28
Chapter 5 Link Layer Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 4 th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, July 2007.
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Chapter 5 Link Layer
Computer Networking A Top Down Approach 4th edition Jim Kurose Keith RossAddison-Wesley July
2007
Ethernet Frame Structure
LAN technology First widely used LAN technology Invented in 1970s evolved over the years Kept up with speed race 10 Mbps ndash 10 Gbps
Sending adapter encapsulates IP datagram in Ethernet frame
Ethernet Unreliable connectionless Connectionless No handshaking between sending
and receiving NICs Unreliable receiving NIC doesnrsquot send acks to
sending NIC stream of datagrams passed to network layer can have
gaps (missing datagrams) gaps will be filled if app is using TCP otherwise app will see gaps
Ethernetrsquos MAC protocol CSMACD
Ethernet CSMACD algorithmCSMACD does the following1 An adapter may begin to transmit at any time
that is no notion of time slots2 An adapter uses carrier sensing3 An adapter aborts its transmission as soon as it
detects collision4 Before attempting a retransmission an adapter
waits a random time
If the propagation delay is very small excellent performance
2nd and 3rd mechanisms are implemented by measuring voltage levels before and during transmission
Each adapter runs CSMACD without explicit coordination with other adapters
Ethernet CSMACD algorithm 1 NIC receives datagram from network layer
creates frame2 If NIC senses channel idle (96 bit times) starts
frame transmission If NIC senses channel busy (plus 96 bit times) waits until channel idle then transmits
3 If NIC transmits entire frame without detecting another transmission NIC is done with frame
4 If NIC detects another transmission while transmitting aborts and sends jam signal Send jamming signal (48 bit) after
collision is detected to insure all hosts see collision
Interestingly the actual format of jam signal is unspecified in the Ethernet specifications Most manufacturers have used alternating 1s and 0s
as jam signal
Ethernet CSMACD algorithm5 After aborting NIC enters exponential
backoff phase after mth collision NIC chooses K at random from 012hellip2m-1 NIC waits K512 bit times returns to Step 2
Ethernet frames are at least 64 bytes (512 bits) At 10Mbps it takes 01us to transmit one bit so 512
bits (64B) take 512us to send The size of set from which K is selected grows
exponentially with the number of collisions 1st time choose K from 01 then delay =
K 512us 2nd time choose K from 0123 then
delay = K 512us nth time delay = K x 512us for K=02n ndash 1
bull Note max value for k = 1023 Give up after several tries (15)
bull Report transmit error to host
State Diagram for CSMACD
Packet
Sense Carrier
Discard Packet
Send Detect Collision
Jam channel b=CalcBackoff()
wait(b)attempts++
No
Yes
attempts lt 16
attempts == 16
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Why uses Exponential Backoff
If delay were not random then there is a chance that sources would retransmit in lock step
Why not just choose from small set for K This works fine for a small number of hosts Large number of nodes would result in
more collisions Does not take into account the collisions that
occurred in the past
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Is CSMACD fair
Introduction to Wireless Networks
Ideal Network
Faster
MoreSecure
EaseAt Home
Manageable
HOT SPOTS
Public NetworksInternet
PUBLICTRANSPORT
VEHICLE
WORK
OUTDOORS
RURAL
HOME
Seamless connectivity to all networks applications amp
services
Anytime Anywhere11
Wired or Wireless The Future
bull Portability
bull Mobilitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location (Roaming)
bull Session continuity while traversing between BS and across diverse networks (Handover)
bull Coveragebull Extend to rural subscribers
bull Areas where wired networks not available 12
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless hostsbull Laptops palmtops PDA desktop computer phonebull WiMAX calls wireless hosts as lsquoCustomer Premises Equipment
(CPE)rsquo
bull Access Pointsbull The base station (BS)bull Responsible for sending and receiving data bull A wireless host is associated with a BS
13
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Ethernet Frame Structure
LAN technology First widely used LAN technology Invented in 1970s evolved over the years Kept up with speed race 10 Mbps ndash 10 Gbps
Sending adapter encapsulates IP datagram in Ethernet frame
Ethernet Unreliable connectionless Connectionless No handshaking between sending
and receiving NICs Unreliable receiving NIC doesnrsquot send acks to
sending NIC stream of datagrams passed to network layer can have
gaps (missing datagrams) gaps will be filled if app is using TCP otherwise app will see gaps
Ethernetrsquos MAC protocol CSMACD
Ethernet CSMACD algorithmCSMACD does the following1 An adapter may begin to transmit at any time
that is no notion of time slots2 An adapter uses carrier sensing3 An adapter aborts its transmission as soon as it
detects collision4 Before attempting a retransmission an adapter
waits a random time
If the propagation delay is very small excellent performance
2nd and 3rd mechanisms are implemented by measuring voltage levels before and during transmission
Each adapter runs CSMACD without explicit coordination with other adapters
Ethernet CSMACD algorithm 1 NIC receives datagram from network layer
creates frame2 If NIC senses channel idle (96 bit times) starts
frame transmission If NIC senses channel busy (plus 96 bit times) waits until channel idle then transmits
3 If NIC transmits entire frame without detecting another transmission NIC is done with frame
4 If NIC detects another transmission while transmitting aborts and sends jam signal Send jamming signal (48 bit) after
collision is detected to insure all hosts see collision
Interestingly the actual format of jam signal is unspecified in the Ethernet specifications Most manufacturers have used alternating 1s and 0s
as jam signal
Ethernet CSMACD algorithm5 After aborting NIC enters exponential
backoff phase after mth collision NIC chooses K at random from 012hellip2m-1 NIC waits K512 bit times returns to Step 2
Ethernet frames are at least 64 bytes (512 bits) At 10Mbps it takes 01us to transmit one bit so 512
bits (64B) take 512us to send The size of set from which K is selected grows
exponentially with the number of collisions 1st time choose K from 01 then delay =
K 512us 2nd time choose K from 0123 then
delay = K 512us nth time delay = K x 512us for K=02n ndash 1
bull Note max value for k = 1023 Give up after several tries (15)
bull Report transmit error to host
State Diagram for CSMACD
Packet
Sense Carrier
Discard Packet
Send Detect Collision
Jam channel b=CalcBackoff()
wait(b)attempts++
No
Yes
attempts lt 16
attempts == 16
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Why uses Exponential Backoff
If delay were not random then there is a chance that sources would retransmit in lock step
Why not just choose from small set for K This works fine for a small number of hosts Large number of nodes would result in
more collisions Does not take into account the collisions that
occurred in the past
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Is CSMACD fair
Introduction to Wireless Networks
Ideal Network
Faster
MoreSecure
EaseAt Home
Manageable
HOT SPOTS
Public NetworksInternet
PUBLICTRANSPORT
VEHICLE
WORK
OUTDOORS
RURAL
HOME
Seamless connectivity to all networks applications amp
services
Anytime Anywhere11
Wired or Wireless The Future
bull Portability
bull Mobilitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location (Roaming)
bull Session continuity while traversing between BS and across diverse networks (Handover)
bull Coveragebull Extend to rural subscribers
bull Areas where wired networks not available 12
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless hostsbull Laptops palmtops PDA desktop computer phonebull WiMAX calls wireless hosts as lsquoCustomer Premises Equipment
(CPE)rsquo
bull Access Pointsbull The base station (BS)bull Responsible for sending and receiving data bull A wireless host is associated with a BS
13
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Ethernet Unreliable connectionless Connectionless No handshaking between sending
and receiving NICs Unreliable receiving NIC doesnrsquot send acks to
sending NIC stream of datagrams passed to network layer can have
gaps (missing datagrams) gaps will be filled if app is using TCP otherwise app will see gaps
Ethernetrsquos MAC protocol CSMACD
Ethernet CSMACD algorithmCSMACD does the following1 An adapter may begin to transmit at any time
that is no notion of time slots2 An adapter uses carrier sensing3 An adapter aborts its transmission as soon as it
detects collision4 Before attempting a retransmission an adapter
waits a random time
If the propagation delay is very small excellent performance
2nd and 3rd mechanisms are implemented by measuring voltage levels before and during transmission
Each adapter runs CSMACD without explicit coordination with other adapters
Ethernet CSMACD algorithm 1 NIC receives datagram from network layer
creates frame2 If NIC senses channel idle (96 bit times) starts
frame transmission If NIC senses channel busy (plus 96 bit times) waits until channel idle then transmits
3 If NIC transmits entire frame without detecting another transmission NIC is done with frame
4 If NIC detects another transmission while transmitting aborts and sends jam signal Send jamming signal (48 bit) after
collision is detected to insure all hosts see collision
Interestingly the actual format of jam signal is unspecified in the Ethernet specifications Most manufacturers have used alternating 1s and 0s
as jam signal
Ethernet CSMACD algorithm5 After aborting NIC enters exponential
backoff phase after mth collision NIC chooses K at random from 012hellip2m-1 NIC waits K512 bit times returns to Step 2
Ethernet frames are at least 64 bytes (512 bits) At 10Mbps it takes 01us to transmit one bit so 512
bits (64B) take 512us to send The size of set from which K is selected grows
exponentially with the number of collisions 1st time choose K from 01 then delay =
K 512us 2nd time choose K from 0123 then
delay = K 512us nth time delay = K x 512us for K=02n ndash 1
bull Note max value for k = 1023 Give up after several tries (15)
bull Report transmit error to host
State Diagram for CSMACD
Packet
Sense Carrier
Discard Packet
Send Detect Collision
Jam channel b=CalcBackoff()
wait(b)attempts++
No
Yes
attempts lt 16
attempts == 16
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Why uses Exponential Backoff
If delay were not random then there is a chance that sources would retransmit in lock step
Why not just choose from small set for K This works fine for a small number of hosts Large number of nodes would result in
more collisions Does not take into account the collisions that
occurred in the past
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Is CSMACD fair
Introduction to Wireless Networks
Ideal Network
Faster
MoreSecure
EaseAt Home
Manageable
HOT SPOTS
Public NetworksInternet
PUBLICTRANSPORT
VEHICLE
WORK
OUTDOORS
RURAL
HOME
Seamless connectivity to all networks applications amp
services
Anytime Anywhere11
Wired or Wireless The Future
bull Portability
bull Mobilitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location (Roaming)
bull Session continuity while traversing between BS and across diverse networks (Handover)
bull Coveragebull Extend to rural subscribers
bull Areas where wired networks not available 12
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless hostsbull Laptops palmtops PDA desktop computer phonebull WiMAX calls wireless hosts as lsquoCustomer Premises Equipment
(CPE)rsquo
bull Access Pointsbull The base station (BS)bull Responsible for sending and receiving data bull A wireless host is associated with a BS
13
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Ethernet CSMACD algorithmCSMACD does the following1 An adapter may begin to transmit at any time
that is no notion of time slots2 An adapter uses carrier sensing3 An adapter aborts its transmission as soon as it
detects collision4 Before attempting a retransmission an adapter
waits a random time
If the propagation delay is very small excellent performance
2nd and 3rd mechanisms are implemented by measuring voltage levels before and during transmission
Each adapter runs CSMACD without explicit coordination with other adapters
Ethernet CSMACD algorithm 1 NIC receives datagram from network layer
creates frame2 If NIC senses channel idle (96 bit times) starts
frame transmission If NIC senses channel busy (plus 96 bit times) waits until channel idle then transmits
3 If NIC transmits entire frame without detecting another transmission NIC is done with frame
4 If NIC detects another transmission while transmitting aborts and sends jam signal Send jamming signal (48 bit) after
collision is detected to insure all hosts see collision
Interestingly the actual format of jam signal is unspecified in the Ethernet specifications Most manufacturers have used alternating 1s and 0s
as jam signal
Ethernet CSMACD algorithm5 After aborting NIC enters exponential
backoff phase after mth collision NIC chooses K at random from 012hellip2m-1 NIC waits K512 bit times returns to Step 2
Ethernet frames are at least 64 bytes (512 bits) At 10Mbps it takes 01us to transmit one bit so 512
bits (64B) take 512us to send The size of set from which K is selected grows
exponentially with the number of collisions 1st time choose K from 01 then delay =
K 512us 2nd time choose K from 0123 then
delay = K 512us nth time delay = K x 512us for K=02n ndash 1
bull Note max value for k = 1023 Give up after several tries (15)
bull Report transmit error to host
State Diagram for CSMACD
Packet
Sense Carrier
Discard Packet
Send Detect Collision
Jam channel b=CalcBackoff()
wait(b)attempts++
No
Yes
attempts lt 16
attempts == 16
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Why uses Exponential Backoff
If delay were not random then there is a chance that sources would retransmit in lock step
Why not just choose from small set for K This works fine for a small number of hosts Large number of nodes would result in
more collisions Does not take into account the collisions that
occurred in the past
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Is CSMACD fair
Introduction to Wireless Networks
Ideal Network
Faster
MoreSecure
EaseAt Home
Manageable
HOT SPOTS
Public NetworksInternet
PUBLICTRANSPORT
VEHICLE
WORK
OUTDOORS
RURAL
HOME
Seamless connectivity to all networks applications amp
services
Anytime Anywhere11
Wired or Wireless The Future
bull Portability
bull Mobilitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location (Roaming)
bull Session continuity while traversing between BS and across diverse networks (Handover)
bull Coveragebull Extend to rural subscribers
bull Areas where wired networks not available 12
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless hostsbull Laptops palmtops PDA desktop computer phonebull WiMAX calls wireless hosts as lsquoCustomer Premises Equipment
(CPE)rsquo
bull Access Pointsbull The base station (BS)bull Responsible for sending and receiving data bull A wireless host is associated with a BS
13
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Ethernet CSMACD algorithm 1 NIC receives datagram from network layer
creates frame2 If NIC senses channel idle (96 bit times) starts
frame transmission If NIC senses channel busy (plus 96 bit times) waits until channel idle then transmits
3 If NIC transmits entire frame without detecting another transmission NIC is done with frame
4 If NIC detects another transmission while transmitting aborts and sends jam signal Send jamming signal (48 bit) after
collision is detected to insure all hosts see collision
Interestingly the actual format of jam signal is unspecified in the Ethernet specifications Most manufacturers have used alternating 1s and 0s
as jam signal
Ethernet CSMACD algorithm5 After aborting NIC enters exponential
backoff phase after mth collision NIC chooses K at random from 012hellip2m-1 NIC waits K512 bit times returns to Step 2
Ethernet frames are at least 64 bytes (512 bits) At 10Mbps it takes 01us to transmit one bit so 512
bits (64B) take 512us to send The size of set from which K is selected grows
exponentially with the number of collisions 1st time choose K from 01 then delay =
K 512us 2nd time choose K from 0123 then
delay = K 512us nth time delay = K x 512us for K=02n ndash 1
bull Note max value for k = 1023 Give up after several tries (15)
bull Report transmit error to host
State Diagram for CSMACD
Packet
Sense Carrier
Discard Packet
Send Detect Collision
Jam channel b=CalcBackoff()
wait(b)attempts++
No
Yes
attempts lt 16
attempts == 16
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Why uses Exponential Backoff
If delay were not random then there is a chance that sources would retransmit in lock step
Why not just choose from small set for K This works fine for a small number of hosts Large number of nodes would result in
more collisions Does not take into account the collisions that
occurred in the past
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Is CSMACD fair
Introduction to Wireless Networks
Ideal Network
Faster
MoreSecure
EaseAt Home
Manageable
HOT SPOTS
Public NetworksInternet
PUBLICTRANSPORT
VEHICLE
WORK
OUTDOORS
RURAL
HOME
Seamless connectivity to all networks applications amp
services
Anytime Anywhere11
Wired or Wireless The Future
bull Portability
bull Mobilitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location (Roaming)
bull Session continuity while traversing between BS and across diverse networks (Handover)
bull Coveragebull Extend to rural subscribers
bull Areas where wired networks not available 12
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless hostsbull Laptops palmtops PDA desktop computer phonebull WiMAX calls wireless hosts as lsquoCustomer Premises Equipment
(CPE)rsquo
bull Access Pointsbull The base station (BS)bull Responsible for sending and receiving data bull A wireless host is associated with a BS
13
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Ethernet CSMACD algorithm5 After aborting NIC enters exponential
backoff phase after mth collision NIC chooses K at random from 012hellip2m-1 NIC waits K512 bit times returns to Step 2
Ethernet frames are at least 64 bytes (512 bits) At 10Mbps it takes 01us to transmit one bit so 512
bits (64B) take 512us to send The size of set from which K is selected grows
exponentially with the number of collisions 1st time choose K from 01 then delay =
K 512us 2nd time choose K from 0123 then
delay = K 512us nth time delay = K x 512us for K=02n ndash 1
bull Note max value for k = 1023 Give up after several tries (15)
bull Report transmit error to host
State Diagram for CSMACD
Packet
Sense Carrier
Discard Packet
Send Detect Collision
Jam channel b=CalcBackoff()
wait(b)attempts++
No
Yes
attempts lt 16
attempts == 16
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Why uses Exponential Backoff
If delay were not random then there is a chance that sources would retransmit in lock step
Why not just choose from small set for K This works fine for a small number of hosts Large number of nodes would result in
more collisions Does not take into account the collisions that
occurred in the past
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Is CSMACD fair
Introduction to Wireless Networks
Ideal Network
Faster
MoreSecure
EaseAt Home
Manageable
HOT SPOTS
Public NetworksInternet
PUBLICTRANSPORT
VEHICLE
WORK
OUTDOORS
RURAL
HOME
Seamless connectivity to all networks applications amp
services
Anytime Anywhere11
Wired or Wireless The Future
bull Portability
bull Mobilitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location (Roaming)
bull Session continuity while traversing between BS and across diverse networks (Handover)
bull Coveragebull Extend to rural subscribers
bull Areas where wired networks not available 12
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless hostsbull Laptops palmtops PDA desktop computer phonebull WiMAX calls wireless hosts as lsquoCustomer Premises Equipment
(CPE)rsquo
bull Access Pointsbull The base station (BS)bull Responsible for sending and receiving data bull A wireless host is associated with a BS
13
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
State Diagram for CSMACD
Packet
Sense Carrier
Discard Packet
Send Detect Collision
Jam channel b=CalcBackoff()
wait(b)attempts++
No
Yes
attempts lt 16
attempts == 16
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Why uses Exponential Backoff
If delay were not random then there is a chance that sources would retransmit in lock step
Why not just choose from small set for K This works fine for a small number of hosts Large number of nodes would result in
more collisions Does not take into account the collisions that
occurred in the past
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Is CSMACD fair
Introduction to Wireless Networks
Ideal Network
Faster
MoreSecure
EaseAt Home
Manageable
HOT SPOTS
Public NetworksInternet
PUBLICTRANSPORT
VEHICLE
WORK
OUTDOORS
RURAL
HOME
Seamless connectivity to all networks applications amp
services
Anytime Anywhere11
Wired or Wireless The Future
bull Portability
bull Mobilitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location (Roaming)
bull Session continuity while traversing between BS and across diverse networks (Handover)
bull Coveragebull Extend to rural subscribers
bull Areas where wired networks not available 12
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless hostsbull Laptops palmtops PDA desktop computer phonebull WiMAX calls wireless hosts as lsquoCustomer Premises Equipment
(CPE)rsquo
bull Access Pointsbull The base station (BS)bull Responsible for sending and receiving data bull A wireless host is associated with a BS
13
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Why uses Exponential Backoff
If delay were not random then there is a chance that sources would retransmit in lock step
Why not just choose from small set for K This works fine for a small number of hosts Large number of nodes would result in
more collisions Does not take into account the collisions that
occurred in the past
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Is CSMACD fair
Introduction to Wireless Networks
Ideal Network
Faster
MoreSecure
EaseAt Home
Manageable
HOT SPOTS
Public NetworksInternet
PUBLICTRANSPORT
VEHICLE
WORK
OUTDOORS
RURAL
HOME
Seamless connectivity to all networks applications amp
services
Anytime Anywhere11
Wired or Wireless The Future
bull Portability
bull Mobilitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location (Roaming)
bull Session continuity while traversing between BS and across diverse networks (Handover)
bull Coveragebull Extend to rural subscribers
bull Areas where wired networks not available 12
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless hostsbull Laptops palmtops PDA desktop computer phonebull WiMAX calls wireless hosts as lsquoCustomer Premises Equipment
(CPE)rsquo
bull Access Pointsbull The base station (BS)bull Responsible for sending and receiving data bull A wireless host is associated with a BS
13
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)
Is CSMACD fair
Introduction to Wireless Networks
Ideal Network
Faster
MoreSecure
EaseAt Home
Manageable
HOT SPOTS
Public NetworksInternet
PUBLICTRANSPORT
VEHICLE
WORK
OUTDOORS
RURAL
HOME
Seamless connectivity to all networks applications amp
services
Anytime Anywhere11
Wired or Wireless The Future
bull Portability
bull Mobilitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location (Roaming)
bull Session continuity while traversing between BS and across diverse networks (Handover)
bull Coveragebull Extend to rural subscribers
bull Areas where wired networks not available 12
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless hostsbull Laptops palmtops PDA desktop computer phonebull WiMAX calls wireless hosts as lsquoCustomer Premises Equipment
(CPE)rsquo
bull Access Pointsbull The base station (BS)bull Responsible for sending and receiving data bull A wireless host is associated with a BS
13
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Introduction to Wireless Networks
Ideal Network
Faster
MoreSecure
EaseAt Home
Manageable
HOT SPOTS
Public NetworksInternet
PUBLICTRANSPORT
VEHICLE
WORK
OUTDOORS
RURAL
HOME
Seamless connectivity to all networks applications amp
services
Anytime Anywhere11
Wired or Wireless The Future
bull Portability
bull Mobilitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location (Roaming)
bull Session continuity while traversing between BS and across diverse networks (Handover)
bull Coveragebull Extend to rural subscribers
bull Areas where wired networks not available 12
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless hostsbull Laptops palmtops PDA desktop computer phonebull WiMAX calls wireless hosts as lsquoCustomer Premises Equipment
(CPE)rsquo
bull Access Pointsbull The base station (BS)bull Responsible for sending and receiving data bull A wireless host is associated with a BS
13
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Ideal Network
Faster
MoreSecure
EaseAt Home
Manageable
HOT SPOTS
Public NetworksInternet
PUBLICTRANSPORT
VEHICLE
WORK
OUTDOORS
RURAL
HOME
Seamless connectivity to all networks applications amp
services
Anytime Anywhere11
Wired or Wireless The Future
bull Portability
bull Mobilitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location (Roaming)
bull Session continuity while traversing between BS and across diverse networks (Handover)
bull Coveragebull Extend to rural subscribers
bull Areas where wired networks not available 12
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless hostsbull Laptops palmtops PDA desktop computer phonebull WiMAX calls wireless hosts as lsquoCustomer Premises Equipment
(CPE)rsquo
bull Access Pointsbull The base station (BS)bull Responsible for sending and receiving data bull A wireless host is associated with a BS
13
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Wired or Wireless The Future
bull Portability
bull Mobilitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location (Roaming)
bull Session continuity while traversing between BS and across diverse networks (Handover)
bull Coveragebull Extend to rural subscribers
bull Areas where wired networks not available 12
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless hostsbull Laptops palmtops PDA desktop computer phonebull WiMAX calls wireless hosts as lsquoCustomer Premises Equipment
(CPE)rsquo
bull Access Pointsbull The base station (BS)bull Responsible for sending and receiving data bull A wireless host is associated with a BS
13
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless hostsbull Laptops palmtops PDA desktop computer phonebull WiMAX calls wireless hosts as lsquoCustomer Premises Equipment
(CPE)rsquo
bull Access Pointsbull The base station (BS)bull Responsible for sending and receiving data bull A wireless host is associated with a BS
13
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Components of Wireless Network
bull Wireless linkbull Communication link between wireless host and access
pointBS andor among wireless hostsbull The link characteristics depend upon the wireless
technology
bull Network Infrastructurebull A larger network with which a wireless host wishes to
communicatebull Service providers eg Wi-Tribe Wateen Mobilink etc
14
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Classification of Wireless Networks
bull Single Hop Multiple Hopbull Number of hops a packet undergoes in the wireless network
bull Infrastructure Based Infrastructure Lessbull BS present or absent bull Adhoc Networksndash no BS
bull Examplesbull Single Hop Infrastructure based Wi-Fi in classroomlibrarycafe cellular networks and
Wimaxbull Single Hop Infrastructure less Bluetooth
bull Fixed Mobilebull Nomadicitybull Ability to be reached regardless of location - Roamingbull Session continuity while traversing between BS - Handover 15
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Wireless Network TaxonomyWireless
Networking
Infrastructure
Single Hop
WiFi WiMax
Multiple Hops
Wireless Mesh Networks
No Infrastructure
Single Hop
Bluetooth
Multiple Hops
MANET VANET
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
17
Standards of Wireless Technology
Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
IEEE 80211 (Wi-Fi )
IEEE 80216d (Fixed WiMAX)
IEEE 80216e(Mobile WiMAX)
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Wi-Fi The Predecessor of WiMAX
bull Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on the IEEE 80211a b and g standards
bull Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed broadband wireless networks
bull The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless hosts connect to in order to access network resources
bull As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless access point they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Wi-Fi StandardsStandard Throughput Range
(outdoor)Frequency
80211a Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 5 Ghz
80211b Up to 11 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211g Up to 54 Mbps Up to 300 ft 24 Ghz
80211n 100+ Mbps Up to 500 ft 245 Ghz
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Wi-Fi Issues
bull Effective rangebull Limited level of mobility
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in unlicensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects 20
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
What is WiMAX
bull WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL
bull The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc as the IEEE 80216 standard
bull WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
bull Effective rangebull 2-5 milesbull Broad operating range ndash unlicensed (25 GHz 5 GHz) licensed (35 GHz)
bull Interference from other sourcesbull Operate in licensed spectrum
bull Signal strength decreases with distance
bull Multipath propagationbull Wave reflects of ground and objects
WiMAX Strengths
Efficient signal processing schemes eg OFDM OFDMA
22
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
WiMAX Vs Wi-Fi
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Wi-Fi
Standards IEEE 80216d-2004 IEEE80216e-2005 IEEE 80211abg
Coverage (Non-line-of-site) 3-5 miles lt 2 miles lt100 ft
Mobility Not applicable Supported Supported
Data rateDL 61 ndash 94 Mbps
UL 33 ndash 65 Mbps
DL 32-46 Mbps
UL 4-7 Mbps
IEEE 80211b 11 Mbps
IEEE 80211 a amp g 54 Mbps
Frequency Range10 ndash 66 GHz (Line-of -site)
2-11 GHz (Non-line-of-site)
IEEE 80211b 24GHz
IEEE 80211a 5GHz
IEEE 80211g 24Ghz
23
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
WiMAX Frequency Allocation
International Frequency Allocation
24
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing M
anual C
P1
6
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
WiMAX Organisations
IEEE 80216 Working Group (WG)
WiMAX Forum
25
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Responsibilities of IEEE 80216 WG and WiMAX Forum
Picture
Cou
rtesy M
oto
rola
Train
ing
Manual C
P16
26
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
Inter Operability Testing (IOT)
Interoperability testing allows vendors to bilaterally verify the standards compliant interfaces between their network elements in a controlled environment using suitable test cases prior to software release in common operator networks
WiMAX network components are put to IOT tests to check their compliancy with WiMAX standards
We have performed successful IOTrsquos for CPE devices manufactured by various vendors such as Motorola Alcatel-Lucent Huawei Gemtech ZTE Green Packet etc
27
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
NUST SAMPLE CPE CERTIFICATE
28
