WtW Bernama BM Final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA.........................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

.................................................................................................................................................................................. 26.................................................................................................................................................................................. 26Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA


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Executive Summary of Key Results for BERNAMA BAHASAMALAYSIA

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Bernama Bahasa Malaysia, we found the followingtrends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

The ruling BN coalition and its parties were given the most coverage overall by a significant

margin.

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used most often (42%), followed by the positive and negative categories (34%and 22% respectively).

The ruling BN coalition and its parties were given the most positive coverage overall by asignificant margin, while PR and its parties were given the most negative coverage andattacks by significant margins.

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was relativelyequitable overall, however:

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category is used the most often (51%), followed by the positive category (27%) thenthe negative category (18%).

BN politicians were given the most positive coverage by a very significant margin, while PRpoliticians were given the most negative coverage and attacked the most by very significant

margins.



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Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

Of all the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin weremost commonly used as sources, with their combined use as sources larger than that of the restof the top 10 sources combined, and representing over 60% of all source usage tracked.

Due in large part to this dominance, BN politicians were used much more often as

sources overall than PR politicians, who were used as sources under 1% of the time -notably less than independent political figures.

Muhyiddin Yassin was the source carrying out the highest proportion of all 'attack politics' bya significant margin, followed by Najib Razak.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics vastly more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.

In fact, PR politicians were never used as attack sources.

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Non-Policy Issue of Socioeconomic status was the most covered issue overall.



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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage by a very significant margin (43.19%), followed at adistance by PR (13.22%), then PAS, DAP & PKR.

Refer to Table 1 for figures.


BN

PR

PAS

DAP

PKR

UMNO

MCA

Other

MIC

Gerakan

SAPP

PBS

PSM

PBB

SUPP

PRS

SPDP

UPKO

PRM

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

43.19

13.22

10.97

8.23

6.48

5.69

3.84

3.49

1.30

0.95

0.60

0.45

0.35

0.30

0.30

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.05

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the BN coalition again received themost coverage by a significant margin (56.61%), as opposed to PR (38.9%).



BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

56.61

38.90

1.00

3.49

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used most often (42%), followed by the positive and negative categories (34%and 22% respectively).


2%

22%

42%

34% Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

PR was the most negatively covered (42.6%) and attacked (66.67%) party/coalition by avery significant margin.

PAS and DAP were second and third most negatively covered, and second and fourth mostattacked, respectively.

BN was fourth most negatively covered but received no attacks, while PKR was fifth mostnegatively covered and also received no attacks.



PR

PAS

DAP

BN

PKR

UMNOOther

Gerakan

MCA

MIC

PBB

SPDP

PBS

PRS

PRM

PSM

SAPP

SUPP

UPKO

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (83.41%) and neutral (29.77%) coverage by a very significantmargin, with the opposition coalition/parties receiving very little positive coverage at all.



BN

PAS

DAP

PKR

MCA

OtherUMNO

PR

MIC

SAPP

Gerakan

PSM

PBS

SUPP

PBB

UPKO

PRS

SPDP

PRM

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, it becomesvery clear that BN's coverage was very significantly positive, while PR received the mostnegative coverage and attacks. This dichotomous trend was extremely pronounced.

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.04 34%Neutral 1 : 0.9 42%

Negative 1 : 4.6 22%

Attacked 1 : 34.1 2%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

2.56

17.31

47.75

96.04

87.18

80.18

43.62

3.38

10.26

2.51

8.63

0.59

Coverage Volume


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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion(31.59%), followed by Lim Kit Siang, Muhyiddin Yassin and Mahathir Mohamad, with AnwarIbrahim coming in with fifth most mentions overall.

Refer to Table 5 for full figures.


Najib Razak

Lim Kit Siang

Muhyiddin YassinMahathir Mohamad

Anwar Ibrahim

Nik Aziz

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Musa Aman

Hadi Awang

Azmin Ali

Khalid Ibrahim

Nizar Jamaluddin

Taib Mahmud

Tian ChuaBernard Dompok

Chua Soi Lek

Khalid Samad

Hishamuddin Hussein

Ibrahim Ali

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

31.59

9.55

7.737.05

5.91

4.32

4.09

2.95

2.95

2.73

2.05

2.05

2.05

1.82

1.821.59

1.36

1.36

0.91

0.91

Coverage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionswas skewed slightly towards BN.



57%

41%

2%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Muyiddin Yassin were mostcommonly used as sources by a huge margin - their combined use as sources represents over60% of all source use - with the bulk of this coming from Razak's huge 41.99% of all sourceuse.

This dominance flows on to the next graph which shows combined source use from eachcoalition across all politicians tracked.

Interestingly, while Muhyiddin was spoken about relatively little, he was used as a source or

allowed to speak very often. Opposition politicians were used as sources very rarely, with both the EC Spokespeople and

Vox Pop opinions from the rakyat used significantly more often.



Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Vox Pop Male

Election Commission Spokesperson

Vox Pop Female

Chua Soi Lek

Musa Aman

Hadi Awang

Public Opinion/Vox Pop General

Mahathir Mohamad

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

41.99

19.26

18.54

6.10

5.38

3.35

2.39

0.84

0.84

0.72

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (68.18%) than both independentpolitical figures and PR, whose politicians received under 1% use as sources.



73%

1%

26%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category is used the most often (51%), followed by the positive category (27%) thenthe negative category (18%).


27%

51%

18%

4%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Lim Kit Siang received themost negative coverage (16.88%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim, Karpal Singh, Hadi Awang,and Nizar Jamaluddin.

Nik Aziz was overwhelmingly the most attacked political figure (52.94%), followed by AnwarIbrahim, Nizar Jamaluddin, and Tian Chua, all in second equal position. Khalid Ibrahim andAlfred Jabu are the third equal most attacked.

Notably, BN political figures were very rarely attacked or covered negatively.

Refer to Table 8 for full figures.


Lim Kit Siang

Anwar Ibrahim

Karpal Singh

Hadi Awang

Nizar Jamaluddin

Khalid Ibrahim

Azmin Ali

Lim Guan Eng

Mahathir Mohamad

Nik Aziz

Tian Chua

Dzulkefly Ahmad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Alfred Jabu

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Baru Bian

Bernard DompokChong Chieng Jen

Chua Soi Lek

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (55.75%) and neutral coverage (35.05%) by a very significant margin.

Muhyiddin Yassin received the second most positive coverage (17.7%), followed by MahathirMohamad (15.04%).



Najib RazakLim Kit Siang

Muhyiddin Yassin

Mahathir Mohamad

Anwar Ibrahim

Musa Aman

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Taib Mahmud

Bernard Dompok

Chua Soi Lek

Nik Aziz

Khalid Samad

Hadi Awang

Ibrahim Ali

Rosmah Mansur

Azmin Ali

Hishamuddin Hussein

Tian Chua

Baru BianKhalid Ibrahim

Liow Tiong Lai

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, much more positive coverage was given to BN politicians (over 98%), while PRpoliticians were given much more negative coverage (92.21%) and attacks (94.12%).

Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

Ratio Type BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.02 26%

Neutral 1 : 0.6 49%

Negative 1 : 11.8 18%

Attacked 1 : 16 4%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/Other

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

5.88

7.79

61.68

98.23

94.12

92.21

34.58

1.77

0.00

0.00

3.74

0.00

Coverage Volume


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Najib Razak (43.75%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by MuhyiddinYassin (31.25%). Male members of the rakyat were third most likely to be given space tovoice political attacks.

The opposition leaders did not register, showing that they were a) rarely given the chance toappear as sources, and b) when they did so, they were not quoted as attacking.



Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Vox Pop Male

Nazri Aziz

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Anwar Ibrahim

Baru Bian

Chua Soi Lek

Hadi Awang

Hassan Ali

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Mahathir Mohamad

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

43.75

31.25

18.75

6.25

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics vastly more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.

Indeed, PR politicians were never used as attack sources.



81%

19%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Significantly more coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.



44%

56%

Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most attention,followed by the Economy & Development; Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security; thenReligion.



37%

1%

32%

7%

0%

11%

0%

11%

Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Socioeconomic Status was given the most coverage,followed by Electioneering and then Ethnicity.



19%

4%

18%

34%

0%3%

22%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 8023

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 277

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 8.9

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables


TABLE 1

Party Percentage

BN 43.192

DAP 8.2294

Gerakan 0.94763

MCA 3.8404

MIC 1.2968

PAS 10.973

PBB 0.29925

PBS 0.44888

PKR 6.4838

PR 13.217

PRS 0.1995

PRM 0.049875PSM 0.34913

SAPP 0.5985

SPDP 0.1995

SUPP 0.29925

UMNO 5.6858

UPKO 0.1995

Other 3.4913

TABLE 2

Party Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 43.192

BN 56.60851

Gerakan 0.94763

MCA 3.8404

MIC 1.2968

PBB 0.29925

PBS 0.44888

PRS 0.1995

SPDP 0.1995

SUPP 0.29925

UMNO 5.6858

UPKO 0.1995

PR 13.217

PR 38.9032DAP 8.2294

PAS 10.973

PKR 6.4838

PRM 0.049875

Independent 0.997505PSM 0.34913

SAPP 0.5985

Other 3.4913 Other 3.4913

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 0 10.478 29.769 83.407 123.654

DAP 7.6923 12.301 12.272 0.88106 33.14636

Gerakan 0 0.45558 1.0936 1.1747 2.72388

MCA 0 0.45558 6.1968 3.5242 10.17658

MIC 0 0.45558 2.1871 0.88106 3.52374

PAS 12.821 18.451 15.188 1.0279 47.4879

PBB 0 0.22779 0.48603 0.14684 0.86066

PBS 0 0 0.60753 0.44053 1.04806

PKR 0 6.8337 11.543 0.73421 19.11091

PR 66.667 42.597 4.6173 0.73421 114.61551

PRS 0 0 0.24301 0.29369 0.5367

PRM 0 0 0.12151 0 0.12151

PSM 0 0 0.85055 0 0.85055

SAPP 0 0 1.4581 0 1.4581

SPDP 0 0.22779 0.12151 0.29369 0.64299

SUPP 0 0 0.60753 0.14684 0.75437

UMNO 2.5641 5.0114 5.9538 5.7269 19.2562

UPKO 0 0 0.48603 0 0.48603

Other 10.256 2.5057 6.1968 0.58737 19.54587

Parties &Coalitions


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TABLE 4

BN

A ttacked 2.5641

Negative 15.71719

Neutral 4 7.75194

Positive 96.03545

PR

A ttacked 87.1803

Negative 80.1827

Neutral 43.6203

Positive 3.37738

A ttacked 10.256

Negative 2.5057

Neutral 8.62696

Positive 0.58737

Independent &

Other

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.45455

Alfred Jabu 0.45455

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Anwar Ibrahim 5.9091Azmin Ali 2.0455

Baru Bian 0.45455

Bernard Dompok 1.5909

Chong Chieng Jen 0

Chua Soi Lek 1.3636

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.45455

Elizabeth Wong 0

G. Palanivel 0

Hadi Awang 2.7273

Hassan Ali 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0.90909

Ibrahim Ali 0.90909

James Masing 0.45455

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Karpal Singh 4.0909

Khalid Ibrahim 2.0455

Khalid Samad 1.3636

Lim Guan Eng 2.9545

Lim Kit Siang 9.5455

Liow Tiong Lai 0.45455

Mahathir Mohamad 7.0455Maximus Ongkili 0.45455

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.45455

Muhyiddin Yassin 7.7273

Musa Aman 2.9545

Najib Razak 31.591

Ng Yen Yen 0

Nik Aziz 4.3182

Nizar Jamaluddin 2.0455

Nurul Izzah 0.22727

Rafizi Ramli 0.22727Rosmah Mansur 0.90909

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0.22727

Taib Mahmud 1.8182

Teresa Kok 0

Tian Chua 1.8182

Tony Pua 0

William Mawan 0

Wong Ho Leng 0

Wong Soon Koh 0

Yong Teck Lee 0

Percentage(mention)


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TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 1.81815

BN 57.27284

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. Palanivel MIC 0

Alfred Jabu PBB 2.27275Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0.45455

James Masing PRS 0.45455

William Mawan SPDP 0

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 50.68194

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa AmanNajib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 1.5909

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 16.5909

PR 40.90926

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 11.59097

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 12.72739

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Jeffrey KitinganKhalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0

1.81818

Hassan Ali Independent 0

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.90909

Rosmah Mansur 0.90909

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0

Independent/Ot

her'1st lady'


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TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 3.3493

BN 68.18177

Mahathir Mohamad 0.7177

Muhyiddin Yassin 19.258Musa Aman 2.3923

Najib Razak 41.986

Nazri Aziz 0.47847

Taib Mahmud 0

Anwar Ibrahim 0

PR 0.95694

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 0.83732

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Lim Guan Eng 0Lim Kit Siang 0.11962

Nik Aziz 0


Independent 23.9238Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 18.541

Vox Pop Female 5.3828

Percentage(source)


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TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 1.7699

Alfred Jabu 5.8824 0 0.46729 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0 0

Anwar Ibrahim 11.765 12.987 4.2056 0

Azmin Ali 0 5.1948 1.4019 0.88496Baru Bian 0 0 0.93458 0

Bernard Dompok 0 0 2.8037 0.88496

Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0

Chua Soi Lek 0 0 2.8037 0

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 2.5974 0 0

Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 0 0

Hadi Awang 0 10.39 1.8692 0

Hassan Ali 0 0 0 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 1.4019 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 1.8692 0

James Masing 0 0 0 1.7699

Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0 0

Karpal Singh 0 12.987 3.7383 0

Khalid Ibrahim 5.8824 7.7922 0.93458 0

Khalid Samad 0 1.2987 2.3364 0

Lim Guan Eng 0 5.1948 3.7383 0

Lim Kit Siang 0 16.883 9.8131 0

Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.93458 0

Mahathir Mohamad 0 5.1948 4.6729 15.044

Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0.93458 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 1.2987 0.46729 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 0 2.5974 5.6075 17.699

Musa Aman 0 0 3.7383 4.4248

Najib Razak 0 0 35.047 55.752

Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0 0

Nik Aziz 52.941 3.8961 2.3364 0.88496

Nizar Jamaluddin 11.765 7.7922 0 0

Nurul Izzah 0 0 0.46729 0

Rafizi Ramli 0 0 0.46729 0

Rosmah Mansur 0 0 1.8692 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0.46729 0

Taib Mahmud 0 0 3.271 0.88496

Teresa Kok 0 0 0 0

Tian Chua 11.765 3.8961 1.4019 0

Tony Pua 0 0 0 0

William Mawan 0 0 0 0

Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0

Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0


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TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 0

BN 81.25

Mahathir Mohamad 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 31.25

Musa Aman 0

Najib Razak 43.75

Nazri Aziz6.25Taib Mahmud 0

Anwar Ibrahim 0

PR 0

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 0

Jeffrey Ki tingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Lim Guan Eng 0

Lim Kit Siang 0

Nik Aziz 0


Independent 18.75

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 18.75

Vox Pop Female 0

0

0

Percentage

(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson

TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 5.8824

Negative 7.7922

Neutral 61.68245

Positive 98.22952

PR

Attacked 94.1184

Negative 92.208

Neutral 34.57942

Positive 1.76992

Attacked 0

Negative 0

Neutral 3.7384

Positive 0

Independent/

Other


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TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 11.349

Policy Issues 30.512658

Environment 0.34843

Economy/Development 9.7063

Education 1.991

Foreign Policy 0.049776

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 3.4843

Oppressive Legislation 0.099552

Health 0

Religion 3.4843

Ethnicity 7.6157

39.47273

Religion 1.5431

Democracy & Human Rights 6.9189

Socioeconomic Status 13.39

Mudslinging 0.14933

Gender 1.0951Electioneering 8.7606

Non-PolicyIssues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)

4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'



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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

12. Rural13. Cost of Living



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14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

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