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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: BERNAMA ENGLISH
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx7/29/2019 WtW Bernama English Final
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for BERNAMA ENGLISH............................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................26Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
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Executive Summary of Key Results for BERNAMA ENGLISH
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Bernama English, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The ruling BN coalition and its parties were given the most coverage overall by a significantmargin.
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the
positive category was used most often (37%), followed by the neutral category (36%), whilejust over 25% of all coverage was either negative or an attack.
BN received the most positive and neutral coverage, while PR received the most negativecoverage and attacks. This dichotomous trend was extremely pronounced.
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was relativelyequitable overall, however:
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (36%), followed by the positive category (34%)then attacks (20%).
BN politicians were given the most positive coverage by a significant margin, while PRpoliticians were given the most negative coverage and attacked the most by significantmargins.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
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Of all the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin weremost commonly used as sources, with their combined use as sources larger than that of the restof the top 10 sources combined, and representing over 60% of all source usage tracked.
Due in large part to this dominance, BN politicians were used much more often assources overall than PR politicians, who were used as sources under 5% of the time -notably less than independent political figures.
Muhyiddin Yassin was the politician or political figure most commonly engaged in attackpolitics by a significant margin, followed at a distance by Najib Razak.
Muhyiddin Yassin and Najib Razak's combined attacks account for almost 90% of allattacks carried.
Overall, BN coalition politicians were engaged in attack politics significantly more often thaneither opposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures. PR politicians werevery rarely (1%) engaged in attacking others.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given significantly more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Non-Policy Issue of Socioeconomic Status was the most covered issue overall.
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage by a very significant margin (46.23%), followed at adistance by PR (10.73%), then PKR, PAS & DAP.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
5 BERNAMA ENGLISH
BN
PR
PKR
PAS
DAP
UMNO
MCA
Other
MIC
Gerakan
PBS
SUPP
PSM
PRS
SPDP
UPKO
SAPP
PBB
PRM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
46.23
10.73
9.60
8.26
6.24
5.83
3.98
3.69
1.30
0.92
0.71
0.63
0.46
0.38
0.29
0.29
0.25
0.21
0.00
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, we can see that the BN coalitionreceived the most coverage by a very significant margin (60.77%), as opposed to PR(34.83%).
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
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BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
60.77
34.83
0.71
3.69
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, thepositive category was used most often (37%), followed by the neutral category (36%).
Just over 25% of all coverage was either negative or an attack.
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14%
12%
36%
37% Attacked
Negative
NeutralPositive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
PKR were the most negatively covered (20.36%), followed by PR, PAS, DAP, then BN.
PR was the most attacked party or coalition (49.54%) by a significant margin, followed byPAS, PKR, then DAP.
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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PKR
PR
PAS
DAP
BN
MCAOther
UMNO
Gerakan
PSM
MIC
SAPP
SPDP
PBS
PRS
PBB
PRM
SUPP
UPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (83.24%) and neutral (35.96%) coverage by a very significantmargin, followed by UMNO then MCA, with the opposition coalition/parties receiving verylittle positive coverage at all.
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
PKR
PAS
UMNO
DAP
OtherMCA
PR
MIC
Gerakan
PBS
SUPP
PRS
PSM
SAPP
UPKO
SPDP
PBB
PRM
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Positive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, it becomesvery clear that BN's coverage was very significantly positive, while PR received the mostnegative coverage and attacks. This dichotomous trend was extremely pronounced.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.05 37%
Neutral 1 : 0.6 36%
Negative 1 : 2.5 12%
Attacked 1 : 33.8 14%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2.77
26.91
57.02
94.14
93.54
68.00
34.62
4.92
3.69
5.09
8.35
0.94
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant margin (33.89%),followed by Anwar Ibrahim, Lim Kit Siang and Khalid Ibrahim, with Muhyiddin Yassin comingin with the fifth most mentions overall.
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit SiangKhalid Ibrahim
Muhyiddin Yassin
Nik Aziz
Musa Aman
Mahathir Mohamad
Azmin Ali
Hadi Awang
Liow Tiong Lai
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Jeffrey Kitingan
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Chua Soi LekMaximus Ongkili
G. Palanivel
Nurul Izzah
Rosmah Mansur
Tian Chua
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
33.89
16.95
9.075.73
5.49
4.30
3.82
2.63
2.39
1.91
1.43
1.43
1.19
0.95
0.950.95
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis relatively equal.
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
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52% 47%
1%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Muyiddin Yassin were mostcommonly used as sources by the media by a huge margin - their combined use as sourcesrepresents over 60% of all source use.
This dominance flows on to the next graph which shows combined source use from eachcoalition across all politicians tracked.
Interestingly, while Muhyiddin was spoken about relatively rarely, he was used as a source orallowed to speak very often.
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Muhyiddin Yassin
Chua Soi Lek
Election Commission Spokesperson
Lim Kit Siang
Mahathir Mohamad
Anwar Ibrahim
Khalid Ibrahim
Taib Mahmud
Jeffrey Kitingan
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
31.14
29.51
2.87
2.87
2.20
1.62
1.34
0.96
0.29
0.19
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (65.71%) than both independentand other political figures and PR, whose politicians received under 5% use as sources.
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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66% 5%
29%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category is used the most often (36%), followed by the positive category (34%) thenattacks (20%).
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34%
36%
10%
20%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (40.48%) and was attacked the most often (39.02%) by verysignificant margins.
Lim Kit Siang, Khalid Ibrahim, and Azmin Ali were the next most negatively mentioned(14.29%, 11.91% and 9.52% respectively).
Lim Kit Siang was the second most (19.51%) and Nik Aziz the third most attacked politicalfigure (14.63%).
Notably, BN political figures were very rarely attacked or covered negatively.
Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Khalid Ibrahim
Azmin Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Samad
Liow Tiong Lai
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Chua Soi Lek
Nizar Jamaluddin
Tian Chua
Nik Aziz
Hadi Awang
Najib Razak
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Rafizi Ramli
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Alfred JabuAmbiga Sreenevasan
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (67.14%) and neutral coverage (29.25%) by very significant margins.
Muhyiddin Yassin received the second most positive coverage (7.14%), followed by MusaAman (6.43%) and Khalid Ibrahim (5.71%).
Anwar Ibrahim received the second largest portion of neutral coverage (12.25%).
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Anwar IbrahimLim Kit Siang
Muhyiddin Yassin
Mahathir Mohamad
Musa Aman
Khalid Ibrahim
Azmin Ali
Liow Tiong Lai
Nik Aziz
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Jeffrey Kitingan
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Maximus Ongkili
G. Palanivel
Rosmah Mansur
Bernard Dompok
Tian Chua
Nurul Izzah
Alfred Jabu
Baru BianNizar Jamaluddin
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Positive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, the vast majority of positive coverage was given to BN politicians, while PRpoliticians were given the vast majority of negative coverage and attacks.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.1 33%
Neutral 1 : 0.7 35%
Negative 1 : 13 10%
Attacked 1 : 19.5 20%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
4.88
7.14
57.82
87.14
95.12
92.86
40.14
11.43
0.00
0.00
2.04
1.43
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Muhyiddin Yassin (62.38%) was the politician or political figure most commonly engaged in'attack politics' by a significant margin, followed at a distance by Najib Razak (26.24%) thenChua Soi Lek (1.49%).
Muhyiddin Yassin and Najib Razak's combined attacks account for almost 90% of all attackscarried.
The opposition leaders barely register, showing that they were a) rarely given the chance toappear as sources, and b) when they were, they were rarely quoted as attacking.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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Muhyiddin Yassin
Najib Razak
Chua Soi Lek
Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Baru Bian
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Guan Eng
Mahathir Mohamad
Musa Aman
Nazri Aziz
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
62.38
26.24
1.49
0.50
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians were engaged in attack politics vastly more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures. PR politicians were veryrarely engaged in attack politics.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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90%
1%9%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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44%
56%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies & Programmes were given the most attention,followed by the Economy & Development, then Education.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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35%
3%
33%
11%
8%
4%1%2%
3%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &
National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues, Socioeconomic Status or demographic factors were given the mostcoverage, followed by Ethnicity, and then Electioneering.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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26%
4%
13%
30%
2%
2%
23%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 9021
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 288
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 9.29
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
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TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 0.61538 11.636 35.956 83.236 131.44338
DAP 12.615 12 7.1429 1.4068 33.1647
Gerakan 0.30769 2.1818 1.4528 0.3517 4.29399
MCA 0 9.0909 4.7215 2.9308 16.7432
MIC 0 0.36364 2.3002 1.0551 3.71894
PAS 17.846 16.727 9.9274 0.7034 45.2038
PBB 0 0 0.3632 0.11723 0.48043
PBS 0.30769 0 1.2107 0.46893 1.98732PKR 13.538 20.364 13.801 1.7585 49.4615
PR 49.538 18.909 3.753 1.0551 73.2551
PRS 0.30769 0 0.84746 0.11723 1.27238
PRM 0 0 0 0 0
PSM 0.30769 1.0909 0.84746 0 2.24605
SAPP 0 0.36364 0.60533 0 0.96897
SPDP 0 0.36364 0.48426 0 0.8479
SUPP 0 0 1.2107 0.46893 1.67963
UMNO 1.2308 3.2727 7.9903 5.041 17.5348
UPKO 0 0 0.48426 0.3517 0.83596
Other 3.3846 3.6364 6.9007 0.93787 14.85957
Parties &Coalitions
TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 46.228DAP 6.2448
Gerakan 0.92205
MCA 3.9816
MIC 1.2992
PAS 8.2565
PBB 0.20956
PBS 0.71249
PKR 9.5977
PR 10.729
PRS 0.3772
PRM 0
PSM 0.46102
SAPP 0.25147
SPDP 0.29338
SUPP 0.62867
UMNO 5.8256
UPKO 0.29338
Other 3.6882
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 46.228
BN 60.77113
Gerakan 0.92205
MCA 3.9816
MIC 1.2992
PBB 0.20956
PBS 0.71249
PRS 0.3772
SPDP 0.29338
SUPP 0.62867
UMNO 5.8256
UPKO 0.29338
PR 10.729
PR 34.828DAP 6.2448
PAS 8.2565
PKR 9.5977
PRM 0
Independent 0.71249PSM 0.46102
SAPP 0.25147
Other 3.6882 Other 3.6882
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TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 2.76925
Negative 15.88772
Neutral 57.02138
Positive 94.13862
PR
Attacked 93.537
Negative 68
Neutral 34.6243
Positive 4.9238
Attacked 3.69229
Negative 5.09094
Neutral 8.35349
Positive 0.93787
Independent &Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.95465
Alfred Jabu 0.23866
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Anwar Ibrahim 16.945
Azmin Ali 2.3866
Baru Bian 0.23866
Bernard Dompok 0.47733
Chong Chieng Jen 0
Chua Soi Lek 0.95465
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0
Elizabeth Wong 0
G. Palanivel 0.71599
Hadi Awang 1.9093
Hassan Ali 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0Ibrahim Ali 0.23866
James Masing 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 1.1933
Karpal Singh 0.23866
Khalid Ibrahim 5.7279
Khalid Samad 0.47733
Lim Guan Eng 0.47733
Lim Kit Siang 9.0692
Liow Tiong Lai 1.432
Mahathir Mohamad 2.6253
Maximus Ongkili 0.95465
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 1.432
Muhyiddin Yassin 5.4893
Musa Aman 3.8186
Najib Razak 33.89
Ng Yen Yen 0
Nik Aziz 4.2959
Nizar Jamaluddin 0.47733
Nurul Izzah 0.71599
Rafizi Ramli 0.47733
Rosmah Mansur 0.71599
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 0.23866
Teresa Kok 0
Tian Chua 0.71599
Tony Pua 0.23866
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 0.23866
(mention)
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TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 2.38665
BN 51.78979
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0.71599
Alfred Jabu PBB 0.47732Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0.95465
James Masing PRS 0
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 46.77785
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa AmanNajib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0.47733
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 10.02385
PR 47.01648
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 8.59186
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 28.40077
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey KitinganKhalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0
1.19331
Hassan Ali Independent 0
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.23866
Rosmah Mansur 0.71599
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0.23866
Independent/Other
'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Polit ical Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 2.8653
BN 65.712061
Mahathir Mohamad 1.6237
Muhyiddin Yassin 29.513
Musa Aman 0.19102Najib Razak 31.137
Nazri Aziz 0.095511
Taib Mahmud 0.28653
Anwar Ibrahim 1.3372
PR 4.966663
Baru Bian 0.095511
Hadi Awang 0.095511
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.19102
Khalid Ibrahim 0.95511
Lim Guan Eng 0
Lim Kit Siang 2.1968
Nik Aziz 0.095511
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.095511
Independent 29.321511
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 19.866
Vox Pop Female 2.9608
3.5339
2.8653
Percentage
(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 2.0408 0.71429
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0.68027 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0 0
Anwar Ibrahim 39.024 40.476 12.245 2.1429
Azmin Ali 2.439 9.5238 2.7211 0Baru Bian 0 0 0.68027 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0 1.3605 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 0 2.381 0 2.1429
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 1.3605 0.71429
Hadi Awang 7.3171 0 0 0.71429
Hassan Ali 0 0 0 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0 0.71429
James Masing 0 0 0 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 4.7619 2.0408 0
Karpal Singh 1.2195 0 0 0
Khalid Ibrahim 6.0976 11.905 4.0816 5.7143
Khalid Samad 0 4.7619 0 0
Lim Guan Eng 1.2195 0 0 0
Lim Kit Siang 19.512 14.286 10.204 0
Liow Tiong Lai 0 4.7619 2.7211 0
Mahathir Mohamad 1.2195 0 5.4422 1.4286
Maximus Ongkili 0 0 1.3605 1.4286
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 2.439 2.381 2.0408 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 1.2195 0 8.1633 7.1429
Musa Aman 0 0 4.7619 6.4286
Najib Razak 2.439 0 29.252 67.143
Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0 0
Nik Aziz 14.634 0 2.0408 1.4286
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 2.381 0.68027 0
Nurul Izzah 0 0 0.68027 1.4286
Rafizi Ramli 1.2195 0 0.68027 0
Rosmah Mansur 0 0 1.3605 0.71429Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 0.68027 0
Teresa Kok 0 0 0 0
Tian Chua 0 2.381 1.3605 0
Tony Pua 0 0 0.68027 0
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0.68027 0
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 4.878
Negative 7.1429
Neutral 57.82334
Positive 87.14318
PR
Attacked 95.1212
Negative 92.8576
Neutral 40.13595
Positive 11.42869
Attacked 0
Negative 0
Neutral 2.04077
Positive 1.42858
Independent/Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 1.4851
BN 90.0991
Mahathir Mohamad 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 62.376
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 26.238
Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 0.49505
PR 0.9901
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 0
Lim Kit Siang 0.49505
Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 8.91085
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 6.4356
Vox Pop Female 0.49505
1.9802
0
Percentage(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 10.113
Policy Issues 28.99953
Environment 0.73996
Economy/Development 9.6899Education 3.2417
Foreign Policy 2.2199
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 1.2685
Oppressive Legislation 0.28189
Health 0.52854
Religion 0.91614
Ethnicity 9.4433
36.57478
Religion 1.6209
Democracy & Human Rights 4.6864
Socioeconomic Status 11.099
Mudslinging 0.56378
Gender 0.8809
Electioneering 8.2805
Non-Policy
Issues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other