BRT Around the World

Update 2012 and Future Evolution

Dario Hidalgo, PhD

Director Research and Practice, EMBARQ

Bus Rapid Transit Across Latitudes and Cultures

Centre of Excellence

Webinar Series, November 29, 2012

www.embarq.org

Marco Priego

Jorge Macías

Daniela Fachinni

Cristina Albuquerque

Guillermo Petzhold

Magdala Arioli

Mariana Gil

Umang Jain

Aileen Carrigan

Heshuang Zeng

Erin Cooper

www.sibrtonline.org www.brt.cl

SIBRT: 19 Public Agencies from 8 Countries

www.sibrtonline.org

www.brtdata.org

BRT and busway systems in the world # of cities and length (km) per country

source: BRTdata.org, November, 2012

147 cities = 259 corridors = 3,781 km

640 km

2 km

320 km

80 km

1

11 6

6

31

3

1

6

1

13

1

4 1

13

2

2 2

1

5

1

1

2

1

1

1 14

1 1

5 1

1 1

1

3

1

1

3

2

5 1

1

1

1

BRT and busway systems in the world # of cities and daily demand per country (M pax/day)

147 cities = 24,853,863 pax/day

6

6

31

1

6 1

13 1

4 1

2

2 1

5

1

1

2

1

1 14

1

10.5 M

pax/day

1

1

1

11

13 1

3

1

2.5 M

1.5 M

0.5 M

0.05 M

source: BRTdata.org, November, 2012

BRT and busway systems in the world daily demand per region (M pax/day)

Latin America and

the Caribbean

50 cities

146 corridors

16.06 M pax/day

Europe

42 cities

51 corridors

0.94 M pax/day

Asia

25 cities

25 corridors

6.44 M pax/day

USA and Canada

20 cities

27 corridors

0.85 M pax/day

Africa

3 cities

3 corridors

0.24 M pax/day

Oceania

7 cities

7 corridors

0.32 M pax/day

source: BRTdata.org, November, 2012

BRT and busway systems in the world evolution of the # of cities and km per decade

Total length

Before 1990 (14 cities)

1990´s (19 cities)

Since 2000 (114 cities)

493 km

905 km

3781 km

source: BRTdata.org, November, 2012

Evolution of the number of cities per year

BRT and busway systems in the world

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

0

5

10

15

20

25

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Cu

mu

lative

Nu

mb

er

of C

itie

s

Ne

w C

itie

s

2010: Guangzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang – China;

Jaipur - India; Bangkok - Thailand; East London Transit –

UK; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga – Colombia;

Ecatepec- Mexico; Lima - Peru; Brampton – Canada; …

2000: Bogotá

(TransMilenio),

Colombia

1974: Curitiba

source: BRTdata.org, November, 2012

Evolution of total length of systems

BRT and busway systems in the world

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Cu

mu

lative

le

ng

th (

km

)

Co

nstr

ucte

d le

ng

th (

km

)

source: BRTdata.org, November, 2012

BRT and busway systems in the world

source: EMBARQ, 2011

Planned / in

construction

(84 cities)

In expansion

(21 cities)

In operation

(147 cities)

Top Performers 2012

Photo: http://www.unep.org/unite/30ways/story.aspx?storyID=45

Jakarta, Indonesia

134 km

São Paulo, Brasil

2,109,000 pax/day

Istanbul, Turkey

42 km/h

Bogota, Colombia

48,000 pphpd

Photo: TRANSMILENIO S.A.

Guangzhou, China

35,800 pax/day/km

Guangzhou BRT's Gangding Station. Photo by Benjamin.

Guadalajara, Mexico

3,100 pax/day/bus

Photo: CTS EMBARQ México

Photos by D. Hidalgo

Guayaquil, Ecuador

13.2 pax/bus-km

The new kids (LAC):

Photo: CTS EMBARQ Mexico

México City

Line 4 Rio de Janeiro

TransOeste

Bogotá

Phase III

México City

Metrobús 6 years, 95 km

755,000 pax/day

http://www.metrobus.df.gob.mx/mapa.html

+105 km 2013-2018

http://www.metrobus.df.gob.mx/mapa_L4.html

Metrobús Line 4

April 2012

28 km (2 roads bidirectional)

32 stops

2 terminals

2 airport stops

54 Euro V 12m buses (8 hybrid diesel-electic)

Integrated electronic fare collection (on board)

Photo: CTS EMBARQ Mexico

Photo: CTS EMBARQ Mexico

Photo: CTS EMBARQ Mexico

Photo: CTS EMBARQ Mexico

Ph

oto

: CT

S E

MB

AR

Q M

exic

o

Photo: CTS EMBARQ Mexico

Photo: CTS EMBARQ Mexico

Photo: CTS EMBARQ Mexico

Photo: CTS EMBARQ Mexico

Photo: CTS EMBARQ Mexico

Things done well

Adaptive design to

historic district

conditions

Advanced vehicles

New connections -

mass transit corridors

(BRT, Metro) and the

airport

Required improvements

User information

Speed

Reliability

Pedestrian safety

Rio de Janeiro

150 km planned 2012-2016

Photo: EMBARQ Brasil

Transoeste Ligerão

Currently in operation

Since May 2012

40 km of which 32 km

segregated median busways

29 stations, 2 terminals

65 articulated buses

55,000 pax/day

R$ 2,75 (USD 1,36) per trip

Project

56 km of which 48 km

segregated median busways

55 stations, 3 terminals

91 articulated buses

110,000 pax/day by the end

of 2012

220.000 pax/day when

connected to Metro in 2016

31 feeder routes, 147 feeder

buses

Capital investment R$ 1,6

bilion (USD 800 million)

Photo: EMBARQ Brasil

Photo: EMBARQ Brasil

Photo: EMBARQ Brasil

Photo: EMBARQ Brasil

Photo: EMBARQ Brasil

Photo: EMBARQ Brasil

Work in progress (71%)

Very good user ratings (90%, Instituto

Mapear, http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/pesquisa-sobre-brt-

revela-aprovacao-de-90-dos-passageiros-5698633)

20 min time savings

High occupancy

Jaywaking – Run overs

Transoeste Ligerão

http://www.surumbo.com/paginas_php3/loadinfo.php3?InaNuIdMn=311&IngNuEleE=2&

nav=1

TransMilenio, Bogotá 104 km, 2 million pax/day (Dec 2012)

http://www.surumbo.com/paginas_php3/loadinfo.php3?InaNuIdMn=311&IngNuEleE=2&nav=1

http://www.surumbo.com/paginas_php3/loadinfo.php3?InaNuIdMn=311&IngNuEleE=2&

nav=1

Fase III TransMilenio, Bogotá 20 km, 520,000 pax/day (Dec 2012)

http://www.transmilenio.gov.co/AdmContenidoUpload/administrador.contenido/Files/Fase3/Generalidades%20F3.pdf

http://www.surumbo.com/paginas_php3/loadinfo.php3?InaNuIdMn=311&IngNuEleE=2&

nav=1

Fase III TransMilenio, Bogotá 20 km, 520,000 pax/day (Mid 2013)

Eldorado Trunkway

12.2 km

1 Terminal Station

1 Integration Station

12 intermediate

Stations

1 depot

Pedestrian overpass

access, 1 pedestrian

tunnels

Carrera 10ª Trunkway

7.7 km

1 Terminal Station

2 Integration Stations

8 Intermediate Stations

1 depot

2 pedestrian tunnels

At grade pedestrian

access

http://www.transmilenio.gov.co/AdmContenidoUpload/administrador.contenido/Files/Fase3/Generalidades%20F3.pdf

http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/bogota/IMAGEN/IMAGEN-12046587-2.png

http://interpolitico.com/inicio/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/transmilenio12-571x350.jpg

http://www.caracol.com.co/images/1706569_n_vir1

.jpg?u=150637

http://www.caracol.com.co/images/1654864_n_vir1.jpg?

u=151257

Portal Eldorado Troncal Calle 26

Terminal

Photo: Luis Lizarazo, El Tiempo

http://www.elespectador.com/files/img_ipad/fcd890eff2aed371be7a0ec1cee68d5a.jpg

Troncal Calle 26 - Station

Central Station

Urban Renewal Project

(under construction)

http://www.elespectador.com/files/images/201105/7604fe3c744b9c4347f087

bdc4a04dd6.jpg

http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/bogota/IMAGEN/IMAGEN-8939936-2.jpg

Portal del 20 de Julio

Terminal Station

Troncal Carrera 10a

Calle 6 Intersection and Intermediate Terminal

(under construction)

Institu

to d

e D

esa

rro

llo U

rba

no

New Flleet of Biarticulated Buses Euro V

Downton Transit Mall (Eje Ambiental)

Work in progress (60%, expected completion by Feb

2013)

A component of the integrated mass transit system

(SITP), being rolled out

Belated, 6 years

High occupancy in Phases I and II

43 km BRT expansion planned 2013-2015 (+Metro

+Light Rail Transit + Cables)

Phase III TransMilenio, Bogotá

BRT Current Status:

147 worldwide applications; concentration in Latin

America, high growth in Asia and the Pacific

Innovation continues: adapted to local conditions

and needs; new technologies (vehicles and ITS)

High performance, low cost, rapid implementation

Trend: from corridors to citywide integrated systems

Some issues outstanding: reliability, occupancy

Future of BRT Technolgies

Running way guidance

Vehicle propulsion technologies

Information technologies

Fare collection

Planning and controlling operations

Running way guidance/docking

Essen (1980)

Adelaide (1986)

Leeds (1995)

Cambridge (2011)

Cleveland (2011 )

Rouen, France (2001),

Castellón de la Plana,

Spain (2008), Nimes,

France (2010) and Bologna,

Italy (2010).Tested in Las

Vegas, Nevada

Mechanical Optical Magnetic

Eindhoven (2004)

Vehicle propulsion technologies

Diesel - reduction of the fuel´s sulfur content,

engine improvements and filters and catalysts

Compressed natural gas CNG

Liquefied natural gas LNG

Electric (trolleybuses), since 1911, in 315 cities

Hybrid-electric drives

Hydraulic Hybrids

Battery Electric

Hydrogen powered buses

Pollutant Emissions From Buse

http://www.embarq.org/en/pro

ject/sustainable-urban-

transport-fuels-and-vehicles-

program

Authors:

Erin Cooper, Aileen Carrigan

EMBARQ

Magdala Arioli, EMBARQ Brasil

Umang Jain, EMBARQ India

Contributors: Jorge Macias,

Cynthia Menendez, Georg

Schmid, CTS-EMBARQ Mexico

Funding:

Source: Cooper et. al 2012

CO THC NOx PM CO2

LNG High Very High Medium Very Low

E95 Very High Very High Very High Very High

E93 Very High Very High Medium Very High

D50+DPF Low Very Low High Medium High

D50 Medium Very Low High Very High Medium

D15+SCR High Very Low Medium Medium Low

D15+OC Very Low Very Low Medium Medium Medium

D15+Hybrid Very Low Very Low Variable Low Variable

D15+EGR Very Low Very Low Medium Medium Very High

D15+DPF Very Low Very Low High Low Very High

D15 Low Very Low High Very High Very High

D≥150+OC Low Low High Very High Low

D≥150 Medium Low Very High Very High Medium

CNG+OC Very Low Very High High Very Low Medium

CNG+3WC Very Low Low Very Low Very Low Medium

CNG Very High Very High Very High Very Low High

B20 Low Low High Medium High

B100+SCR Medium Very Low Low Low Very Low

B100+EGR Very Low Very Low Medium Medium Low

Source: Cooper et. al 2012

ITS – Fare Collection Advanced contactless smart cards are

the most common media; flexible,

secure, convenient

Technologies:

MIFARE, introduced in 1994, market

share of more than 70%

Octopus, in Honk Kong since 1997:

applications in the Netherlands,

Dubai and New Zealand

Cubic, in 40 markets around the

world

Visa/Mastercard

New: NFC and EMV; for use with

cellular phones; under development

in 80 countries

Advanced route design –

heuristics

Advanced bus and crew

scheduling

Advanced operational

control AVL/CAD

Traffic Signal Priority TSP

Control: holding, early

doors closing, TSP

ITS – Planning and Operations

New Methodology and Results

on Tackling Bus Bunching

Friday, December 14th at 1300 CLST (UTC-3)

Presented by Juan Carlos Munoz, ALC-BRT Director

¡Muchas Gracias!

Volvo Research and Educational

Foundations

Further Reading (2012 ALC-BRT publications)

Hidalgo, D., Gutierrez, L. (2012), BRT and BHLS around the world: Explosive growth, large positive impacts and

many issues outstanding, Research In Transportation Economics, Volume 39, Issue 1, March 2013, Pages 8-13

Hidalgo, D., Huizenga, C. (2012), Implementation of sustainable urban transport in Latin America, Research In

Transportation Economics (In Press, Corrected Proof).

Hidalgo, D., Muñoz, J.C. (2012), A review of technological improvements in BRT and BHLS

12th Conference On Advanced Systems For Public Transport. Santiago, Chile, 23-27 July, 2012.

Hidalgo, D., Pereira, L. Estupiñán, N. and Jiménez, P. L. (2012), TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota, high performance

and positive impact – Main results of an ex-post evaluation, Research In Transportation Economics, , Volume 39, Issue

1, March 2013, Pages 133-138

Jiang, Y., Zegras, C. and Mehndiratta, S. (2012), Walk the line: station context, corridor type and bus rapid transit

walk access in Jinan, China, Journal Of Transport Geography 20, 1 - 14.

Kash, G., Hidalgo, H. (2012), The promise and challenges of integrating public transportation in Bogotá, Colombia,

12th Conference On Advanced Systems For Public Transport. Santiago, Chile, 23-27 July, 2012.

Kash, G., Hidalgo, D. (2012), User perception of Bogotá’s integrated public transport system: trends and

implications for program implementation, Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. Washington, USA, 22-26

January, 2012.

Martinez, L.M., Dai, D., Viegas, J.M. (2012), Evaluation of the traffic control system of open Bus Rapid Transit

corridors: An application to the city of Guangzhou, 12th Conference On Advanced Systems For Public Transport.

Santiago, Chile, 23-27 July, 2012.

Navarrete, F. and Ortúzar, J. de D. (2012), Subjective valuation of the transit transfer experience: the case of

Santiago de Chile, Transportation Research A (Accepted)

O-Bahn, Adelaide, Australia

Opened in 1986

12 Km, guided, $98 MM Aus (including buses), up to 18,000 pax/hour

Km

(Pax/Day)

Type of

Guidance

Capital Cost

(M€)

Cost/Km

(M€)

Teor – Rouen,

France

30

(49,000)

Optical Infra 165

Buses 28

Total 193

Infra 5.5

Buses 0.9

Total 6.4

Spurbus

Essen,

Germany

16 [4]

(17,000)

Kerb Guided Infra N.A.

Buses 0.35/

unit

N.A.

TVRCAS

Castellon,

Spain

2

(3,200)

Optical

(trolleybus)

Infras 22

Buses 8

Total 30

Infra 11.0

Buses 3.8

Total 13.8

Cambridge,

UK

25

(20,000)

Kerb Guided Infra 85

Buses N.A.

Infra 3.4

Source: Finn et al, 2011

Running way guidance costs

Propulsion Standard Articulated Double-

articulated

Diesel 200 300 600

CNG 250 350 650

Hybrid 300 500 850

Trolley 400 650 1,000

Fuel Cell* > 1,000 - -

Examples of Costs of Different Vehicle Technologies in Europe (Thousand €)

Source: Finn et. al (2011) * Not yet in commercial operation

Standard Articulated Double-

Articulated

Diesel 12 m 18 m 25 m

High Floor with

stairs 90-150 NA NA

High Floor

without stairs 130-160 330-365 490-500

Low entry 150-180 NA NA

Low floor 280-310 430-460 630-650

CNG + 20-30%

Hybrid +40-60%

Air Conditioned +15 +35

Reference costs for Euro 5 Vehicles in Mexico (Thousand USD)

Source: Suarez, 2011