a confinement building. The symptoms usually last from 24-48 hours and then resolve.

The use of a two-strapped dust mask will filter out most dust and microbes; however, dust masks are not effective for gases. Chemical cartridge respirators can be used for gas filtration; however, they are often bulky and may be difficult to use. Frequent use of dust masks may prevent respiratory illness from occurring. Only a self contained breathing apparatus should be worn when entering a manure pit or other confined space on the facility.

Another method to decrease dust and gas concentrations is by engineering controls. Properly operated fans and vents, the use of feed covers, and possibly certain feed additives can decrease the amount of dust produced. Gas-powered equipment should be properly maintained and ventilated. While no standard exists for exposure levels for dust and gas concentrations in swine confinement buildings, Dr. Kelly Donham has suggested the following levels as a goal to decrease the chance of developing disease.

· Ammonia 7 ppm · Endotoxins 0.08 micrograms/cubic meter· Total dust 2.4 mg/cubic meter · Carbon Dioxide 1,540 ppm

While simple calorimetric devices are available to measure gas concentrations inside a swine confinement building, there are no simple devices available to measure dust and endotoxin levels. However, if management notices problems in the herd or among individuals, it is a good idea to have the levels determined and appropriate corrective factors instituted.

Take-Home Message Individuals that work with swine are at risk of developing injury illness from their work. By following safety rules, using two-strap dust masks and ear plugs, avoiding entry into waste storage pits without a self-contained breathing apparatus, and by practicing good personal hygiene, most problems can be avoided. Research is currently being conducted on detection methods for gas concentration determinations that an individual could easily utilize to evaluate air quality in the building.

Suggested Readings1. American Lung Association of Iowa: livestock confinement dust and gases, agricultural respiratory hazards education series,

unit IV, Ames, IA, Jan 1986.2. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health: preventing death of farm workers in manure pits, NIOSH Alert, Cincinnati,

OH, May 1990.3. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health: NIOSH warns of deadly carbon monoxide hazard from using pressure

washers indoors, NIOSH Update, Cincinnati, OH, May 1993.4. Derthrick S., Bottcher R., Langley R., McLymore R.: Swine buildings and worker health, NC Cooperative Extension Service,

Raleigh, NC, 1994.5. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health: Preventing organic dust toxic syndrome, NIOSH Alert, Cincinnati, OH,

April 1994.6. National Pork Producers Council: Making buildings a safer place to work, Des Moines, IA, 1991.7. Duxbury-Berg L.: Producer recalls tragic tell of manure pit deaths, National Hog Farmer, May 1994.8. Hafer A.: A detailed analysis of occupational health and safety hazards of swine veterinarians in United States, Masters Project,

School of the Environment, Duke University, 1995.9. Donham K.,Reynolds S., Whitten P., Merchant J., Burmeister, Poppendorf W.: Respiratory dysfunction in swine production

facility workers:dose-response relationship of environmental exposures and pulmonary function,Amer J Ind Med,vol 27(3), March 1995.


Provided by Rick Langley, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710


NEEDLE SAFETY AND DISPOSAL OF THE NEEDLE:

Using needles to give shots can be dangerous to you or any employee, so use extreme caution when giving shots. Keep the plastic cover on the needle whenever you are not currently giving a shot. Be aware as to what medication you have in the syringe at all times and surrounding hazards that are near by. Be cautious; you must pay attention when giving shots to not poke yourself or others. Do not dispose needles in the pit. Needles should be disposed in the following manner:

Place all plastic needle covers and used needles in a closed container such as a coffee can, jug, etc. and label it “Sharps” container.

When the container is full seal and dispose the container at your local dump as medical materials. (Contact your local dump to get an understanding on how to dispose of the needles properly. Remember to keep all paperwork for future reference.)

Employee’s Signature: ________________________ Date: _____________________

DISEASE PREVENTION IN HUMANS ON PIG OPERATIONS: Whenever working with livestock or around livestock equipment, it is recommended to take necessary precautions to prevent any type of possible infections. The following diseases are examples which maybe contracted: staphylococcus and streptococcus infections, Brucellosis, tetanus, Leptospirosis, and Erysipelas. Due to the concern; listed below are recommendations to follow when working in pig production operations.

Make sure your tetanus immunization is current. Wear plastic sleeves when assisting a farrowing sow. Wear exam gloves when performing the following tasks:

1. Assisting boars2. Bleeding3. Disposing placenta, stillborns, and mummies4. Castration5. Handling wet newborn pigs6. Posting7. Vulva inspections

Treat all cuts, scratches, and wounds with a disinfecting agent and a bandage, etc. immediately.

Employee’s Signature: _______________________ Date: _________________________


SEGURIDAD DE AGUJA Y DISPOSICIÓN DE LA AGUJA: Usar agujas para inyectar puede ser peligroso para usted o cualquier empleado, por lo tanto use extrema cautela cuando inyecte. Mantenga puesta la tapadera de plástico en la aguja mientras no esté inyectando. Este consciente sobre qué medicina tiene en la jeringa en todo momento y de los riesgos de alrededor que estén cerca. Sea cauteloso; debe prestar atención al poner inyecciones para no picarse usted mismo o a otros. No se deshaga de las agujas en el hoyo. Debe deshacerse de las agujas de la siguiente manera: Ponga todas las tapaderas de plástico de las agujas y agujas usadas en un recipiente cerrado como un bote de café, jarro, etc. y etiquete como recipiente para “Cortantes” . Cuando el recipiente este lleno, séllelo y deshágase del recipiente en su basurero local como materiales médicos. (Contacte su basurero local para obtener un entendimiento sobre cómo deshacerse de las agujas apropiadamente. Acuérdese de guardar todo el papeleo para futura referencia) Firma del Empleado: __________________________ Fecha: ______________________

PREVENCIÓN DE ENFERMEDAD EN HUMANOS EN LOS FUNCIONAMIENTOS DE CERDOS:

Siempre que trabaje con ganado o alrededor de equipo de ganado, se recomienda tomar las precauciones necesarias para prevenir cualquier tipo de infecciones posibles. Las siguientes enfermedades son ejemplos que pueden ser contraídas: estafilococo e infecciones del estreptococo, Brucelosis, tétano, Leptospirosis, y Erisipelas. Debido a la preocupación; abajo hay una lista de recomendaciones a seguir al trabajar en funcionamientos de producción de cerdos.

Asegúrese de que su inmunización contra el tétano este actual. Use guantes de plástico (de manga) al ayudar a una marrana a parir. Use guantes para examinar al realizar las siguientes tareas:

1. Al ayudar a los marranos enteros2. Al sacar sangre para examen 3. Para deshacerse de la placenta, marranos nacidos muertos, y momias 4. Castración 5. Al manejar marranitos mojados recién nacidos6. Al realizar una autopsia 7. Al inspeccionar la vulva

Trate todas las cortadas, rasguños, y heridas con un agente para desinfectar y un curita, etc. inmediatamente.

Firma del Empleado: _______________________ Fecha: _______________________


PROTECTING YOURSELF FROM PIG DISEASES:

Introduction

Generally speaking, workers on pig farms are more at risk from mechanical/electrical injury (e.g., tractors, fans, and augers) than microorganisms. However, recent political activity, in the USA in particular, has sensationalized those diseases transmissible from pigs to people (zoonotic diseases). Potential pathogens are numerous and include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi but most infections are mild and easily prevented with simple procedures such as wearing protective gear and hand washing.

This is not to trivialize the fact that some people are particularly susceptible to, and severely incapacitated by, some diseases that are carried by some hogs. For example, an immuno-compromised person may suffer extraordinarily from a Salmonella infection contracted on a pig farm but that is the exception, not the rule. A recent study (Fowler 1998) demonstrated that despite a four fold increase in hog population in North Carolina there has been no increase in the number of cases of Salmonellosis reported.

Transmission

For diseases to be transmitted from hogs to people the causative organism (pathogen) must be either ingested, inoculated, or inhaled. Knowing this presents a clear opportunity to prevent infection. For example, if people washed their hands before handling food or touching their mouths, the likelihood of accidentally ingesting any pathogen, e.g., Salmonella, Toxoplasma, or Campylobacter, would drop dramatically. Factors that will increase the susceptibility of individual workers include stress, fatigue, poor general health, pregnancy, immunosuppression, and age.

Ingestion:

Many, if not most, of the zoonotic diseases for pig farmers are acquired by eating the infectious organism. Breaking the fecal-oral cycle depends on simple personal hygiene. At work, you should always wash your hands before eating, smoking, or touching your mouth.

Inoculation:

Tetanus is the most serious disease for pig farmers that is transmitted by inoculation. Every farm worker should be vaccinated for tetanus.

Inhalation:

Although the inhalation of dust and other matter can be a health hazard it is not the usual mode of transmission for zoonotic pathogens. The major exception is the transmission of Streptococcus suis. Because children can be severely affected by Streptococcus suis they should wear face masks when working with pigs. Fortunately, cases are rare.


Bacteria

Bacteria are single-celled organisms with cell walls. They are characterized by shape as cocci, bacilli and spirilla and differentiated based on gram stain and other biochemical tests. They are usually considered to be either gram positive or gram negative.

Disease and Agent Usual Symptoms Worst outcome Transmission Prevention

Increased Risk for fetus or females

Notes

Anthrax, Bacillus anthracis

Skin form: itchy, then vesicles, then necrosis. Lung form: fever, weakness, difficulty breathing, death. Intestinal form: weakness, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, wasting.

Death if patient is not treated.

Ingestion or inhalation of spores.

Wash hands, general personal hygiene.

NO

Not usually associated with pigs or pig workers

Brucellosis,B. suis Flu-like symptoms Death rarelyEradicated in NC and most of USA

Campylobacter, C. jejuni Diarrhea, abdominal pain, malaise, fever, nausia, and vomiting

Prolonged illness Ingestion


NO

Erysipeloid.E. rhusiopathiae

Red, dark, swollen lesions often on hands.


Handling pigs/pork, skin wounds


NO

Leptospirosis,Leptospira interrogans Flu-like symptoms Death rarely

Inoculation when contact pig's urine but can be inhaled or ingested.

wear protective clothing

Yes, fetus may die.

Staphylococcosis, Staphyloccus aureus Varies

Endocarditis is potentially fatal

Ingest, inoculateWash hands, general personal hygiene.

NOrare interspecies transfer

Streptococcosis, Streptococcus suis Fever

Permanent hearing loss, death

Inhale, ingest Wash hands, face mask. NO interspecies

spread is rare

Tetanus,Clostridium tetani Muscle spasmsDeath. Case fatality is 30-90%.

Inoculation Vaccination and clean all wounds. NO

Tuberculosis,M. avium Cough blood, sweating at night, cough, fever,


< or> Wash hands, general personal hygiene.

NO

fewer than 100 human cases of M. avium confirmed

YersiniaY. enterocolitica Fever, diarrhea, joint pain Ingestion


NO The pig is the usual reservoir.

Vaccines are generally not available for bacterial diseases listed above.


Viruses

Viruses are classified depending on how they look under a microscope, their outer shell, and the type of genetic material (RNA or DNA). Viruses cannot multiply outside the host cell. Outside the host they can live for only a few hours to a few weeks.

Nipah:

This newly identified virus has killed about 103 people in Malaysia. The epidemic started in 1997 with an outbreak of encephalitis among pig-farm workers in the state of Perak in Malaysia. The virus, which is transmitted from pigs to humans, swept through more than half of Malaysia's thirteen states. By May 1999, the Malaysian Ministry of Health, in association with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, reported 258 cases of encephalitis in adults, with a case-fatality rate of almost 40%. Initially, the causative agent was thought to be Japanese encephalitis virus because that was common in the area. The abnormal (for JEV) clinical signs led researchers to search for another agent. They eventually identified another virus that they named Nipah after the Malaysian village where it claimed its first victim. To prevent its spread, the Malaysian government ordered the destruction of about 1 million pigs. The virus has been isolated from humans, pigs, dogs, cats, horses, goats and bats and it has basically ruined the pig-farming industry in most of Malaysia. Nipah virus has not been identified in the USA.

Menangle:

This is a very rare virus and only one outbreak in New South Wales, Australia has been identified. It caused flu-like symptoms in people. It is also carried by fruit bats.

Influenza:

The first thing to realize is that swine flu and human influenza (Spanish Flu which killed 20 million to 40 million people in 1918 and 1919) were not caused by the same virus--they had a common ancestor. However, the epithelial cells of pigs seem to have receptors for both human and avian influenza and that supports the idea that pigs may be the mixing vessel wherein human pathogens my develop. To keep on top of the situation public health officials should monitor human clinical flu outbreaks and determine which type is involved.

Hepatitis-E:

HEV was experimentally reproduced in swine in Russia in 1990. Subsequently, studies by US and Nepalese investigators in the Kathmandu Valley found that 33% of pigs had evidence of past or current infection. About 9% of pig workers had antibodies to the virus. Work in the USA seems to indicate that swine HEV is genetically very distinct from the HEV strains previously compared. It is very closely related to HEV US-1 and US-2. Indications are that swine HEV and the US human HEV strains together form a distinct branch. Experimentally, cross-species infection has been demonstrated for this new branch of HEV strains. Therefore, it is possible that swine-to-human HEV infection is occurring. HEV has the potential to infect people working with pigs. Results of recent sero-survey of large-animal veterinarians in the mid-west revealed that about 10% had antibodies to HE-these infections were probably entirely subclinical. The risk that HEV represents to people on hog farms, or the risk that it may be transmitted to their families or to other members of the community, is unknown. There are no data suggesting economic losses due to HEV infections in swine.


Encephalomyocarditis:

(EMC) It is an RNA virus. It is rare in humans and not fatal.

Internal Parasites

Ascariasis:

Caused by the worm Ascaris suum. Ingestion of the ova sets up a transient infection in humans. It is easily prevented by hand washing and general personal hygiene.

Balantidiasis:

Caused by Balantidium coli. Humans are very resistant but swine are major source for humans. An infection is acquired by ingestion of the parasite. It is easily prevented by hand washing and general personal hygiene

Toxoplasmosis:

Caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Workers can acquire an infection by eating pork containing cysts or ingesting the oocysts excreted by cats that live around the hog operation. It is easily prevented by hand washing and general personal hygiene and not eating undercooked pork.

Cryptosporidiosis:

Caused by a coccidian protozoa, Cryptosporidium parvum, that causes diarrhea, vomiting, wasting, and abdominal pain. Some people may have no symptoms. In the worst cases it can cause severe prolonged diarrhea with wasting and death. It is transmitted through contaminated water and the directly through the fecal-oral route. It is easily prevented by hand washing and general personal hygiene.

Fungi

Ringworm:

Caused by a variety of fungi. The commonest cause in swine is Microsporum nanum. In humans they cause scaly lesions with itching and hair loss. It is easily prevented by hand washing and general personal hygiene.

Mites

Scabies:

In swine the organism is Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis which can live on people but not reproduce on them. In other words, humans are a dead-end host for the pig scabies mite.


Infection

Human's susceptibility to any disease depends on many factors starting at the most basic level of innate resistance. For example, humans are innately resistant to PRV and TGE because our cells do not have the particular characteristics of pig cells that enable PRV and TGE virus to infect the cells and cause disease. Many pig diseases fit into this category, however, for some we do not have this innate resistance and we are susceptible. Fortunately, just because the hazard exists does not mean that any time the organism is present in the environment that we are going to be infected and to get sick. Out general health status and (specifically our immune status) provides further protection. In addition, we must be infected with an adequate dose of the organism or it will fail to establish an infection.

Take-Home Message

Wash your hands before you eat or smoke.

Wear gloves when you handle infectious material, e.g., abortion material.

Wash your work-clothes at work.

Treat and cover all cuts and lacerations.

Eat in the lunchroom only.

Seek treatment if you are ill and tell the physician that you work with hogs.

Keep children out of the unit or insist they wear a facemask.

Never kiss a pig!

Inform immuno-compromised people of the hazards of pig farming.

Suggested reading

Safety and Health in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries. Ricky Langley, Robert McLymore, William Meggs, and Gary Roberson. Government Institutes.

Fowler GF, Xanthakos S, and Corey GR. Of Hogs and Men. Does North Carolina's hog industry raise the risks of infectious diseases? North Carolina Medical Journal, Vol 59, 1998, pages 12-15.

Abram Benenson, Control of Communicable Diseases Manual 1995 (16th Ed). American Public Health Association.

Zoonosis Updates, from the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, second edition, published by the American Veterinary Medical Association, Schaumburg, Illinois, 1995.

Provided by W.E. Morgan Morrow, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC 27695-7621

andRicky Langley, N.C. Dept. Environment and Natural Resources

Raleigh, NC 27699-1912

http://mark.asci.ncsu.edu/HealthyHogs/book1999/morrow.htmColorado Livestock Association Safety Reference Manual 24-J

http://mark.asci.ncsu.edu/HealthyHogs/book1999/morrow.htm

MANURE GAS ON PIG OPERATIONS:

Manure within enclosed buildings generates gases that have the potential to be both toxic and asphyxiating if improperly managed. The gasses listed below are considered dangerous due to the potential effects from exposure.

Gas Odor Density Effects ImpactAmmonia Bitter/sharp Lighter than air1 Irritation to eyes and more Prolonged exposure

may make pigs susceptible to respiratory diseases

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

None Heavier than air2 Drowsiness, headache. Can be asphyxiating.

Most of the gas in manure is CO2. Vigorous agitation of stored manure creates a “slug” of CO2.

Hydrogen sulfideH2S

Rotten egg smell Heavier than air Toxic: causes headache, dizziness, nausea, unconsciousness, and death.

Dangerous amounts can be released by agitating stored manure. The rotten egg smell is not detectable in high amounts of H2S.

Methane(CH4)

None Lighter than air Headache, asphyxia (can displace oxygen), explosive in 5-15% mixture of CH4 with air.

Not a toxic gas, explosions attributed to methane have occurred around manure pits.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)-Combustion byproduct

None Heavier than air Impairment of judgment and visual perception. Headache, dizziness, and weariness, unconsciousness and death.

Gas isn’t related to decomposition, but in confinement during periods when heaters are in use.

1 - “Lighter than air” means that the gas will rise to the highest place possible. 2. - “Heavier than air” means that the gas will sink to the lowest place possible.

Because of the potential for toxic gas build up, manure pits should be well ventilated. A standby person should be in constant contact with the worker in the pit. That standby person should be prepared and physically capable of lifting the worker to safety with mechanical lifting equipment (winch, hoist, or pulley) should the need arise. Anyone entering a manure pit should wear a safety belt or harness with a lifeline tied to mechanical lifting equipment.

Hot weather results in increased gas accumulation in manure pits. A motor-powered, continuous fresh air ventilation system for each manure pit is not only important, it is essential, especially when pit agitation is initiated. There should be a minimum of two vent openings and the system should have an explosion-proof design, since methane and hydrogen sulfide gas can be explosive. Exhaust should be directed outside and away from workers and animals.

Employee’s Signature: ______________________________ Date: ________________________


GAS DE ESTIERCOL EN FUNCIONAMIENTOS DE CERDOS:

El estiércol dentro de edificios encerrados genera gases que tienen el potencial tanto de ser tóxicos como asfixiadores si se manejan inadecuadamente. Los gases listados debajo son considerados peligrosos debido a los efectos potenciales de exposición.

Gases Olor Densidad Efectos ImpactoAmoníaco Agrio / notable Mas liviano que

el aire 1Irritante a los ojos y mas Exposición prolongada

pueda hacer a los marranos susceptibles a enfermedades respiratorias

Dióxido de carbono (CO2)

Ninguno Más pesado que el aire2

Adormecimiento, dolor de cabeza. Puede ser asfixiante.

La mayoría del gas en el estiércol es CO2. Agitación vigorosa de estiércol guardado crea un “fuerte volumen ” de CO2.

Sulfuro de hidrógeno H2S

olor a huevo podrido

más pesado que el aire

Tóxico: causa dolor de cabeza, mareo, náusea, inconsciencia, y muerte.

Cantidades peligrosas pueden ser desprendidas al agitar el estiércol guardado. El olor a huevo podrido no es perceptible en cantidades altas de H2S.

Metano (CH4) Ninguno Mas liviano que el aire

Dolor de cabeza, asfixia (puede desplazar al oxígeno), 5-15% explosivo en mezcla de CH4 con aire.

No es un gas tóxico, explosiones atribuidas al metano han ocurrido alrededor de hoyos de estiércol.

Monóxido de carbono (CO) subproducto de combustión

Ninguno Más pesado que el aire

Deterioro de juicio y percepción visual. Dolor de cabeza, mareo y cansancio, inconsciencia y muerte.

No se relaciona el gas con la descomposición, solamente en encierros durante periodos en que los calentones están en uso.

1 - “Mas liviano que el aire” significa que el gas subirá al lugar más alto que sea posible. 2. - “Más pesado que el aire” significa que el gas se hundirá al lugar más bajo que sea posible.

Debido a la acumulación potencial de gas tóxico, deben ventilarse bien los hoyos de estiércol. Una persona en espera debe estar en contacto continuo con el trabajador que esta en el hoyo. Esa persona que esta en espera debe estar preparada y ser físicamente capaz de levantar al trabajador a una seguridad con el equipo de levantamiento mecánico (torno, alzamiento, o polea) en caso de que hubiera necesidad de levantarlo. Cualquiera que entre en un hoyo de estiércol deberá llevar un cinturón de seguridad o guarnición con una cuerda salva-vidas atada al equipo de levantamiento mecánico. El tiempo caliente es el resultado del aumento de la acumulación de gas en los hoyos de estiércol. Un sistema de ventilación de aire fresco continuo, a base de motor de fuerza para cada hoyo de estiércol no sólo es importante, sino esencial, sobre todo cuando la agitación del hoyo se comienza. Debe haber un mínimo de dos aperturas de ventilación y el sistema debe tener un plan de diseño a prueba de explosión, puesto que el metano y el gas de sulfuro de hidrógeno pueden ser explosivos. La descarga debe dirigirse hacia afuera y lejos de los trabajadores y animales.


Firma del Empleado:_____________________________Fecha:_____________________

EMPLOYEE SYMPTOMS OF ILLNESSES RESULTING FROM PIG CONFINEMENT OPERATIONS:

Symptoms: Prevalence:* Cough 67%* Sputum or phlegm 56%* Scratchy throat 54%* Runny nose 45%* Burning or watering eyes 39%* Headaches 37%* Tightness of chest 36%* Shortness of breath 30%* Wheezing 27%* Muscle aches and pains 25% ** Bronchitis: smoking is associated with increased frequency and more severe symptoms of bronchitis.

METHODS TO HELP AIR QUALITY ON PIG OPERATIONS:

The National Pork Producers Council recently conducted a study on pig dust. Al Heber, an agricultural engineer who specializes in air quality control, found pig dusts caused delayed fever, chills and muscle aches and pains in people exposed to excessive amounts of organic dusts. “One out of 10 agriculture workers experience these symptoms, but most of them treat it as the flu,” Heber said. Heber recommends the following to help air quality...especially for pig producers.

Increase ventilation airflow. Consider ventilation rates to remove particles without wasting heat. In heated buildings for smaller pigs, air-to-air heat exchangers may increase the minimum winter ventilation rate without higher energy bills. Change filters frequently.

Improve air circulation. Make sure that the distribution inlets are managed and operated properly to avoid dead spots.

Use feed additives. Adding tallow or soybean oil to pig finishing feed reduces dustiness. Keep the operation clean. Sweep or power-wash occasionally to remove the buildup of

dry material on the floor and other surfaces. Wear N95 mask. Isolate your lungs from dust with a N95 mask. Make sure the mask is comfortable and

easy to maintain (most dust masks are disposable) and does not restrict breathing.


Employee’s Signature: ________________________ Date:______________________

SINTOMAS DE ENFERMEDADES DEL EMPLEADO COMO RESULTADO DE FUNCIONAMIENTOS DE ENCIERRO DE CERDOS:

Síntomas: Predominio: * Tos 67% * Saliva o flema 56% * Comezón en la garganta 54% * Nariz mucosa 45% * Ojos ardiendo o llorando 39% * Dolores de cabeza 37% * Estrechez de pecho 36% * Corto de respiración 30% * Resuello ruidoso 27% * Dolor de músculo 25% * * Bronquitis: fumar esta asociado con la frecuencia aumentada y síntomas mas severos de bronquitis.

MÉTODOS PARA AYUDAR LA CALIDAD AÉREAEN LOS FUNCIONAMIENTOS DE CERDOS:

El Concilio Nacional de Productores de Cerdos recientemente dirigió un estudio acerca del polvo de cerdos. Al Heber, un ingeniero agrícola que se especializa en el control de calidad del aire, encontró que los polvos de cerdos causaron fiebre tardada, fríos y dolor de músculos y músculos adoloridos en personas expuestas a cantidades excesivas de polvos orgánicos. “Uno de cada 10 obreros de agricultura experimentan estos síntomas, pero la mayoría de ellos la tratan como una gripe” dijo Heber. Heber recomienda lo siguiente para ayudar la calidad del aire...especialmente para productores de cerdos.

Aumente la ventilación de corriente de aire. Considere el volumen de ventilación para quitar partículas sin gastar calor. En edificios calentados para cerdos más pequeños, intercambio de calor de aire-a-aire puede aumentar la proporción de ventilación invernal mínima sin que los cobros de energía sean más altos. Cambie los filtros frecuentemente.

Mejore la circulación aérea. Asegúrese de que las entradas de distribución se manejen y operen apropiadamente para evitar espacios sin aire.

Use aditivos en el alimento. Agregar sebo o aceite de soja en el alimento acabado reduce el polvo.

Mantenga limpio el funcionamiento. De vez en cuando barra o lave con lavadora de presión para quitar la acumulación de material seco en el suelo y otras superficies. Use la máscara N95.

Aísle sus pulmones del polvo con una máscara N95. Asegúrese de que la máscara sea cómoda y fácil de mantener (la mayoría de máscaras de polvo son desechables) y no restringen la respiración.


Firma del Empleado: ________________________ Fecha:______________________


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